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The vehicular network provides the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) with IEEE 802.11p standard. The VANET model comprises of cellular vehicle-to-everything communication with wireless communication technology. Vehicular Edge Computing exhibits the promising technology to provide promising Intelligent Transport System Services. Smart application and urban computing. Satellite edge computing model is adopted in vehicular networks to provide services to the VANET communication for the management of computational resources for the end-users to provide access to low latency services for maximal execution of service. The satellite edge computing model implemented with the 4G vehicular communication network model subjected to data security issues. This paper presented a Route Computation Deep Learning Model (RCDL) to improve security in VANET communication with 4G technology. The RCDL model uses the route establishment model with the optimal route selection. The compute route is transmitted with the cryptographic scheme model for the selection of optimal route identified from the satellite edge computing model. The proposed RCDL scheme uses the deep learning-based reinforcement learning scheme for the attack prevention in the VANET environment employed with the 4G technology communication model. The simulation results expressed that proposed RCDL model achieves the higher PDR value of 98% which is ~6% higher than the existing model. The estimation of end-to-end delay is minimal for the RCDL scheme and improves the VANET communication.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la concentración de metales pesados del agua para consumo humano de la ciudad de Junín mediante espectrofotometría por absorción atómica. Para el desarrollo, se utilizó pruebas no experimentales y la investigación descriptiva; se recolectaron muestras de agua de tres sectores de la población de la ciudad de Junín. Las concentraciones de los tres metales difieren en los sectores de la población Pb y AS de 0.001 a 0.002 mg/l y del Cd de 0.001 a 0.003 mg/l debido a que proceden de diferentes fuentes; sin embargo, la concentración de metales pesados plomo, cadmio y arsénico del agua de consumo de la ciudad de Junín no exceden los ECAs de Perú D.S. 004-2017- MINAN para aguas potabilizadas destinadas a la producción de agua potable.

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021, corrected publication 2022, The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world., This project was supported by funds from: the Amazon Web Services (AWS) Imagine Grant (to E.M.B.); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (JSPS KAKENHI; 16h03079, 17h00875, 18k12015, and 20h04581 to Y.Y.); the research programme Dipartimenti di Eccellenza from the Ministry of Education University and Research (MIUR to N. Cellini and G.M. and the Department of General Psychology of the University of Padua); statutory funds of the University of Wroclaw (to A. Sorokowska); the Charles University Research Programme PROGRES (Q18 to M. Vranka); the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2016:0229 to J.K.O.); the Rubicon Grant (019.183sg.007 to K.v.S.) from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research; the Australian Research Council (dp180102384 to R.M.R.); the US National Institutes of Health (NIMH111640 to M.N.-D.), the Huo Family Foundation to N.J.; the NSF Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, Division of Social and Economic Sciences (1559511 to J.S.L.); the US National Institutes of Health (RO1-CA-224545 to J.S.L.); Eesti Teadusagentuur–Estonian Research Council (PSG525 to A. Uusberg); the J. William Fulbright Program (to F. Azevedo); the HSE Basic Research Program (to D. Dubrov); Dominican University (a Faculty Development Grant to A. Krafnick); and the French National Research Agency Investissements d’avenir supporting PSF (ANR-15-IDEX-02 to H.I.); the Slovak Research and Development Agency (project no. APVV-20-0319 to M. Adamkovič); the programme FUTURE LEADER of Lorraine Université d’Excellence within the French National Research Agency Investissements d’avenir (ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE to S.M.). Computation for this research was assisted by: the Harvard Business School compute cluster (HBSGrid); and the Open Science Grid. The Open Science Grid is supported by the National Science Foundation award 1148698 and the US Department of Energy’s Office of Science, as well as by the compute resources and assistance of the UW-Madison Center For High Throughput Computing (CHTC) in the Department of Computer Sciences. The CHTC is supported by UW-Madison, the Advanced Computing Initiative, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, and the National Science Foundation, and is an active member of the Open Science Grid, which is supported by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.

Abstract. The aim of the present single case study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a therapeutic evaluation model (CTA) used for 4 years with a teenage girl (13–17 years of age) with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Clinical evaluations using autobiography as well as the Millon Adolescent Clinic Inventory, House–Tree–Person Drawing, and Rorschach test (Comprehensive System) were conducted at each of four time points: 13, 14, 15, and 17 years of age. An average of four evaluation sessions were carried out at each time point following feedback of the results to the client, reflections about her experience with the evaluation process and with results obtained were requested in writing. Progressive findings reveal a gradual decrease in ODD markers and increasing sophistication, organization, and realism in the configuration of the drawings. The Rorschach test gradually indicated a decrease in aggression content and improvement in the quality of responses. In conclusion, the longitudinal design used in the case shows a strengthening of the self, a notable decrease in oppositional defiant behavior, and an adaptation and adjustment to reality as expected for a young woman of the client’s age.

