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1. UK Stakeholder Perspectives on Surrogate Endpoints in Cancer, and the Potential for UK Real-World Datasets to Validate Their Use in Decision-Making

Author

Baldwin D, Carmichael J, Cook G, Navani N, Peach J, Slater R, Wheatstone P, Wilkins J, Allen-Delingpole N, Kerr CEP, and Siddiqui K

Subjects
cancer, surrogate endpoints, real-world data, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, quality of life, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

David Baldwin,1 Jonathan Carmichael,2 Gordon Cook,3 Neal Navani,4,5 James Peach,6 Ruth Slater,7 Pete Wheatstone,8 Julia Wilkins,7 Nicola Allen-Delingpole,9 Cicely EP Kerr,10 Khalid Siddiqui11 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; 2Department of Oncology, The National Institute for Health Research Leeds In Vitro Diagnostics Co-Operative (NIHR Leeds MIC), Leeds, UK; 3Cancer Research UK Trials Unit, LICTR, University of Leeds & NIHR (Leeds) IVD MIC, Leeds, UK; 4Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK; 5Department of Thoracic Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK; 6Human Centric Drug Discovery, Wood Centre for Innovation, Oxford, UK; 7Health Economics Unit, London, UK; 8Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement Group, DATA-CAN, London, UK; 9The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, London, UK; 10Research Data Scotland, Bayes Centre, Edinburgh, UK; 11Janssen-Cilag Ltd, High Wycombe, UKCorrespondence: James Peach, Human Centric Drug Discovery, Wood Centre for Innovation, Quarry Road, Oxford, OX3 8SB, UK, Email james@humancentricdd.comAbstract: Duration of overall survival in patients with cancer has lengthened due to earlier detection and improved treatments. However, these improvements have created challenges in assessing the impact of newer treatments, particularly those used early in the treatment pathway. As overall survival remains most decision-makers’ preferred primary endpoint, therapeutic innovations may take a long time to be introduced into clinical practice. Moreover, it is difficult to extrapolate findings to heterogeneous populations and address the concerns of patients wishing to evaluate everyday quality and extension of life. There is growing interest in the use of surrogate or interim endpoints to demonstrate robust treatment effects sooner than is possible with measurement of overall survival. It is hoped that they could speed up patients’ access to new drugs, combinations, and sequences, and inform treatment decision-making. However, while surrogate endpoints have been used by regulators for drug approvals, this has occurred on a case-by-case basis. Evidence standards are yet to be clearly defined for acceptability in health technology appraisals or to shape clinical practice. This article considers the relevance of the use of surrogate endpoints in cancer in the UK context, and explores whether collection and analysis of real-world UK data and evidence might contribute to validation.Keywords: cancer, surrogate endpoints, real-world data, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, quality of life

Published
2024

5. Overview of the early campaign diagnostics for the SPARC tokamak (invited).

Author

Reinke, M. L., Abramovic, I., Albert, A., Asai, K., Ball, J., Batko, J., Brettingen, J., Brunner, D., Cario, M., Carmichael, J., Chrobak, C., Creely, A., Cykman, D., Dalla Rosa, M., Dubas, E., Downey, C., Ferrera, A., Frenje, J., Fox-Widdows, E., and Gocht, R.

Subjects
SCIENCE education, PLASMA diagnostics, MASERS, ENGINEERING design, GAS as fuel, FUSION reactors, TOKAMAKS
Abstract

The SPARC tokamak is a high-field, Bt0 ∼12 T, medium-sized, R0 = 1.85 m, tokamak that is presently under construction in Devens, MA, led by Commonwealth Fusion Systems. It will be used to de-risk the high-field tokamak path to a fusion power plant and demonstrate the commercial viability of fusion energy. SPARC's first campaign plan is to achieve Qfus > 1 using an ICRF-heated, <10 MW, high current, Ip ∼ 8.5 MA, L-mode fueled by D–T gas injection, and its second campaign will investigate H-mode operations in D–D. To facilitate plasma control and scientific learning, a targeted set of ∼50 plasma diagnostics are being designed and built for operation during these campaigns. While nearly all diagnostics are based on established techniques, the pace of deployment, relative to the first plasma, and the harshness of the thermal, electromagnetic, and radiation environment are unprecedented for medium-sized tokamaks. An overview of the SPARC diagnostic set is given, providing context to further details communicated by the SPARC team in companion publications that are system-specific. The system engineering philosophy for SPARC diagnostics is outlined, and the design and engineering verification process for components inside and outside the primary vacuum boundary are described. Diagnostics are mounted directly to the vacuum vessel as well as housed within a series of eight midplane and 24 off-midplane replaceable port plugs. With limited exceptions, signal conditioning, digitization electronics and cameras as well as lasers and microwave sources are localized to a series of five Diagnostic Lab spaces, totaling ∼350 m2, located >15 m from the center of the tokamak, on the other side of a 2.4 m concrete shielding wall. A series of 31 large-scale penetrations have been included in the SPARC Tokamak Hall to facilitate integration of early campaign diagnostics and to provide upgradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Overview of the neutron diagnostic systems for the SPARC tokamak.

