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2. Author Correction: The value of ecosystem services in global marine kelp forests

Author

Eger, Aaron M., Marzinelli, Ezequiel M., Beas-Luna, Rodrigo, Blain, Caitlin O., Blamey, Laura K., Byrnes, Jarrett E. K., Carnell, Paul E., Choi, Chang Geun, Hessing-Lewis, Margot, Kim, Kwang Young, Kumagai, Naoki H., Lorda, Julio, Moore, Pippa, Nakamura, Yohei, Pérez-Matus, Alejandro, Pontier, Ondine, Smale, Dan, Steinberg, Peter D., and Vergés, Adriana

Published
2023
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3. The value of ecosystem services in global marine kelp forests

Author

Eger, Aaron M., Marzinelli, Ezequiel M., Beas-Luna, Rodrigo, Blain, Caitlin O., Blamey, Laura K., Byrnes, Jarrett E. K., Carnell, Paul E., Choi, Chang Geun, Hessing-Lewis, Margot, Kim, Kwang Young, Kumagai, Naoki H., Lorda, Julio, Moore, Pippa, Nakamura, Yohei, Pérez-Matus, Alejandro, Pontier, Ondine, Smale, Dan, Steinberg, Peter D., and Vergés, Adriana

Published
2023
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5. Climate drives the geography of marine consumption by changing predator communities

Author

Whalen, Matthew A, Whippo, Ross DB, Stachowicz, John J, York, Paul H, Aiello, Erin, Alcoverro, Teresa, Altieri, Andrew H, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bertolini, Camilla, Bresch, Midoli, Bulleri, Fabio, Carnell, Paul E, Cimon, Stéphanie, Connolly, Rod M, Cusson, Mathieu, Diskin, Meredith S, D’Souza, Elrika, Flores, Augusto AV, Fodrie, F Joel, Galloway, Aaron WE, Gaskins, Leo C, Graham, Olivia J, Hanley, Torrance C, Henderson, Christopher J, Hereu, Clara M, Hessing-Lewis, Margot, Hovel, Kevin A, Hughes, Brent B, Hughes, A Randall, Hultgren, Kristin M, Jänes, Holger, Janiak, Dean S, Johnston, Lane N, Jorgensen, Pablo, Kelaher, Brendan P, Kruschel, Claudia, Lanham, Brendan S, Lee, Kun-Seop, Lefcheck, Jonathan S, Lozano-Álvarez, Enrique, Macreadie, Peter I, Monteith, Zachary L, O’Connor, Nessa E, Olds, Andrew D, O’Leary, Jennifer K, Patrick, Christopher J, Pino, Oscar, Poore, Alistair GB, Rasheed, Michael A, Raymond, Wendel W, Reiss, Katrin, Rhoades, O Kennedy, Robinson, Max T, Ross, Paige G, Rossi, Francesca, Schlacher, Thomas A, Seemann, Janina, Silliman, Brian R, Smee, Delbert L, Thiel, Martin, Unsworth, Richard KF, van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I, Vergés, Adriana, Yeager, Mallarie E, Yednock, Bree K, Ziegler, Shelby L, and Duffy, J Emmett

Subjects
Life Below Water, Climate Action, Alismatales, Animals, Biodiversity, Biomass, Climate, Female, Fisheries, Fishes, Food Chain, Geography, Global Warming, Humans, Male, latitudinal gradients, trophic processes, seagrass, biogeography, macroecology
Abstract

The global distribution of primary production and consumption by humans (fisheries) is well-documented, but we have no map linking the central ecological process of consumption within food webs to temperature and other ecological drivers. Using standardized assays that span 105° of latitude on four continents, we show that rates of bait consumption by generalist predators in shallow marine ecosystems are tightly linked to both temperature and the composition of consumer assemblages. Unexpectedly, rates of consumption peaked at midlatitudes (25 to 35°) in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres across both seagrass and unvegetated sediment habitats. This pattern contrasts with terrestrial systems, where biotic interactions reportedly weaken away from the equator, but it parallels an emerging pattern of a subtropical peak in marine biodiversity. The higher consumption at midlatitudes was closely related to the type of consumers present, which explained rates of consumption better than consumer density, biomass, species diversity, or habitat. Indeed, the apparent effect of temperature on consumption was mostly driven by temperature-associated turnover in consumer community composition. Our findings reinforce the key influence of climate warming on altered species composition and highlight its implications for the functioning of Earth's ecosystems.

