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Objective: A national survey was conducted to determine the extent of use of compounded hormone therapy(C-HT) and to characterize the differences between C-HT users and users of hormone therapy approved by the USFood and Drug Administration (FDA-HT users).Methods: This Internet survey enrolled 3,725 women aged 40 to 84 years who were postmenopausal orexperiencing the menopause transition. The sample was weighted slightly by age, region, education, and race toreflect population attributes based on US Census data.Results: Overall, 9% of women were current users of HT, and 28% of all respondents were ever-users of HT.C-HT users represented 31% of ever-users of HT, 35% of current users of HT, and 41% of ever-users aged 40 to 49years. Approximately 13% of ever-users indicated current or past use of testosterone. The most cited reason forusing HT was vasomotor symptoms ( 70%). Nonapproved indications for using HT were selected more often byC-HT users. There were four reports of endometrial cancer among the 326 C-HT users compared with none reportedamong the 738 FDA-HT users. Significance was not determined because of small numbers.Conclusions: This survey indicates substantial use of C-HT across the country and the possibility of higher ratesof endometrial side effects with such products. There is a need for standardized data collection on the extent of use ofcompounded hormones and their potential risks.

Objective: A national survey was conducted to determine the extent of use of compounded hormone therapy(C-HT) and to characterize the differences between C-HT users and users of hormone therapy approved by the USFood and Drug Administration (FDA-HT users).Methods: This Internet survey enrolled 3,725 women aged 40 to 84 years who were postmenopausal orexperiencing the menopause transition. The sample was weighted slightly by age, region, education, and race toreflect population attributes based on US Census data.Results: Overall, 9% of women were current users of HT, and 28% of all respondents were ever-users of HT.C-HT users represented 31% of ever-users of HT, 35% of current users of HT, and 41% of ever-users aged 40 to 49years. Approximately 13% of ever-users indicated current or past use of testosterone. The most cited reason forusing HT was vasomotor symptoms ( 70%). Nonapproved indications for using HT were selected more often byC-HT users. There were four reports of endometrial cancer among the 326 C-HT users compared with none reportedamong the 738 FDA-HT users. Significance was not determined because of small numbers.Conclusions: This survey indicates substantial use of C-HT across the country and the possibility of higher ratesof endometrial side effects with such products. There is a need for standardized data collection on the extent of use ofcompounded hormones and their potential risks.

A small body of knowledge exists on the root water uptake (RWU) and evapotranspiration in humid environments having a mixture of natural vegetative cover. In this paper, we assess the impacts of atmospheric conditions and land cover on RWU from a natural vegetative cover. An intensive field investigation was carried out to monitor water table fluctuations along two flow transects comprising an upland grass area and a lowland riparian zone. Calibration and validation of the soil hydraulic parameters using the two-dimensional variably saturated ground water flow model, HYDRUS-2D, confirms the reliability of the model to simulate satisfactorily the large-scale daily fluctuation of RWU. Simulation results revealed that the actual RWU during the wet season is about 40% higher than RWU in the dry season due to high water table levels and temperatures prevailing throughout the wet season. Simulation results using HYDRUS-2D, which was modified to accommodate variable surface boundary conditions and heterogeneous root distribution, showed that the RWU from the riparian zone was 38 and 56% higher than RWU from the pasture land during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:2(167) CE Database subject headings: Finite element method; Models; Vegetation; Transpiration; Evapotranspiration.

Presents a study which investigated interband tunneling transport through a hole well in GaSb/AlSb/GaSb/AlSb/InAs II tunnel devices. Discussion on the interband tunneling concept; Effect of the hydrostatic pressures and magnetic fields on the current-voltage characteristics; Calculations of the valence subbands in the quantum well of the sample; Description of the elastic scattering potential strengthen by variation of barrier width.