Author

Raj, P., Ball, J. L., Carmichael, J., Frenje, J. A., Gocht, R., Gorini, G., Holmes, I., Johnson, M. Gatu, Kennedy, R., Mackie, S., Nocente, M., Panontin, E., Petruzzo, M., Rebai, M., Reinke, M., Rice, J., Rigamonti, D., Rosa, M. Dalla, Saltos, A. A., and Tardocchi, M.

Subjects
NEUTRON measurement, PLASMA physics, NEUTRONS, TOKAMAKS, PHYSICS research, IONIZATION chambers, NEUTRON counters, NEUTRON sources
Abstract

Neutron measurement is the primary tool in the SPARC tokamak for fusion power (Pfus) monitoring, research on the physics of burning plasmas, validation of the neutronics simulation workflows, and providing feedback for machine protection. A demanding target uncertainty (10% for Pfus) and coverage of a wide dynamic range (>8 orders of magnitude going up to 5 × 1019 n/s), coupled with a fast-track timeline for design and deployment, make the development of the SPARC neutron diagnostics challenging. Four subsystems are under design that exploit the high flux of direct DT and DD plasma neutrons emanating from a shielded opening in a midplane diagnostic port. The systems comprise a set of ∼15 flux monitors, mainly ionization chambers and proportional counters for measurement of the neutron yield rate, two independent foil activation systems for measurement of the neutron fluence, a spectrometric radial neutron camera for poloidal profiling of the plasma emissivity, and a high-resolution magnetic proton recoil spectrometer for measurement of the core neutron spectrum. Together, the four systems ensure redundancy of sensors and methods and aim to provide high resolutions of time (10 ms), space (∼7 cm), and energy (<2% at 14 MeV). This paper presents the broader objectives behind the preliminary design of the SPARC neutron diagnostics and discusses the ongoing studies on neutronics, detector comparisons, prototyping, and integration with the unique infrastructure of SPARC. Engineering details of the four subsystems and the concepts for in situ neutron calibration are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Ion optical design of the magnetic proton recoil neutron spectrometer for the SPARC tokamak.

Author

Mackie, S., Wink, C. W., Dalla Rosa, M., Berg, G. P. A., Ball, J. L., Wang, X., Carmichael, J., Tinguely, R. A., Rigamonti, D., Tardocchi, M., Raj, P., Frenje, J., and Rice, J.

Subjects
NEUTRON spectrometers, FOCAL planes, ION energy, NEUTRON flux, OPTICAL resolution
Abstract

A magnetic proton recoil (MPR) neutron spectrometer is being designed for SPARC, a high magnetic field (BT = 12 T), compact (R0 = 1.85 m, a = 0.57 m) tokamak currently under construction in Devens, MA, USA. MPR neutron spectrometers are versatile tools for making high fidelity ab initio calibrated measurements of fusion neutron flux spectra and have been used to infer fusion power, ion temperature, fuel ion ratio, and suprathermal fuel populations at several high performance fusion experiments. The performance of an MPR neutron spectrometer is in large part determined by the design of the magnetic field, which disperses and focuses recoil protons. This article details the ion optical design of a high-resolution MPR neutron spectrometer, including the amelioration of image aberrations due to nonlinear effects. An optimized design is presented that achieves ion optical energy resolution δE/E < 1% and focal plane properties that enable straightforward integration with the hodoscope detector array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Design solutions for the hodoscope of the magnetic proton recoil neutron spectrometer of the SPARC tokamak.

Author

Rosa, M. Dalla, Mackie, S., Rigamonti, D., Tedoldi, L. G., Colombi, S., Molin, A. Dal, Marcer, G., Nocente, M., Gorini, G., Raj, P., Rebai, M., Carmichael, J., Reinke, M., Scioscioli, F., Tinguely, R. A., and Tardocchi, M.

Subjects
NEUTRON spectrometers, FORM perception, MAGNETIC spectrometer, MAGNETS, TOKAMAKS, SCINTILLATORS
Abstract

A new 14 MeV neutron spectrometer utilizing the magnetic proton recoil (MPR) technique is under development for the SPARC tokamak. This instrument measures neutrons by converting them into protons, whose momenta are subsequently analyzed using a series of magnets before detection by an array of scintillators known as the hodoscope. In this work, we explore various solutions for the hodoscope detectors through laboratory tests with radioactive sources and simulations. We present findings on light collection and pulse shape discrimination based on detector types, as well as optimal solutions for photo-detectors studying the differences between SiPM and PMT. Our results also led to the determination of a better optimized design for the hodoscope detectors, consisting of a 0.7 cm width and a 13 cm length EJ276D scintillation rod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. Paediatric Strategy Forum for medicinal product development of DNA damage response pathway inhibitors in children and adolescents with cancer: ACCELERATE in collaboration with the European Medicines Agency with participation of the Food and Drug Administration

Author

Pearson, A.D.J., Federico, S., Gatz, S.A., Ortiz, M., Lesa, G., Scobie, N., Gounaris, I., Weiner, S.L., Weigel, B., Unger, T.J., Stewart, E., Smith, M., Slotkin, E.K., Reaman, G., Pappo, A., Nysom, K., Norga, K., McDonough, J., Marshall, L.V., Ludwinski, D., Ligas, F., Karres, D., Kool, M., Horner, T.J., Henssen, A., Heenen, D., Hawkins, D.S., Gore, L., Bender, J.G., Galluzzo, S., Fox, E., de Rojas, T., Davies, B.R., Chakrabarti, J., Carmichael, J., Bradford, D., Blanc, P., Bernardi, R., Benchetrit, S., Akindele, K., and Vassal, G.