Published
2020

9. Upscaling marine forest restoration: challenges, solutions and recommendations from the Green Gravel Action Group

Author

Wood, Georgina Valentine, primary, Filbee-Dexter, Karen, additional, Coleman, Melinda Ann, additional, Valckenaere, Jurgen, additional, Aguirre, J. David, additional, Bentley, Paige M., additional, Carnell, Paul, additional, Dawkins, Phoebe Damayanthi, additional, Dykman, Lauren N., additional, Earp, Hannah S., additional, Ennis, Leeann B., additional, Francis, Prue, additional, Franco, João N., additional, Hayford, Hilary, additional, Lamb, Joleah B., additional, Ling, Scott Douglas, additional, Layton, Cayne, additional, Lis, Ella, additional, Masters, Beau, additional, Miller, Nicole, additional, Moore, Pippa Jane, additional, Neufeld, Chris, additional, Pocklington, Jacqueline B., additional, Smale, Dan, additional, Stahl, Florian, additional, Starko, Samuel, additional, Steel, S. Clay, additional, Verbeek, Jan, additional, Vergés, Adriana, additional, Wilding, Catherine M., additional, and Wernberg, Thomas, additional

Published
2024
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10. All tidal wetlands are blue carbon ecosystems

Author

Adame, Maria Fernanda, primary, Kelleway, Jeff, additional, Krauss, Ken W, additional, Lovelock, Catherine E, additional, Adams, Janine B, additional, Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey M, additional, Noe, Greg, additional, Jeffrey, Luke, additional, Ronan, Mike, additional, Zann, Maria, additional, Carnell, Paul E, additional, Iram, Naima, additional, Maher, Damien T, additional, Murdiyarso, Daniel, additional, Sasmito, Sigit, additional, Tran, Da B, additional, Dargusch, Paul, additional, Kauffman, J Boone, additional, and Brophy, Laura, additional

Published
2024
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14. Database for marine and coastal restoration projects in Australia and New Zealand

Author

Purandare, Jemma, de Sousa de Saboya, Roquelina, Bayraktarov, Elisa, Boström‐Einarsson, Lisa, Carnell, Paul E., Eger, Aaron M., Le Port, Agnes, Macreadie, Peter I., Reeves, Simon E., van Kampen, Peter, Waltham, Nathan J., Wartman, Melissa, McLeod, Ian M., Purandare, Jemma, de Sousa de Saboya, Roquelina, Bayraktarov, Elisa, Boström‐Einarsson, Lisa, Carnell, Paul E., Eger, Aaron M., Le Port, Agnes, Macreadie, Peter I., Reeves, Simon E., van Kampen, Peter, Waltham, Nathan J., Wartman, Melissa, and McLeod, Ian M.

Abstract

The United Nations has declared 2021–2030 as the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. These declarations emphasise the importance of restoring degraded marine and coastal ecosystems and supporting research and knowledge. The number and scale of marine and coastal restoration projects have been increasing in Australia and New Zealand over the past 40 years. However, the lack of a central repository of projects and their results limits opportunities to share knowledge to improve effectiveness. To address this gap, we developed the Australian and New Zealand Marine and Coastal Restoration Database. Information for this database was gathered from publicly available documents (peer-reviewed journal articles and technical reports) and discussions with key organisations that lead projects in Australia and New Zealand. For each project, we recorded the start date, duration, spatial scale, location, details on monitoring, and success criteria. The database includes information up until 1 June 2020. It is available online via the Australian Coastal Restoration Network website.

