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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes zoonotic hepatitis in Europe, with a higher risk of complications in immunocompromised hosts. HEV natural history in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients is not fully understood, and its prevalence is unknown.To study the seroprevalence of HEV and prevalence of chronic HEV in HIV-positive patients from Porto, Portugal.We randomly selected patients from the cohort of HIV-positive patients followed in our hospital. We performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to search for immunoglobulin G for HEV. When the absorbance/cut-off was inferior to 3.5, the test was repeated, and a confirmatory test executed in that sample. For reactive tests and for immunosuppressed patients (CD4 count 200/mmWe included 299 patients. The mean age was 48 and 75.3% were men. Regarding HIV infection, the median follow-up time was 10 years, the acquisition was mainly heterosexual contact, and 94% were on antiretroviral therapy. Seventy-six patients (25.4%) had reactive immunoglobulin G (IgG) hepatitis E serology. Patients with a reactive test were older (statistically significant difference). Otherwise, there was no difference between groups concerning birthplace, rural residence, chronic viral hepatitis coinfection, or cirrhosis. Nadir and actual TSeroprevalence of HEV was 25.4% in HIV-positive patients. Older age and higher GGT correlated to HEV reactive IgG test. No cases of current hepatitis E were found.

ObjectiveTo describe and analyze transmitted drug resistance (TDR) between 2014 and 2019 in newly infected patients with HIV-1 in Portugal and to characterize its transmission networks.MethodsClinical, socioepidemiological, and risk behavior data were collected from 820 newly diagnosed patients in Portugal between September 2014 and December 2019. The sequences obtained from drug resistance testing were used for subtyping, TDR determination, and transmission cluster (TC) analyses.ResultsIn Portugal, the overall prevalence of TDR between 2014 and 2019 was 11.0%. TDR presented a decreasing trend from 16.7% in 2014 to 9.2% in 2016 (pfor–trend = 0.114). Multivariate analysis indicated that TDR was significantly associated with transmission route (MSM presented a lower probability of presenting TDR when compared to heterosexual contact) and with subtype (subtype C presented significantly more TDR when compared to subtype B). TC analysis corroborated that the heterosexual risk group presented a higher proportion of TDR in TCs when compared to MSMs. Among subtype A1, TDR reached 16.6% in heterosexuals, followed by 14.2% in patients infected with subtype B and 9.4% in patients infected with subtype G.ConclusionOur molecular epidemiology approach indicates that the HIV-1 epidemic in Portugal is changing among risk group populations, with heterosexuals showing increasing levels of HIV-1 transmission and TDR. Prevention measures for this subpopulation should be reinforced.

The increasing number of patients undergoing antithrombotic therapy and a higher prevalence of skin neoplasia implies an adequate management of these drugs in the perioperative period during dermatological surgery. The authors present and discuss the protocol for clinical practice followed in the Dermatology and Venereology Department of Centro Hospitalar Universitario Sao Joao. Suspension or maintenance of therapy with antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant drugs should be assessed individually, taking into account the patient and intervention’s bleeding risk and the degree of thrombotic risk of the patient. In these patients, local hemostatic measures are particularly relevant in the management of perioperative haemorrhage and should be thorough. The Immunohemotherapy Department provides collaboration in situations of difficult bleeding management.

The current algorithm to support platelets stock management assumes that there are always sufficient whole blood donations (WBD) to produce the required amount of pooled platelets. Unfortunately, blood donation rate is uncertain so there is the need to backup pooled platelets productions with single-donor (apheresis) collections to compensate periods of low WBD. The aim of this work was to predict the daily number of WBD to a tertiary care center to preemptively account for a decrease of platelets production. We have collected 62,248 blood donations during 3 years, the daily count of which was used to feed (standalone and ensemble versions of) six prediction models, which were evaluated using the Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Forecast models have shown better performances with a MAE of about 8.6 donations, 34% better than using means or medians alone. Trend lines of donations are better modeled by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) using a frequency of 365 days, the trade-off being the need for at least two years of data.

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Inherited thrombophilias are a group of clinical conditions in which there is a genetic variant defect associated with a predisposition to thrombosis. Genetic testing for inherited thrombophilias has been used in the diagnosis of specific thrombophila at our centre for the last 20 years, this work will summarize our experience.