Subjects
Cancer Research
Abstract

DNA damage response inhibitors have a potentially important therapeutic role in paediatric cancers; however, their optimal use, including patient selection and combination strategy, remains unknown. Moreover, there is an imbalance between the number of drugs with diverse mechanisms of action and the limited number of paediatric patients available to be enrolled in early-phase trials, so prioritisation and a strategy are essential. While PARP inhibitors targeting homologous recombination-deficient tumours have been used primarily in the treatment of adult cancers with BRCA1/2 mutations, BRCA1/2 mutations occur infrequently in childhood tumours, and therefore, a specific response hypothesis is required. Combinations with targeted radiotherapy, ATR inhibitors, or antibody drug conjugates with DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor-related warheads warrant evaluation. Additional monotherapy trials of PARP inhibitors with the same mechanism of action are not recommended. PARP1-specific inhibitors and PARP inhibitors with very good central nervous system penetration also deserve evaluation. ATR, ATM, DNA-PK, CHK1, WEE1, DNA polymerase theta and PKMYT1 inhibitors are early in paediatric development. There should be an overall coordinated strategy for their development. Therefore, an academia/industry consensus of the relevant biomarkers will be established and a focused meeting on ATR inhibitors (as proof of principle) held. CHK1 inhibitors have demonstrated activity in desmoplastic small round cell tumours and have a potential role in the treatment of other paediatric malignancies, such as neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma. Access to CHK1 inhibitors for paediatric clinical trials is a high priority. The three key elements in evaluating these inhibitors in children are (1) innovative trial design (design driven by a clear hypothesis with the intent to further investigate responders and non-responders with detailed retrospective molecular analyses to generate a revised or new hypothesis); (2) biomarker selection and (3) rational combination therapy, which is limited by overlapping toxicity. To maximally benefit children with cancer, investigators should work collaboratively to learn the lessons from the past and apply them to future studies. Plans should be based on the relevant biology, with a focus on simultaneous and parallel research in preclinical and clinical settings, and an overall integrated and collaborative strategy.

Published
2023

28. Robotic-Assisted Low Anterior Resection With Transanal Extraction: Single Stapling Technique And Fluorescence Evaluation Of Bowel Perfusion.

Author

Jafari, Mehraneh, Carmichael, J, and Pigazzi, A

Abstract

Purpose: This video aims to describe the use ofIndocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence technology todelineate bowel perfusion and to describe the technicalaspects of transanal extraction with single staplingtechnique of the colorectal anastomosis for low anteriorresection.Methods: This is a 50 year-old male with T2N0 rectalcancer who is taken to the operating room for robotic-assistedlaparoscopic low anterior resection with transanalextraction and the use of Indocynine Green fluorescence(ICG).Results: Patient is positioned is in modified lithotomy.A laparoscopic medial to lateral dissection of thedescending colon and rectum is performed. After highligation of the inferior mesenteric vein and lateral andsplenic mobilization of the colon, the four-arm Da Vinicirobot is docked. The inferior mesenteric artery is divided.A total mesorectal excision of the rectum down to theanal canal is performed. The optimal point of transectionis then marked by the surgeon under white (visible) lightfollowed by intravenous injection of 6-8 mg of ICG. Thebowel is then visualized via near infrared laparoscopy andthe point of transection of the proximal is revised based onoptimal bowel perfusion. The specimen is extracted via awound protector through the anus and divided extracorporeally.An anvil is secured to the descending colon andis returned to the abdomen. A purse string is then securedto the rectal stump and tied around the open spike of theend to end stapler. An end-to-end colorectal anastomosisis performed. Flexible sigmoidoscopy reveals pink mucosaand a negative air-leak test.Conclusions: This video demonstrates the feasibilityand advantages of the use of fluorescence imaging duringcreation of anastomosis; the advantages of endoscopicimaging to delineate integrity of the anastomosis as wellthe technique with regards to creating a single staple anastomosisand transanal extraction during a low anteriorresection.

Published
2007

29. The molecular pathogenesis of Huntington's disease : the role of molecular chaperones and methods of modulation of polyglutamine-induced aggregate formation and cell death

Author

Carmichael, J.