Published
2024

23. Multi-scale mapping of Australia’s terrestrial and blue carbon stocks and their continental and bioregional drivers

Author

Walden, Lewis, primary, Serrano, Oscar, additional, Zhang, Mingxi, additional, Shen, Zefang, additional, Sippo, James Z., additional, Bennett, Lauren T., additional, Maher, Damien T., additional, Lovelock, Catherine E., additional, Macreadie, Peter I., additional, Gorham, Connor, additional, Lafratta, Anna, additional, Lavery, Paul S., additional, Mosley, Luke, additional, Reithmaier, Gloria M. S., additional, Kelleway, Jeffrey J., additional, Dittmann, Sabine, additional, Adame, Fernanda, additional, Duarte, Carlos M., additional, Gallagher, John Barry, additional, Waryszak, Pawel, additional, Carnell, Paul, additional, Kasel, Sabine, additional, Hinko-Najera, Nina, additional, Hassan, Rakib, additional, Goddard, Madeline, additional, Jones, Alice R., additional, and Viscarra Rossel, Raphael A., additional

Published
2023
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26. Multi-scale mapping of Australia’s terrestrial and blue carbon stocks and their continental and bioregional drivers

Author

Walden, Lewis, Serrano, Oscar, Zhang, Mingxi, Shen, Zefang, Sippo, James Z., Bennett, Lauren T., Maher, Damien T., Lovelock, Catherine E., Macreadie, Peter I., Gorham, Connor, Lafratta, Anna, Lavery, Paul S., Mosley, Luke, Reithmaier, Gloria M. S., Kelleway, Jeffrey J., Dittmann, Sabine, Adame, Fernanda, Duarte, Carlos M., Gallagher, John B., Waryszak, Pawel, Carnell, Paul, Kasel, Sabine, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hassan, Rakib, Goddard, Madeline, Jones, Alice R., Viscarra Rossel, Raphael A., Walden, Lewis, Serrano, Oscar, Zhang, Mingxi, Shen, Zefang, Sippo, James Z., Bennett, Lauren T., Maher, Damien T., Lovelock, Catherine E., Macreadie, Peter I., Gorham, Connor, Lafratta, Anna, Lavery, Paul S., Mosley, Luke, Reithmaier, Gloria M. S., Kelleway, Jeffrey J., Dittmann, Sabine, Adame, Fernanda, Duarte, Carlos M., Gallagher, John B., Waryszak, Pawel, Carnell, Paul, Kasel, Sabine, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hassan, Rakib, Goddard, Madeline, Jones, Alice R., and Viscarra Rossel, Raphael A.

Abstract

The soil in terrestrial and coastal blue carbon ecosystems is an important carbon sink. National carbon inventories require accurate assessments of soil carbon in these ecosystems to aid conservation, preservation, and nature-based climate change mitigation strategies. Here we harmonise measurements from Australia’s terrestrial and blue carbon ecosystems and apply multi-scale machine learning to derive spatially explicit estimates of soil carbon stocks and the environmental drivers of variation. We find that climate and vegetation are the primary drivers of variation at the continental scale, while ecosystem type, terrain, clay content, mineralogy and nutrients drive subregional variations. We estimate that in the top 0–30 cm soil layer, terrestrial ecosystems hold 27.6 Gt (19.6–39.0 Gt), and blue carbon ecosystems 0.35 Gt (0.20–0.62 Gt). Tall open eucalypt and mangrove forests have the largest soil carbon content by area, while eucalypt woodlands and hummock grasslands have the largest total carbon stock due to the vast areas they occupy. Our findings suggest these are essential ecosystems for conservation, preservation, emissions avoidance, and climate change mitigation because of the additional co-benefits they provide.

Published
2023

27. Australian vegetated coastal ecosystems as global hotspots for climate change mitigation

Author

Serrano, Oscar, Lovelock, Catherine E., B. Atwood, Trisha, Macreadie, Peter I., Canto, Robert, Phinn, Stuart, Arias-Ortiz, Ariane, Bai, Le, Baldock, Jeff, Bedulli, Camila, Carnell, Paul, Connolly, Rod M., Donaldson, Paul, Esteban, Alba, Ewers Lewis, Carolyn J., Eyre, Bradley D., Hayes, Matthew A., Horwitz, Pierre, Hutley, Lindsay B., Kavazos, Christopher R. J., Kelleway, Jeffrey J., Kendrick, Gary A., Kilminster, Kieryn, Lafratta, Anna, Lee, Shing, Lavery, Paul S., Maher, Damien T., Marbà, Núria, Masque, Pere, Mateo, Miguel A., Mount, Richard, Ralph, Peter J., Roelfsema, Chris, Rozaimi, Mohammad, Ruhon, Radhiyah, Salinas, Cristian, Samper-Villarreal, Jimena, Sanderman, Jonathan, J. Sanders, Christian, Santos, Isaac, Sharples, Chris, Steven, Andrew D. L., Cannard, Toni, Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey M., and Duarte, Carlos M.