Citrus are a globally important fruit crop. Abiotic stressors such as drought and salinity adversely affect physiological citrus performance and survival. With the aim of improving drought tolerance in citrus plants, we constructed transgenic lines of Citrus lemon overexpressing the Arabidopsis transcription factor CBF3. Molecular, physiological, and quantitative real-time analyses showed high expression of AtCBF3 in three selected transgenic lines. During a 15-day treatment of water deficit by cessation of irrigation, the transgenic lines LM2 and LM14 showed lower stomatal conductance and transpiration paired with lower photosynthesis, whereas transgenic line LM7 maintained its photosynthesis, declining stomatal conductance, and transpiration compared to WT plants, which is manifested into more efficient water use. The genes CsRafS1 and CsGolS1 showed similar or greater expression in one of the transgenic lines with respect to control plants. Moreover, transgenic lines were more tolerant to saline stress and presented a greener phenotype with increased chlorophyll content in leaf discs compared to WT plants. In addition, a lower electrical conductivity in solution was observed in transgenic lines. Furthermore, all transgenic lines exhibited significantly less accumulation of reactive oxygen species than WT plants. Together, these results suggest the potential for heterologous expression of the AtCBF3 gene to mediate tolerance to hydric and saline stress in citrus plants.

Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and likely uniquely human phenomenon. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue by evoking social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were conducted almost exclusively on participants from North America and Europe, resulting in limited generalizability. This project examined the tears-social support intentions effect and possible mediating and moderating variables in a fully pre-registered study across 7007 participants (24,886 ratings) and 41 countries spanning all populated continents. Participants were presented with four pictures out of 100 possible targets with or without digitally-added tears. We confirmed the main prediction that seeing a tearful individual elicits the intention to support, d = 0.49 [0.43, 0.55]. Our data suggest that this effect could be mediated by perceiving the crying target as warmer and more helpless, feeling more connected, as well as feeling more empathic concern for the crier, but not by an increase in personal distress of the observer. The effect was moderated by the situational valence, identifying the target as part of one's group, and trait empathic concern. A neutral situation, high trait empathic concern, and low identification increased the effect. We observed high heterogeneity across countries that was, via split-half validation, best explained by country-level GDP per capita and subjective well-being with stronger effects for higher-scoring countries. These findings suggest that tears can function as social glue, providing one possible explanation why emotional crying persists into adulthood., National Science Centre, Poland; Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker Programme; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office; Hungarian Brain Research Programme; Internal Fund of the Open University of Israel

The RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 22 (RD22) gene is a molecular link between abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and abiotic stress responses. Its expression has been used as a reliable ABA early response marker. In Arabidopsis, the single copy RD22 gene possesses a BURP domain also located at the C-terminus of USP embryonic proteins and the beta subunit of polygalacturonases. In grapevine, a RD22 gene has been identified but putative paralogs are also found in the grape genome, possibly forming a large RD22 family in this species. In this work, we searched for annotations containing BURP domains in the Vitis vinifera genome. Nineteen proteins were defined by a comparative analysis between the two genome predictions and RNA-Seq data. These sequences were compared to other plant BURPs identified in previous genome surveys allowing us to reconceive group classifications based on phylogenetic relationships and protein motif occurrence. We observed a lineage-specific evolution of the RD22 family, with the biggest expansion in grapevine and poplar. In contrast, rice, sorghum and maize presented highly expanded monocot-specific groups. The Vitis RD22 group may have expanded from segmental duplications as most of its members are confined to a region in chromosome 4. The inspection of transcriptomic data revealed variable expression of BURP genes in vegetative and reproductive organs. Many genes were induced in specific tissues or by abiotic and biotic stresses. Three RD22 genes were further studied showing that they responded oppositely to ABA and to stress conditions. Our results show that the inclusion of RNA-Seq data is essential while describing gene families and improving gene annotations. Robust phylogenetic analyses including all BURP members from other sequenced species helped us redefine previous relationships that were erroneously established. This work provides additional evidence for RD22 genes serving as marker genes for different organs or stresses in grapevine., This work was supported by the Chilean Wine Consortium 05CTE01-03, the Fruit Consortium, 07Genoma01 and Millennium Nucleus for Plant Functional Genomics (P06-009-F). FA was supported by a Postdoctoral Project “Programa Bicentenario de Ciencia y Tecnología/CONICYT-Banco Mundial” (PSD74-2006). AV, PC and JS were supported by a PhD fellowship from CONICYT, Chilean National Council of Science and Technology and VRAID, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. This work also benefited from the networking activities within the European-funded COST ACTION FA1106 ‘An integrated systems approach to determine the developmental mechanisms controlling fleshy fruit quality in tomato and grapevine'.

