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Sugar- and lipid-derived aldehydes are reactive carbonyl species (RCS) frequently used as surrogate markers of oxidative stress in obesity. A pathogenic role for RCS in metabolic diseases of obesity remains controversial, however, partly because of their highly diffuse and broad reactivity and the lack of specific RCS-scavenging therapies. Naturally occurring histidine dipeptides (e.g., anserine and carnosine) show RCS reactivity, but their therapeutic potential in humans is limited by serum carnosinases. Here, we present the rational design, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of carnosinol, i.e., (2S)-2-(3-amino propanoylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanol, a derivative of carnosine with high oral bioavailability that is resistant to carnosinases. Carnosinol displayed a suitable ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profile and was determined to have the greatest potency and selectivity toward [alpha],[beta]-unsaturated aldehydes (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal, HNE, ACR) among all others reported thus far. In rodent models of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome, carnosinol dose-dependently attenuated HNE adduct formation in liver and skeletal muscle, while simultaneously mitigating inflammation, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and steatohepatitis. These improvements in metabolic parameters with carnosinol were not due to changes in energy expenditure, physical activity, adiposity, or body weight. Collectively, our findings illustrate a pathogenic role for RCS in obesity-related metabolic disorders and provide validation for a promising new class of carbonyl-scavenging therapeutic compounds rationally derived from carnosine., IntroductionOvernutrition from fatty acids and complex carbohydrates is known to cause oxidative stress from multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic sources due to the high caloric content and the prevalence of these [...]

A study was conducted to examine the antioxidant and color stability effects of carnosine and phytate in a model beef system. A Digital Color Difference Meter was used to determine instrumental measurement of meat color while total iron concentration was obtained in wet-ashed samples using the ferrozine assay. Results suggested phytate as an effective antioxidant in cooked meats. Findings also showed that carnosine and phytic acid inhibited lipid peroxidation and degradation of heme pigments resulting from cooking and storage.

Carnosine does not show any protective effect on Aeromonas hydrophila when irradiated in phosphate buffer. This research aimed to establish whether carnosine, when used as an antioxidant, would change the radiation sensitivity of A. hydrophila. It was found that carnosine, when added to minced meat, boosted the dose required to inactivate A. hydrophila. It appears that carnosine, although not directly having a radioprotective impact, protects A. hydrophila from toxic species produced in meat by radiation.

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of carnosine was evaluating using a metal-catalyzed deoxyribose system. Protective properties of carnosine against lipid peroxidation in liposomes and ground beef homogenates were investigated. Carnosine may have uses as an adjunct against oxidative tissue damage.

Ground pork treated with carnosine were examined to determine the mechanisms by which carnosine inhibits spoilage and deterioration of texture and color in pork. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and lipid oxidation assay revealed that carnosine accelerates the oxidation of myoglobin into its redox states to inhibit lipid oxidation reactions, which are the primary cause of spoilage in foods. However, the basis of this oxidation still needs to be studied.

The production of an antioxidant extract high in carnosine but low in lipid oxidation from beef muscle is discussed. Capability for inhibiting the iron/ascorbate-catalyzed oxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes was used todetermine the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance was measured to gauge the extent of lipid oxidation in the system. An antioxidant extract was successfully produced.