SUMMARY Background One of the biggest concerns in transfusion medicine is to avoid red blood cell alloimmunization. We evaluated the rate of alloimmunization in two groups of chronically transfused patients (A – not phenotyped and B – phenotyped for Rh/K antigens before the first transfusion) with primary haematological disorders and its distribution among the main haematological diseases, in order to adopt an efficient transfusional strategy. Study design and methods As methodology, we used the SIBAS and SAM databases for the retrospective study of all patients with primary haematological disorder between January 2011 and April 2013. Results A statistical difference in the rate of alloimmunization comparing groups A and B was found (P

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Monitoring the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections is important to evaluate the improvement achieved in the blood donation safety and to adopt policies to reduce risks. The present study calculates the incidence of the key infectious diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) as well as the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections, during twelve years, 1999 through 2010. Data were analyzed over 3 periods of 4 years (1999-2002, 2003-2006 and 2007-2010). The risk estimates were compared to those previously obtained for blood donations occurred between 1991 and 1998.The study included 209 640 blood donations, from 42 634 regular, volunteers and unpaid donors. The residual risk of transfusion-transmitted infection per million donations was calculated, for each virus, through mathematical model "Incidence rate/window period", described by Schreiber et al. All donations were screened according to Portuguese legislation. In January 2001, the nucleic acid testing in minipool was implemented on all blood donations, for screening simultaneously HIV-1 and HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) (Cobas Amplicor Ampliscreen-Roche©). This test was replaced, in January 2007, by the simultaneous screening of HBV deoxyribonucleic acid, HCV RNA and HIV-1/HIV-2 RNA, in minipool (Cobas Taqscreen MPX Test-Roche©).The residual risk of transmitting viral infections during the transfusion of blood components is very small and has declined over the years. After the implementation of the nucleic acid testing in minipool for the three viruses, the risk of giving blood during an infectious window period was estimated as follows: for human immunodeficiency virus, 1 in 1.67 million, for hepatitis C virus 1 in 3.33 million and for hepatitis B virus 1 in 526 000.During the 12 years under study, we found a decrease in residual risk for the three viruses, by a factor around five for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus, and 32 for hepatitis C virus. If we compare the estimates previously calculated for 1991-1998 period to 2007-2010 period (over 20 years), the decrease is still more relevant with a residual risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus respectively 19-fold, 6-fold and 54-fold lower.Introdução/Objectivo: A monitorização do risco residual infeccioso pela transfusão, é importante pois permite avaliar a melhoria alcançada na segurança das dádivas de sangue e adoptar políticas adequadas de redução dos riscos. Este estudo calcula as estimativas da taxa de incidência e do risco residual infeccioso para as infecções pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH), vírus da hepatite B (VHB) e vírus da hepatite C (VHC), entre 1999 e 2010. Os dados foram analisados em períodos de quatro anos (1999-2002, 2003-2006 e 2007-2010) e as estimativas foram comparadas com as obtidas previamente, para dádivas ocorridas entre 1991 e 1998.Material e Métodos: O estudo incluiu 209 640 colheitas de sangue, provenientes de 42 634 dadores regulares, voluntários e não remunerados. Para o cálculo do risco residual infeccioso, utilizamos o modelo matemático taxa de incidência-período de janela, descrito por Schreiber et al. Todas as dádivas foram rastreadas de acordo com a legislação portuguesa. Em Janeiro de 2001 foi implementado, em todas as dádivas de sangue, o teste de ácidos nucleicos em minipool, para o rastreio simultâneo de ácido ribonucleico (ARN) VIH-1 e VHC (Cobas Amplicor Ampliscreen-Roche©) o qual foi substituído, em Janeiro de 2007, pelo rastreio simultâneo de ácido desoxirribonucleico VHB e de ácido ribonucleico VHC e VIH-1/VIH-2, em minipool (Cobas TaqScreen MPX Test-Roche©).Resultados: O risco residual infeccioso de uma dádiva em período de janela é muito reduzido e tem diminuído ao longo dos anos. Após a implementação de teste de ácidos nucleicos em minipool para os três vírus, a probabilidade de colhermos uma dádiva infecciosa e não detectada pelos testes de rastreio foi de 1/1,67 milhões de dádivas para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana, de 1/3,33 milhões para o vírus da hepatite C e de 1/526 000 para o vírus da hepatite B.Conclusões: Durante os 12 anos em estudo verificamos uma diminuição do risco residual infeccioso de cinco vezes para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana e vírus da hepatite B, e de 32 vezes para o vírus da hepatite C. Se compararmos o período 1991-1998 com o último período do estudo, 2007-2010, ou seja, durante 20 anos, a diminuição é relevante, verificando-se uma diminuição do risco para vírus da imunodeficiência humana, vírus da hepatite B e vírus da hepatite C, na ordem de 19, seis e 54 vezes respectivamente.

A presença de leucócitos nos concentrados de eritrócitos (CE) e nos concentrados de plaquetas (CP) está associada a uma maior incidência de reacções febris, com transmissão de citomegalovírus (CMV) e aloimunização a antigénios HLA em indivíduos transfundidos. A exigência de componentes sanguíneos pobres em leucócitos implica a existência de um controlo relativamente à persistência dos leucócitos residuais. As amostras foram adquiridas no citómetro de fluxo e analisadas mediante um programa informático. A citometria de fluxo permite quantificar os leucócitos residuais dos diferentes componentes sanguíneos, avaliando a conformidade ou não conformidade com as normas exigidas pelo conselho da Europa.