Indexado en Scopus While many studies have examined the impact of forced migration on Venezuelan migrants in Latin America, to date scholars have not examined the effect of certain coping mechanisms, namely social support and emotion regulation. Using data from 386 Venezuelan migrants living in Peru (M = 20.22 years, SD = 1.33, 46.4% women), we investigated whether perceived social support from three different sources (family, friends, and significant other) correlated with emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and suppression) while controlling for the type of cohabitation and time of residence. The results (1) confirmed the originally proposed internal structure of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, showing reliability and validity even in a sample of migrants. Findings demonstrated that (2) perceived social support from family positively predicted cognitive reappraisal strategy when including friends and significant other as covariates; (3) Venezuelans who have resided longer in Peru compared to more recent migrants used cognitive reappraisal strategy at a higher rate despite perceiving low family social support; (4) Venezuelans who resided in Peru for a longer period of time reported higher suppression strategy use when having low significant other support; and (5) there were gender differences regarding cognitive reappraisal as a dependent variable. More specifically, in men, family was a better predictor than friend or significant other support, while among women, family and significant other had the biggest impact. These results demonstrate the importance of social support elements and time of residence on the healthy management of emotions under difficult circumstances, such as forced migration. Revisión por pares

espanolAnte el incremento de los niveles de violencia ciudadana, resulta relevante adaptar instrumentos para identificar factores de riesgo en poblacion juvenil. Por ello, el objetivo fue analizar las propiedades psicometricas de la Escala de Riesgo de Violencia de Plutchik (ERVP). Se realizo una adaptacion linguistica de la version espanola de la ERVP, ajustandola a la terminologia local. Dicha adaptacion fue examinada por ocho jueces. Se administro a 1052 universitarios limenos, entre los 16 y 37 anos de edad. La unidimensionalidad permitio aplicar un modelo Rasch de Escala de Valoracion de Andrich, considerando el funcionamiento diferencial de tres items en funcion al sexo. La confiabilidad se obtuvo a traves del coeficiente omega, cuyo valor es de .70, 95% IC [.63, .77]. La ERVP cuenta con adecuadas propiedades psicometricas y es una buena alternativa para el tamizaje del riesgo de violencia en poblaciones similares. EnglishBased on the current increase in levels of citizen violence, it is relevant to standardize instruments for identifying crime-related risk factors in youth population. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the psychometric properties of Plutchik’s Violence Risk Scale (PVRS). The PVRS Spanish version was linguistically adapted to local terminology, and subsequently examined by eight judges. It was administered to 1052 university students from Lima, who ranged from 16 to 37 years old. The exploratory factor analysis showed a single-factor structure, which differs from the three-factor Spanish version. It was applied the Rasch model of Andrich’s Rating Scale because of its unidimensionality, identifying sex differential functioning of three items. Reliability was obtained through coefficient omega, whose value was .70; 95% CI [.63, .77]. In conclusion, the PVRS has suitable psychometric properties and appears to be a good alternative to screen the risk of violence in populations similar to the one studied. portuguesA luz dos niveis crescentes de violencia cidada, e relevante padronizar instrumentos de triagem que permitam a identificacao imediata de fatores de risco relacionados ao crime na populacao jovem. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as propriedades psicometricas da Escala de Risco de Violencia de Plutchik (PVRS). A versao em espanhol do PVRS foi adaptada linguisticamente a terminologia local, que foi posteriormente examinada por 8 juizes. A escala foi aplicada a 1.052 universitarios de Lima, com idades entre 16 e 37 anos. A analise fatorial exploratoria mostrou uma estrutura de fator unico diferente da versao espanhola de tres fatores. A unidimensionalidade possibilitou a aplicacao de um modelo Rasch da Escala de Avaliacao de Andrich, considerando o funcionamento diferencial de tres itens com base no genero. A confiabilidade foi obtida atraves do coeficiente omega, cujo valor foi 0,70; IC 95% [0,63, 0,77]. O PVRS possui propriedades psicometricas adequadas e parece ser uma boa alternativa para rastrear o risco de violencia em populacoes semelhantes a estudada.

The research aimed to explain the construct Quality of Life associated with socio-educational factors and the sense of coherence in adolescents of Lima Metropolitan area. The study population consisted of 1211 adolescents aged 12 to 19 attending public and private educational institutions of Lima Metropolitan area. Data was obtained through the Questionnaire for Assessing Adolescent Students’ Quality of Life (CCVA), the Sense of Coherence Scale (SCS), and a questionnaire on the study variables Family Context, School Climate, and Risk Factors. The results show that the three dimensions of the sense of coherence are good predictors of quality of life. The socio-educational factors Family Context and School Climate presented statistically significant differences in quality of life levels depending on the socio-economic sectors.

