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Background Adherence to treatment is a crucial factor for patients who have chronic illnesses or multiple morbidities and polypharmacy, which is frequently found in older adults. The non-adherence to medications has important economic and social consequences as well as impacts on the health of the patients. One of the reasons that can explain the low adherence to treatment, is the memory deficits that are characteristics of this population and that are even more evident in cases that involve neurodegenerative diseases . Methods and findings In this study, we explore whether the differential outcomes procedure (DOP), which has been shown to be useful in improving discriminative learning and memory in different populations, may facilitate learning and retention of medical recommendations in older adults who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. The results demonstrate that when this procedure was applied, the patients showed improvements in learning and long-term retention of two pill/time of day associations in a situation that simulates adherence to medical prescriptions. Conclusions These findings contribute new data about the potential benefits of the DOP in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the important role that this procedure could play in addressing important issues related to the health and quality of life of older adults, with or without neurodegenerative diseases, such as low adherence to medical treatments, This study was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, co-funded by ERDF (FEDER) funds to AFE (PSI2015-65248-P); from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, co-funded by ERDF (FEDER) funds to LJF (PSI2017-84556-P); from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities co-funded by ERDF (FEDER) funds to VP (RTI2018-094554-A-I00); and from the Chilean Ministry of Education to VP (Conicyt-Fondecyt Iniciation 11140365)

Los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en unidades de cuidados intensivos y que participan en las actividades relacionadas con la donación y trasplante de órganos están expuestos a un número importante de estresores en su trabajo, lo que favorece la aparición de determinados riesgos psicosociales como son el estrés laboral, el desgaste profesional, el trabajo emocional, el estrés traumático secundario, el estrés moral y el conflicto entre el trabajo y la familia. Además, los nuevos escenarios que se presentan y van consolidando en nuestro país en relación a la donación de órganos, como son la donación en asistolia controlada y no controlada, o los cuidados intensivos orientados a la donación, generan nuevas situaciones y estresores a estos profesionales que aumentan su exposición al riesgo psicosocial en su trabajo. Por todo ello, aquí llevamos a cabo una revisión y propuesta de las demandas específicas y las causas que podrían influir en el desarrollo de estos riesgos entre estos profesionales, así como sus posibles consecuencias. También se proponen una serie de recursos laborales y personales que podrían ser útiles para afrontar las demandas laborales y que satisfacen muchas de las necesidades apuntadas por organismos de referencia en éste ámbito para la prevención y promoción de la salud y bienestar dentro de este colectivo, así como para la mejora del proceso de donación y trasplante de órganos, La realización de este trabajo ha sido posible gracias al apoyo de un proyecto del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España. Referencia PSI2015-68011-R

Altres ajuts: MST is a recipient of a Río Hortega grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. JG is a recipient of a Research Intensification grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. MVC is a recipient of a scholarship grant for study extension abroad, sponsored by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver. CIBERehd is supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. Episodes of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) have been related to low survival rate. However, the relation between its clinical evolution and mortality has not been assessed. A retrospective analysis of 245 cirrhotic patients admitted for an acute episode of HE (⩾grade 2) or who developed an HE episode after an upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) event was performed to assess the relation between time in HE and transplant-free survival. Median (IQR) time in HE was 48 h (24-96 h) in the whole cohort. Patients who presented a longer time in HE (>48 h; n = 89) exhibited a lower transplant-free survival at 28 days (67.2% versus 88.9%, p < 0.001), 90 days (48.7% versus 73.8%, p < 0.001) and 365 days (30.3% versus 53.2%, p < 0.001), as compared to those with less time in HE (⩽48 h; n = 156). Survival rates remained significantly different, with lower percentages in the group with time in HE >48 h, when comparing patients according to baseline HE grade (2 versus ⩾3) or model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) function (⩽15 versus >15). Time in HE was also an independent risk factor for mortality at each time point, hazard ratio (HR) (95 CI%) 28 days 2.59 (1.39-4.84); 90 days 1.98 (1.28-3.1) and 365 days 1.5 (1.08-2.19). The duration of the acute HE episode determines survival in cirrhotic patients independently of liver function and baseline HE grade.

El objetivo de la ingeniería tisular es reparar órganos y/o tejidos dañados. Se basa en tres pilares importantes: células, factores de crecimiento y andamios. Los andamios son matrices porosas que sirven de plataforma de anclaje para la adhesión de las células y ofrecen el ambiente idóneo para la liberación de células y sus moléculas iniciadoras y con ello su crecimiento. Además, el andamio debe mantener su integridad hasta que el tejido formado tenga suficiente integridad mecánica para sostenerse. Entre el material usado para el desarrollo de andamios destacan los biopolímeros: una proteína como el colágeno y un polisacárido como el quitosano, que aportan enorme biocompatibilidad. Uno de los retos en estos andamios es proporcionar las adecuadas propiedades mecánicas durante su utilización. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un proceso de entrecruzamiento, es decir, la unión de cadenas biopoliméricas entre sí. Estas uniones pueden realizarse mediante diferentes vías de entrecruzamiento: físicas, químicas y enzimáticas. The goal of tissue engineering is to repair damaged tissues. It is based on three important factors: cells, growth factors and scaffolds. The scaffolds are porous matrices which serve as platform for cell adhesion and offer the ideal environment for the release of cells and their primers and so, their growth. In addition, the scaffold must keep their integrity until the tissue formed has enough mechanical integrity. Among the possible material used for the development of scaffolds, biopolymers can be highlighted the biopolymers: a protein such as collagen and a polysaccharide such as chitosan, which provide enormous biocompatibility. One of the challenges in these scaffolds is to provide the appropriate mechanical properties during their use. To achieve it, an additional crosslinking process is carried out, so, the bond of different biopolymer chains. These bonds can be produced by different ways: physical, chemical and enzymatic pathways. Plan Propio de la Universidad de Sevilla Proyecto: 2017/00000962 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) / FEDER, UE CTQ2015-71164-P