Published
2019
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31. Impacts of feral grazers and unseasonal summer flooding on floodplain carbon dynamics: A case study.

Author

Treby, Sarah and Carnell, Paul

Subjects
GREENHOUSE gases, CARBON cycle, CARBON dioxide, SOIL temperature, WATER levels, FLOODPLAINS, SOIL sampling
Abstract

Wetlands are amongst the world's most effective natural carbon sinks, and also have the potential to emit large quantities of stored carbon back into the atmosphere if disturbed. In the Murray-Darling Basin, high consumptive demand for water has led to widespread wetland loss and degradation. Remaining wetlands are commonly under additional pressure from grazing and trampling by feral herbivores or livestock and unseasonal flooding in summer to meet peak irrigation demand. Here, during a summer flood in Barmah National Park, we compared soil carbon and nitrogen and carbon emissions within, and outside of, a feral herbivore exclusion plot. The sustained global warming potential from the whole wetland (i.e., both within- and outside of the exclusion plot), totalled from both carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) emissions, averaged 132.27 ± 9.88 g CO 2 -e m−2 d−1, an estimated 28- to 89-fold higher than the global average for natural wetlands. The high warming potential of the wetland was driven strongly by CH 4 emissions, which made up over 90% of total CO 2 -equivalents, with CO 2 contributing <10%. We expect these values represent peak CH 4 emissions from the site due to high water and soil temperatures, and low water levels, at the time of sampling. Soil carbon and nitrogen did not differ significantly within and outside of the exclusion plot, but surface soil samples indicated recent condition improvement in the absence of feral herbivores. We suggest that an emissions avoidance incentive could be developed around unseasonal, summer watering of forested floodplains where flood timing can be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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34. Federal Support for the Small College.

Author

Carnell, Paul H.

Abstract

This paper reviews briefly the development and scope of Federal support programs to higher education which relate to the problems of the small college, and discusses in detail Title III of the Higher Education Act of 1965 and Part E of the Education Professions Development Act. Weaknesses of proposals submitted last year for Title III funding are cited. The evaluation of cooperative arrangements, which are the central focus of Title III, is discussed concerning (1) individual institutions in cooperative arrangement, (2) structure of the cooperative arrangement, and (3) character of the cooperative programs. Part E of the Education Professions Development Act supports fellowships, institutes, short term training programs, and special projects. (HW)

Published
1968

39. The economic value of fisheries, blue carbon, and nutrient cycling in global marine forests

Author

Blamey, Laura, Nakamura, Yohei, Kim, Kwang, Pontier, Ondine, Smale, Dan, Baes, Rodrigo, Choi, Chang, Lorda, Julio, Blain, Caitlin, Hessing-Lewis, Margot, Verges, Adriana, Moore, Pippa, Eger, Aaron, Carnell, Paul, Steinberg, Peter, and Marzinelli, Ezequiel

Subjects
bepress|Life Sciences, bepress|Life Sciences|Biodiversity, bepress|Life Sciences|Marine Biology, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Abstract

Underwater kelp forests have provided valuable ecosystem services for millennia. However, the global economic value of those services is largely unresolved. Kelp forests are also diminishing globally and efforts to manage these valuable resources are hindered without accurate estimates of the services kelp forests provide to society. We present the first global economic estimation of services - fisheries production, nutrient cycling, and carbon removal - provided by four major forest forming kelp genera (Macrocystis, Nereocystis, Ecklonia, and Laminaria). Each of these genera provides between $135,200 and $177,100/ ha/ year. Collectively, they contribute $684 billion/year worldwide. These values are primarily driven by fisheries and nitrogen removal, but kelp forests also have the potential to sequester 2.7 megatons of carbon from the atmosphere/year and may be considered blue carbon systems valuable for climate change mitigation. These findings highlight the value of kelp forests to society and will enable informed marine management decisions.