Subjects
616.8
Abstract

The aim of my project was to investigate whether overexpression of specific heat shock proteins and treatment with pharmacological agents could modify intracellular aggregate formation and influence cell death. I used a cell culture of Huntington's disease in which the mutant huntingtin protein containing 53 or 74 glutamine repeats was transiently expressed together with the heat shock protein of interest and I quantified the effect on aggregate formation and cell death. I used molecular chaperones from mammalian, bacterial and yeast origin belonging to different chaperone families and with different mechanisms of action. I also tested the effects of treatment with LiCl and GSK-3b inhibitors on polyglutamine-induced aggregation and cell death. The key findings of my study were: 1. Overexpression of human heat shock protein 70, the bacterial chaperone complex GroEL/GroES, bacterial chaperones derived from GroEL and the yeast heat shock protein 104 significantly reduced polyglutamine-induced aggregate formation and cell death. These results also cast light on the molecular mechanisms of action of specific chaperone constructs. 2. Overexpression of the human heat shock protein Hdj-2 led to increased polyglutamine-induced aggregate formation without having any significant effect on cell death. 3. In the cell culture model of Huntington's disease, the drug Lithium chloride (LiCl) at concentrations mimicking those found in extracellular fluid in patients treated with this drug, significantly reduced both polyglutamine-induced aggregate formation and cell death. I identified for the first time that LiCl activates a pro-survival pathway through reduced degradation of b-catenin leading to increased transcription via the transcription factor Tcf. Furthermore I found that overexpression of mutant huntingtin reduced the leves of b-catenin, suggesting a novel potential mechanism for mutant huntingtin-mediated toxicity.

Published
2002

31. POU3F3-related disorder: Defining the phenotype and expanding the molecular spectrum

Author

Rossi, A, Snijders Blok, L., Neuser, S., Klöckner, C., Platzer, K., Faivre, L.O., Weigand, H., Dentici, M.L., Tartaglia, M., Niceta, M., Alfieri, P., Srivastava, S., Coulter, D., Smith, Lacey, Vinorum, K., Cappuccio, G., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Torun, D., Arslan, M., Lauridsen, M.F., Murch, O., Irving, R., Lynch, S.A., Mehta, S.G., Carmichael, J., Zonneveld-Huijssoon, E., Vries, B.B. de, Kleefstra, T., Johannesen, K.M., Westphall, I.T., Hughes, S.S., Smithson, S., Evans, J., Dudding-Byth, T., Simon, M., Binsbergen, E. van, Herkert, J.C., Beunders, G., Oppermann, H., Bakal, M., Møller, R.S., Rubboli, G., Bayat, A., Rossi, A, Snijders Blok, L., Neuser, S., Klöckner, C., Platzer, K., Faivre, L.O., Weigand, H., Dentici, M.L., Tartaglia, M., Niceta, M., Alfieri, P., Srivastava, S., Coulter, D., Smith, Lacey, Vinorum, K., Cappuccio, G., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Torun, D., Arslan, M., Lauridsen, M.F., Murch, O., Irving, R., Lynch, S.A., Mehta, S.G., Carmichael, J., Zonneveld-Huijssoon, E., Vries, B.B. de, Kleefstra, T., Johannesen, K.M., Westphall, I.T., Hughes, S.S., Smithson, S., Evans, J., Dudding-Byth, T., Simon, M., Binsbergen, E. van, Herkert, J.C., Beunders, G., Oppermann, H., Bakal, M., Møller, R.S., Rubboli, G., and Bayat, A.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, POU3F3 variants cause developmental delay, behavioral problems, hypotonia and dysmorphic features. We investigated the phenotypic and genetic landscape, and genotype-phenotype correlations in individuals with POU3F3-related disorders. We recruited unpublished individuals with POU3F3 variants through international collaborations and obtained updated clinical data on previously published individuals. Trio exome sequencing or single exome sequencing followed by segregation analysis were performed in the novel cohort. Functional effects of missense variants were investigated with 3D protein modeling. We included 28 individuals (5 previously published) from 26 families carrying POU3F3 variants; 23 de novo and one inherited from an affected parent. Median age at study inclusion was 7.4 years. All had developmental delay mainly affecting speech, behavioral difficulties, psychiatric comorbidities and dysmorphisms. Additional features included gastrointestinal comorbidities, hearing loss, ophthalmological anomalies, epilepsy, sleep disturbances and joint hypermobility. Autism, hearing and eye comorbidities, dysmorphisms were more common in individuals with truncating variants, whereas epilepsy was only associated with missense variants. In silico structural modeling predicted that all (likely) pathogenic variants destabilize the DNA-binding region of POU3F3. Our study refined the phenotypic and genetic landscape of POU3F3-related disorders, it reports the functional properties of the identified pathogenic variants, and delineates some genotype-phenotype correlations.

Published
2023

32. Development and First Test of the 15 T Nb3Sn Dipole Demonstrator MDFCT1

Author

Barzi, E., primary, Carmichael, J., additional, Chlachidze, G., additional, DiMarco, J., additional, Kashikhin, V., additional, Krave, S., additional, Novitski, I., additional, Orozco, C., additional, Stoynev, S., additional, Strauss, T., additional, Tartaglia, M., additional, Turrioni, D., additional, and Zlobin, A., additional

Published
2020
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33. Improving Accessibility in the Emergency Department for Patients with Disabilities: A Qualitative Study.