Pseudovermilia multispinosa (Monro, 1933b) Crosslandiella multispinosa Monro, 1933b: 1085 ���1087, Figs 28A���K. Type locality: Gorgona Island, western Colombia. Crosslandiella multispinosa var. inarmata Monro, 1933b: 1087 ���1088, fig. 29. Type locality: Gorgona Island, western Colombia. Pseudovermilia multispinosa.��� ten Hove 1975: 72���79, Figs 124���127, 142���143, 147���148, 152, 157, 166, 173���174, pls 2f, 4, 8f���g (revision of the genus; Gorgona Island, western Colombia, Florida, Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Bonaire, Klein Bonaire, Cura ��ao, Aruba and Brazil; 9���90 m, on sponges, underside of corals and on biofouling test panels); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b: 820, fig. 8l���q (Cuba and Mexican Caribbean; reef, 2 m). Habitat. Subtidal (9���90 m); found mainly in coral reefs, on sponges, underside of corals and on biofouling test panels (ten Hove 1975; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b). Distribution. Amphi-American. Pseudovermilia multispinosa was recorded in Florida, Caribbean Sea and in only one site from eastern Pacific (Gorgona Island, western Colombia) (ten Hove 1975; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar- Vallejo 2000b). Remarks. The species was not found in this study, but see Overview of the sabellid and serpulid introductions, below., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 430-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Monro, C. C. A. (1933 b) The Polychaeta Sedentaria collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Colon, in the Panama region, and the Galapagos Islands during the expedition of the S. Y. \" St. George \". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1933, 1039 - 1092. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1933. tb 01640. x","Hove, H. A. ten (1975) Serpulinae (Polychaeta) from the Caribbean: III. The genus Pseudovermilia. Studies of the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 47, 46 - 110.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. (2000 b) Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental: Hydroides y Serpula. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 48 (4), 841 - 858."]}

Hydroides panamensis Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 (Figures 6, 12 D) Hydroides panamensis Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003: 97 –99, Figs 18A–N. Type locality: Paitilla Beach, Pacific side of Panamá; also from La Libertad, Ecuador; 0–9 m. Hydroides panamensis.— Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 28, fig. 6O (mentioned only); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 534, Fig. 2 S (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 54 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar-Hernández et al. 2015: 3 (Costa Rica, comparison with H. dolabrus). Material examined. 10 specimens. Michoacán: UMAR-Poly 774 (Faro de Bucerías, on sabellariid tubes, December 21, 1996, coll. SGM). Oaxaca: UMAR-Poly 775 (Agua Blanca Beach, rocks, intertidal, April 27, 2012, coll. OECR); UMAR-Poly 776 (Estacahuite, Puerto Ángel, rocks, intertidal, June 2, 2012, coll. AVB); UMAR-POLY 777 (Marina Chahué, Huatulco, on mollusc, May 22, 2000, coll. RBZ); UMAR-Poly 778, 4 spec. (Salina Cruz, angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. SGM et al.); UMAR-POLY 779, 2 spec. (“sample 85”, Oaxaca, 0–6 m, September 15, 2004). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (9 m, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). On sabellariid colonies, on mollusk in a dock and on an angler pier; on rocks. Salinity range of 19–37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Fouling species in marinas, ports and on PVC plates in Punta Culebra, Panamá (Bastida-Zavala, pers. obs.). Distribution. Previously known from the Pacific of Panamá and Ecuador (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003), and Costa Rica (Tovar-Hernández et al. 2015), the known geographical range of Hydroides panamensis is extended to Faro de Bucerías, Michoacán, along the littoral approximately 3,075 km to the north. Remarks. Hydroides panamensis was found both on natural and anthropogenic substrates, being more common on the latter. The species is very abundant in Panamá and is relatively scarce in México, which possibly suggest a recent introduction by ships and yachts. This fouling species has potential to be introduced to other tropical regions by ships. Some specimens from Mazatlán, Sinaloa were recorded as Hydroides recurvispina by Tovar-Hernández et al. (2009b); later those specimens were described as a new species, H. dolabrus Tovar-Hernández, Villalobos- Guerrero, Kupriyanova & Sun, 2015, supported with morphological and molecular characters. Tovar-Hernández et al. (2015: 9) mentioned that “ Hydroides dolabrus sp. nov. is more similar to H. panamensis than to the rest of the species to the extent that these two species can be easily confused; and the phylogram, based on the combined dataset of 18S, cyt b and COI DNA sequence fragments, show both species as a sister group.