Published
2021

42. Seagrass valuation from fish abundance, biomass and recreational catch

Author

Jänes, H, Carnell, Paul, Young, Mary, Ierodiaconou, Daniel, Jenkins, GP, Hamer, P, Zu Ermgassen, PSE, Gair, JR, Macreadie, Peter, Jänes, H, Carnell, Paul, Young, Mary, Ierodiaconou, Daniel, Jenkins, GP, Hamer, P, Zu Ermgassen, PSE, Gair, JR, and Macreadie, Peter

Published
2021

44. Climate drives the geography of marine consumption by changing predator communities

Author

Whalen, Matthew A., Whippo, Ross D.B., Stachowicz, John J., York, Paul H., Aiello, Erin, Alcoverro, Teresa, Altieri, Andrew H., Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bertolini, Camilla, Bresch, Midoli, Bulleri, Fabio, Carnell, Paul E., Cimon, Stéphanie, Connolly, Rod M., Cusson, Mathieu, Diskin, Meredith S., D’Souza, Elrike, Flores, Augusto A. V., Fodrie, F. Joel, Macreadie, Peter I., Whalen, Matthew A., Whippo, Ross D.B., Stachowicz, John J., York, Paul H., Aiello, Erin, Alcoverro, Teresa, Altieri, Andrew H., Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bertolini, Camilla, Bresch, Midoli, Bulleri, Fabio, Carnell, Paul E., Cimon, Stéphanie, Connolly, Rod M., Cusson, Mathieu, Diskin, Meredith S., D’Souza, Elrike, Flores, Augusto A. V., Fodrie, F. Joel, and Macreadie, Peter I.

Published
2020

45. Estimating the potential blue carbon gains from tidal marsh rehabilitation: A case study from south eastern Australia

Author

Gulliver, Anne, Carnell, Paul E., Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey M., de Paula Costa, Micheli Duarte, Masqué, Pere, Macreadie, Peter I., Gulliver, Anne, Carnell, Paul E., Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey M., de Paula Costa, Micheli Duarte, Masqué, Pere, and Macreadie, Peter I.

Abstract

© Copyright © 2020 Gulliver, Carnell, Trevathan-Tackett, Duarte de Paula Costa, Masqué and Macreadie. Historically, coastal “blue carbon” ecosystems (tidal marshes, mangrove forests, seagrass meadows) have been impacted and degraded by human intervention, mainly in the form of land acquisition. With increasing recognition of the role of blue carbon ecosystems in climate mitigation, protecting and rehabilitating these ecosystems becomes increasingly more important. This study evaluated the potential carbon gains from rehabilitating a degraded coastal tidal marsh site in south-eastern Australia. Tidal exchange at the study site had been restricted by the construction of earthen barriers for the purpose of reclaiming land for commercial salt production. Analysis of sediment cores (elemental carbon and 210Pb dating) revealed that the site had stopped accumulating carbon since it had been converted to salt ponds 65 years earlier. In contrast, nearby recovered (“control”) tidal marsh areas are still accumulating carbon at relatively high rates (0.54 tons C ha–1year–1). Using elevation and sea level rise (SLR) data, we estimated the potential future distribution of tidal marsh vegetation if the earthen barrier were removed and tidal exchange was restored to the degraded site. We estimated that the sediment-based carbon gains over the next 50 years after restoring this small site (360 ha) would be 9,000 tons C, which could offset the annual emissions of ∼7,000 passenger cars at present time (at 4.6 metric tons pa.) or ∼1,400 Australians. Overall, we recommend that this site is a promising prospect for rehabilitation based on the opportunity for blue carbon additionality, and that the business case for rehabilitation could be bolstered through valuation of other co-benefits, such as nitrogen removal, support to fisheries, sediment stabilization, and enhanced biodiversity.

Published
2020

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