Author

Carmichael, J. Harrison, Kalagher, Kelly M., Reznek, Martin A., and Modi, Payal

Subjects
*COGNITION disorders, *BLINDNESS, *HOSPITAL emergency services, *HEALTH services accessibility, *INTERVIEWING, *QUALITATIVE research, *QUALITY assurance, *COMMUNICATION, *PEOPLE with disabilities, *VISION disorders, *THEMATIC analysis, *PATIENT-professional relations
Abstract

Introduction: The emergency department (ED) is a critical service area for patients living with disabilities in the United States. Despite this, there is limited research on best practices from the patient experience regarding accommodation and accessibility for those with disabilities. In this study we investigate the ED experience from the perspective of patients living with physical and cognitive disability, as well as visual impairment and blindness, to better understand the barriers to accessibility in the ED for these populations. Methods: Twelve individuals with either physical or cognitive disabilities, visual impairments or blindness were interviewed regarding their ED experiences, particularly related to accessibility. Interviews were transcribed and coded for qualitative analysis with generation of significant themes relating to accessibility in the ED. Results: Major themes from coded analysis were as follows: 1) inadequate communication between staff and patients with visual impairments and physical disabilities; 2) the need for electronic delivery for after-visit summaries for individuals with cognitive and visual disabilities; 3) the importance of mindful listening and patience by healthcare staff; 4) the role of increased hospital support including greeters and volunteers; and 5) comprehensive training with both prehospital and hospital staff around assistive devices and services. Conclusion: This study serves as an important first step toward improving the ED environment to ensure accessibility and inclusivity for patients presenting with various types of disabilities. Implementing specific training, policies, and infrastructure changes may improve the experiences and healthcare of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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38. 121P ATM germline mutations in lethal prostate cancer

Author

Grochot, R.M., primary, Carreira, S., additional, Miranda, S., additional, Figueiredo, I., additional, Bertan, C., additional, Rekowski, J., additional, Yuan, W., additional, Ferreira, A., additional, Riisnaes, R., additional, Neeb, A., additional, Gurel, B., additional, Fenor de la Maza, M.D.L.D., additional, Carmichael, J., additional, Westaby, D., additional, Guo, C., additional, Sharp, A., additional, and de Bono, J.S., additional

Published
2022
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40. Molecular diagnoses in the congenital malformations caused by ciliopathies cohort of the 100,000 Genomes Project

Author

Best, S, Lord, J, Roche, M, Watson, CM, Poulter, JA, Bevers, RPJ, Stuckey, A, Szymanska, K, Ellingford, JM, Carmichael, J, Brittain, H, Toomes, C, Inglehearn, CF, Johnson, CA, Wheway, G, and Genomics England Research Consortium

Abstract

Background Primary ciliopathies represent a group of inherited disorders due to defects in the primary cilium, the ‘cell’s antenna’. The 100,000 Genomes Project was launched in 2012 by Genomics England (GEL), recruiting National Health Service (NHS) patients with eligible rare diseases and cancer. Sequence data were linked to Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms entered by recruiting clinicians. Methods Eighty-three prescreened probands were recruited to the 100,000 Genomes Project suspected to have congenital malformations caused by ciliopathies in the following disease categories: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (n=45), Joubert syndrome (n=14) and ‘Rare Multisystem Ciliopathy Disorders’ (n=24). We implemented a bespoke variant filtering and analysis strategy to improve molecular diagnostic rates for these participants. Results We determined a research molecular diagnosis for n=43/83 (51.8%) probands. This is 19.3% higher than previously reported by GEL (n=27/83 (32.5%)). A high proportion of diagnoses are due to variants in non-ciliopathy disease genes (n=19/43, 44.2%) which may reflect difficulties in clinical recognition of ciliopathies. n=11/83 probands (13.3%) had at least one causative variant outside the tiers 1 and 2 variant prioritisation categories (GEL’s automated triaging procedure), which would not be reviewed in standard 100,000 Genomes Project diagnostic strategies. These include four structural variants and three predicted to cause non-canonical splicing defects. Two unrelated participants have biallelic likely pathogenic variants in LRRC45, a putative novel ciliopathy disease gene. Conclusion These data illustrate the power of linking large-scale genome sequence to phenotype information. They demonstrate the value of research collaborations in order to maximise interpretation of genomic data.

Published
2022

46. Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment

Author

Abu-Shawareb, H, Acree, R, Adams, P, Adams, J, Addis, B, Aden, R, Adrian, P, Afeyan, BB, Aggleton, M, Aghaian, L, Aguirre, A, Aikens, D, Akre, J, Albert, F, Albrecht, M, Albright, BJ, Albritton, J, Alcala, J, Alday, C, Alessi, DA, Alexander, N, Alfonso, J, Alfonso, N, Alger, E, Ali, SJ, Ali, ZA, Alley, WE, Amala, P, Amendt, PA, Amick, P, Ammula, S, Amorin, C, Ampleford, DJ, Anderson, RW, Anklam, T, Antipa, N, Appelbe, B, Aracne-Ruddle, C, Araya, E, Arend, M, Arnold, P, Arnold, T, Asay, J, Atherton, LJ, Atkinson, D, Atkinson, R, Auerbach, JM, Austin, B, Auyang, L, Awwal, AS, Ayers, J, Ayers, S, Ayers, T, Azevedo, S, Bachmann, B, Back, CA, Bae, J, Bailey, DS, Bailey, J, Baisden, T, Baker, KL, Baldis, H, Barber, D, Barberis, M, Barker, D, Barnes, A, Barnes, CW, Barrios, MA, Barty, C, Bass, I, Batha, SH, Baxamusa, SH, Bazan, G, Beagle, JK, Beale, R, Beck, BR, Beck, JB, Bedzyk, M, Beeler, RG, Behrendt, W, Belk, L, Bell, P, Belyaev, M, Benage, JF, Bennett, G, Benedetti, LR, Benedict, LX, Berger, R, Bernat, T, Bernstein, LA, Berry, B, Bertolini, L, Besenbruch, G, Betcher, J, Bettenhausen, R, Betti, R, Bezzerides, B, Bhandarkar, SD, Bickel, R, Biener, J, Biesiada, T, Bigelow, K, Bigelow-Granillo, J, Bigman, V, Bionta, RM, Birge, NW, Bitter, M, Black, AC, Bleile, R, Bleuel, DL, Bliss, E, Blue, B, Boehly, T, Boehm, K, Boley, CD, Bonanno, R, Bond, EJ, Bond, T, Bonino, MJ, Borden, M, Bourgade, J-L, Bousquet, J, Bowers, J, Bowers, M, Boyd, R, Bozek, A, Bradley, DK, Bradley, KS, Bradley, PA, Bradley, L, Brannon, L, Brantley, PS, Braun, D, Braun, T, Brienza-Larsen, K, Briggs, TM, Britten, J, Brooks, ED, Browning, D, Bruhn, MW, Brunner, TA, Bruns, H, Brunton, G, Bryant, B, Buczek, T, Bude, J, Buitano, L, Burkhart, S, Burmark, J, Burnham, A, Burr, R, Busby, LE, Butlin, B, Cabeltis, R, Cable, M, Cabot, WH, Cagadas, B, Caggiano, J, Cahayag, R, Caldwell, SE, Calkins, S, Callahan, DA, Calleja-Aguirre, J, Camara, L, Camp, D, Campbell, EM, Campbell, JH, Carey, B, Carey, R, Carlisle, K, Carlson, L, Carman, L, Carmichael, J, Carpenter, A, Carr, C, Carrera, JA, Casavant, D, Casey, A, Casey, DT, Castillo, A, Castillo, E, Castor, JI, Castro, C, Caughey, W, Cavitt, R, Celeste, J, Celliers, PM, Cerjan, C, Chandler, G, Chang, B, Chang, C, Chang, J, Chang, L, Chapman, R, Chapman, T, Chase, L, Chen, H, Chen, K, Chen, L-Y, Cheng, B, Chittenden, J, Choate, C, Chou, J, Chrien, RE, Chrisp, M, Christensen, K, Christensen, M, Christopherson, AR, Chung, M, Church, JA, Clark, A, Clark, DS, Clark, K, Clark, R, Claus, L, Cline, B, Cline, JA, Cobble, JA, Cochrane, K, Cohen, B, Cohen, S, Collette, MR, Collins, G, Collins, LA, Collins, TJB, Conder, A, Conrad, B, Conyers, M, Cook, AW, Cook, D, Cook, R, Cooley, JC, Cooper, G, Cope, T, Copeland, SR, Coppari, F, Cortez, J, Cox, J, Crandall, DH, Crane, J, Craxton, RS, Cray, M, Crilly, A, Crippen, JW, Cross, D, Cuneo, M, Cuotts, G, Czajka, CE, Czechowicz, D, Daly, T, Danforth, P, Darbee, R, Darlington, B, Datte, P, Dauffy, L, Davalos, G, 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TJ, Munteanu, FM, Nafziger, J, Nagayama, T, Nagel, SR, Nast, R, Negres, RA, Nelson, A, Nelson, D, Nelson, J, Nelson, S, Nemethy, S, Neumayer, P, Newman, K, Newton, M, Nguyen, H, Di Nicola, J-MG, Di Nicola, P, Niemann, C, Nikroo, A, Nilson, PM, Nobile, A, Noorai, V, Nora, R, Norton, M, Nostrand, M, Note, V, Novell, S, Nowak, PF, Nunez, A, Nyholm, RA, O'Brien, M, Oceguera, A, Oertel, JA, Okui, J, Olejniczak, B, Oliveira, J, Olsen, P, Olson, B, Olson, K, Olson, RE, Opachich, YP, Orsi, N, Orth, CD, Owen, M, Padalino, S, Padilla, E, Paguio, R, Paguio, S, Paisner, J, Pajoom, S, Pak, A, Palaniyappan, S, Palma, K, Pannell, T, Papp, F, Paras, D, Parham, T, Park, H-S, Pasternak, A, Patankar, S, Patel, MV, Patel, PK, Patterson, R, Patterson, S, Paul, B, Paul, M, Pauli, E, Pearce, OT, Pearcy, J, Pedrotti, B, Peer, A, Pelz, LJ, Penetrante, B, Penner, J, Perez, A, Perkins, LJ, Pernice, E, Perry, TS, Person, S, Petersen, D, Petersen, T, Peterson, DL, Peterson, EB, Peterson, JE, Peterson, JL, Peterson, K, Peterson, RR, Petrasso, RD, Philippe, F, Phipps, TJ, Piceno, E, Ping, Y, Pickworth, L, Pino, J, Plummer, R, Pollack, GD, Pollaine, SM, Pollock, BB, Ponce, D, Ponce, J, Pontelandolfo, J, Porter, JL, Post, J, Poujade, O, Powell, C, Powell, H, Power, G, Pozulp, M, Prantil, M, Prasad, M, Pratuch, S, Price, S, Primdahl, K, Prisbrey, S, Procassini, R, Pruyne, A, Pudliner, B, Qiu, SR, Quan, K, Quinn, M, Quintenz, J, Radha, PB, Rainer, F, Ralph, JE, Raman, KS, Raman, R, Rambo, P, Rana, S, Randewich, A, Rardin, D, Ratledge, M, Ravelo, N, Ravizza, F, Rayce, M, Raymond, A, Raymond, B, Reed, B, Reed, C, Regan, S, Reichelt, B, Reis, V, Reisdorf, S, Rekow, V, Remington, BA, Rendon, A, Requieron, W, Rever, M, Reynolds, H, Reynolds, J, Rhodes, J, Rhodes, M, Richardson, MC, Rice, B, Rice, NG, Rieben, R, Rigatti, A, Riggs, S, Rinderknecht, HG, Ring, K, Riordan, B, Riquier, R, Rivers, C, Roberts, D, Roberts, V, Robertson, G, Robey, HF, Robles, J, Rocha, P, Rochau, G, Rodriguez, J, Rodriguez, S, Rosen, M, Rosenberg, M, Ross, G, Ross, JS, Ross, P, Rouse, J, Rovang, D, Rubenchik, AM, Rubery, MS, Ruiz, CL, Rushford, M, Russ, B, Rygg, JR, Ryujin, BS, Sacks, RA, Sacks, RF, Saito, K, Salmon, T, Salmonson, JD, Sanchez, J, Samuelson, S, Sanchez, M, Sangster, C, Saroyan, A, Sater, J, Satsangi, A, Sauers, S, Saunders, R, Sauppe, JP, Sawicki, R, Sayre, D, Scanlan, M, Schaffers, K, Schappert, GT, Schiaffino, S, Schlossberg, DJ, Schmidt, DW, Schmitt, MJ, Schneider, DHG, Schneider, MB, Schneider, R, Schoff, M, Schollmeier, M, Schölmerich, M, Schroeder, CR, Schrauth, SE, Scott, HA, Scott, I, Scott, JM, Scott, RHH, Scullard, CR, Sedillo, T, Seguin, FH, Seka, W, Senecal, J, Sepke, SM, Seppala, L, Sequoia, K, Severyn, J, Sevier, JM, Sewell, N, Seznec, S, Shah, RC, Shamlian, J, Shaughnessy, D, Shaw, M, Shaw, R, Shearer, C, Shelton, R, Shen, N, Sherlock, MW, Shestakov, AI, Shi, EL, Shin, SJ, Shingleton, N, Shmayda, W, Shor, M, Shoup, M, Shuldberg, C, Siegel, L, Silva, FJ, Simakov, AN, Sims, BT, Sinars, D, Singh, P, Sio, H, Skulina, K, Skupsky, S, Slutz, S, Sluyter, M, Smalyuk, VA, Smauley, D, Smeltser, RM, Smith, C, Smith, I, Smith, J, Smith, L, Smith, R, Sohn, R, Sommer, S, Sorce, C, Sorem, M, Soures, JM, Spaeth, ML, Spears, BK, Speas, S, Speck, D, Speck, R, Spears, J, Spinka, T, Springer, PT, Stadermann, M, Stahl, B, Stahoviak, J, Stanton, LG, Steele, R, Steele, W, Steinman, D, Stemke, R, Stephens, R, Sterbenz, S, Sterne, P, Stevens, D, Stevers, J, Still, CB, Stoeckl, C, Stoeffl, W, Stolken, JS, Stolz, C, Storm, E, Stone, G, Stoupin, S, Stout, E, Stowers, I, Strauser, R, Streckart, H, Streit, J, Strozzi, DJ, Suratwala, T, Sutcliffe, G, Suter, LJ, Sutton, SB, Svidzinski, V, Swadling, G, Sweet, W, Szoke, A, Tabak, M, Takagi, M, Tambazidis, A, Tang, V, Taranowski, M, Taylor, LA, Telford, S, Theobald, W, Thi, M, Thomas, A, Thomas, CA, Thomas, I, Thomas, R, Thompson, IJ, Thongstisubskul, A, Thorsness, CB, Tietbohl, G, Tipton, RE, Tobin, M, Tomlin, N, Tommasini, R, Toreja, AJ, Torres, J, Town, RPJ, Townsend, S, Trenholme, J, Trivelpiece, A, Trosseille, C, Truax, H, Trummer, D, Trummer, S, Truong, T, Tubbs, D, Tubman, ER, Tunnell, T, Turnbull, D, Turner, RE, Ulitsky, M, Upadhye, R, Vaher, JL, VanArsdall, P, VanBlarcom, D, Vandenboomgaerde, M, VanQuinlan, R, Van Wonterghem, BM, Varnum, WS, Velikovich, AL, Vella, A, Verdon, CP, Vermillion, B, Vernon, S, Vesey, R, Vickers, J, Vignes, RM, Visosky, M, Vocke, J, Volegov, PL, Vonhof, S, Von Rotz, R, Vu, HX, Vu, M, Wall, D, Wall, J, Wallace, R, Wallin, B, Walmer, D, Walsh, CA, Walters, CF, Waltz, C, Wan, A, Wang, A, Wang, Y, Wark, JS, Warner, BE, Watson, J, Watt, RG, Watts, P, Weaver, J, Weaver, RP, Weaver, S, Weber, CR, Weber, P, Weber, SV, Wegner, P, Welday, B, Welser-Sherrill, L, Weiss, K, Widmann, K, Wheeler, GF, Whistler, W, White, RK, Whitley, HD, Whitman, P, Wickett, ME, Widmayer, C, Wiedwald, J, Wilcox, R, Wilcox, S, Wild, C, Wilde, BH, Wilde, CH, Wilhelmsen, K, Wilke, MD, Wilkens, H, Wilkins, P, Wilks, SC, Williams, EA, Williams, GJ, Williams, W, Williams, WH, Wilson, DC, Wilson, B, Wilson, E, Wilson, R, Winters, S, Wisoff, J, Wittman, M, Wolfe, J, Wong, A, Wong, KW, Wong, L, Wong, N, Wood, R, Woodhouse, D, Woodruff, J, Woods, DT, Woods, S, Woodworth, BN, Wooten, E, Wootton, A, Work, K, Workman, JB, Wright, J, Wu, M, Wuest, C, Wysocki, FJ, Xu, H, Yamaguchi, M, Yang, B, Yang, ST, Yatabe, J, Yeamans, CB, Yee, BC, Yi, SA, Yin, L, Young, B, Young, CS, Young, CV, Young, P, Youngblood, K, Zacharias, R, Zagaris, G, Zaitseva, N, Zaka, F, Ze, F, Zeiger, B, Zika, M, Zimmerman, GB, Zobrist, T, Zuegel, JD, Zylstra, AB, Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration, Collaboration, Indirect Drive ICF, AWE Plc, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and U.S Department of Energy

Subjects
General Physics, 02 Physical Sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration, 01 Mathematical Sciences, 09 Engineering
Abstract

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.

Published
2022

50. Pituitary Society Delphi Survey: An international perspective on endocrine management of patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas

Author

Tritos, N. A., Fazeli, P. K., Mccormack, A., Mallea-Gil, S. M., Pineyro, M. M., Christ-Crain, M., Frara, S., Labadzhyan, A., Ioachimescu, A. G., Shimon, I., Takahashi, Y., Gurnell, M., Fleseriu, M., Bancos, I., Bidlingmaier, M., Biermasz, N., Boguszewski, C. L., Brzana, J., Carmichael, J., Chanson, P., Drincic, A., Eisenberg, Y., Fukuoka, H., Gadelha, M., Ghalib, L., Gordon, M., Greenman, Y., Guarda, F., Hinojosa-Amaya, M., Ho, K., Ilie, M. -D., Karavitaki, N., Katznelson, L., Kelestimur, F., Lacroix, A., Langlois, F., Lim, D., Neggers, S., Niculescu, D., Petersenn, S., Pivonello, R., Raverot, G., Ross, R., Salvatori, R., Scaroni, C., Shafiq, I., Sharma, S., Tabarin, A., Tsagarakis, S., Valassi, E., Vila, G., Wierman, M., Internal Medicine, Tritos, Nicholas A [0000-0001-8867-607X], Fazeli, Pouneh K [0000-0003-1731-2927], Christ-Crain, Mirjam [0000-0002-6336-0965], Frara, Stefano [0000-0002-1308-5598], Gurnell, Mark [0000-0001-5745-6832], Fleseriu, Maria [0000-0001-9284-6289], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Adenoma, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Internationality, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, education, Delphi process, Hypopituitarism, Perioperative, Pituitary adenoma, Postoperative assessment, Transsphenoidal surgery, Delphi method, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Acromegaly, medicine, Endocrine system, Humans, Pituitary Neoplasms, Prolactinoma, Child, computer.programming_language, business.industry, medicine.disease, Family medicine, Pituitary Gland, business, computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Delphi
Abstract

Purpose In adults and children, transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) represents the cornerstone of management for most large or functioning sellar lesions with the exception of prolactinomas. Endocrine evaluation and management are an essential part of perioperative care. However, the details of endocrine assessment and care are not universally agreed upon. Methods To build consensus on the endocrine evaluation and management of adults undergoing TSS, a Delphi process was used. Thirty-five statements were developed by the Pituitary Society’s Education Committee. Fifty-five pituitary endocrinologists, all members of the Pituitary Society, were invited to participate in two Delphi rounds and rate their extent of agreement with statements pertaining to perioperative endocrine evaluation and management, using a Likert-type scale. Anonymized data on the proportion of panelists’ agreeing with each item were summarized. A list of items that achieved consensus, based on predefined criteria, was tabulated. Results Strong consensus (≥ 80% of panelists rating their agreement as 6–7 on a scale from 1 to 7) was achieved for 68.6% (24/35) items. If less strict agreement criteria were applied (ratings 5–7 on the Likert-type scale), consensus was achieved for 88% (31/35) items. Conclusions We achieved consensus on a large majority of items pertaining to perioperative endocrine evaluation and management using a Delphi process. This provides an international real-world clinical perspective from an expert group and facilitates a framework for future guideline development. Some of the items for which consensus was not reached, including the assessment of immediate postoperative remission in acromegaly or Cushing’s disease, represent areas where further research is needed.

Published
2021

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