Background Anti-ribosomal P (anti-P) antibodies have long been associated with lupus psychosis and recently with cognitive deficit in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We previously described a neuronal-surface-P-antigen (NSPA) that mediates anti-P pathogenic effects leading to memory deficit in mice. Clinical controversial associations of anti-P are lupus hepatitis and lupus nephritis (LN), in which the ribosomal P0 protein has been postulated as a cell surface anti-P target. As there is no mechanism explaining for the presence of P0 at the cell surface, we assess whether NSPA might be the anti-P cell surface target in liver and kidney cells. Methods NSPA expression: i) RT-PCR and immunoblot in liver HepG2 and kidney HK-2 cell lines and liver and kidney tissues from C57wt and transgenic C57NSPA/KO (LacZ gene instead NSPA gene) mice; ii) s-galactosidase histochemistry as a marker of NSPA expression in liver and kidney slices from a ZZEF-1/lac Z knock in mice; iii) Cell surface biotinylation and surface immuno-capture in combination with metabolic labeling. Functional assays: iv) Internalization assays with I125-anti-P; v) Indirect immunofluorescence of activated caspase-3 and Hoechst staining of apoptotic nuclei on HK-2 treated with rabbit anti-P for 24 hour. Results NSPA is expressed in hepatocytes, in proximal epithelium tubule renal cells and in some collecting tubules. HK-2 and HepG2 express NSPA, but not P0 at the cell surface. Anti-P bind NSPA and become internalized in a time and concentration dependent manner. Anti-P induced HK-2 apoptosis in vitro assessed by caspase-3 activation. Conclusions NSPA expression in the cell surface of kidney and liver cells and not the P0 provides a potential target for anti-P pathogenic effects, which might contribute to lupus hepatitis and nephritis. Funding Source(s): Programa de Financiamiento Basal (AFB 17/0005) and FONDECYT N° 1160513.

Grapevine fruit development is a dynamic process that can be divided into three stages: formation (I), lag (II), and ripening (III), in which physiological and biochemical changes occur, leading to cell differentiation and accumulation of different solutes. These stages can be positively or negatively affected by multiple environmental factors. During the last decade, efforts have been made to understand berry development from a global perspective. Special attention has been paid to transcriptional and metabolic networks associated with the control of grape berry development, and how external factors affect the ripening process. In this review, we focus on the integration of global approaches, including proteomics, metabolomics, and especially transcriptomics, to understand grape berry development. Several aspects will be considered, including seed development and the production of seedless fruits; veraison, at which anthocyanin accumulation begins in the berry skin of colored varieties; and hormonal regulation of berry development and signaling throughout ripening, focusing on the transcriptional regulation of hormone receptors, protein kinases, and genes related to secondary messenger sensing. Finally, berry responses to different environmental factors, including abiotic (temperature, water-related stress and UV-B radiation) and biotic (fungi and viruses) stresses, and how they can significantly modify both, development and composition of vine fruit, will be discussed. Until now, advances have been made due to the application of Omics tools at different molecular levels. However, the potential of these technologies should not be limited to the study of single-level questions; instead, data obtained by these platforms should be integrated to unravel the molecular aspects of grapevine development. Therefore, the current challenge is the generation of new tools that integrate large-scale data to assess new questions in this field, and to support agronomical practices.

Simulations of dark matter show a discrepancy between the expected number of Galactic dark matter sub-halos and how many have been optically observed. Some of these unseen satellites may exist as dark dwarf galaxies: sub-halos like dwarf galaxies with no luminous counterpart. Assuming WIMP dark matter, it may be possible to detect these unseen sub-halos from gamma-ray signals originating from dark matter annihilation. The High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC) is a very high energy (500 GeV to 100 TeV) gamma ray detector with a wide field-of-view and near continuous duty cycle, making HAWC ideal for unbiased sky surveys. We perform such a search for gamma ray signals from dark dwarfs in the Milky Way halo. We perform a targeted search of HAWC gamma-ray sources which have no known association with lower-energy counterparts, based on an unbiased search of the entire sky. With no sources found to strongly prefer dark matter models, we calculate the ability of HAWC to observe dark dwarfs. We also compute the HAWC sensitivity to potential future detections for a given model of dark matter substructure., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures. submitted to JCAP

On the north coast of present-day Peru flourished approximately between 50 and 700 AD the Moche civilisation. They were sophisticated metalworkers and are considered the finest producers of jewels and artefacts of the region. The Moche metalworking ability was impressively demonstrated by the excavations of the ‘Tumbas Reales de Sipan’, carried out by Walter Alva et al. in 1987. About 50 metal objects from these excavations, now at the Museum ‘Tumbas Reales de Sipan’, in Lambayeque, North of Peru, were analysed with a portable equipment which uses energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). This portable equipment is mainly composed of a small-sized X-ray tube and a thermoelectrically cooled, small-sized X-ray detector. Standard samples of gold and silver alloys were employed for calibration and quantitative determination. The analysed artefacts are mainly gold, silver and copper alloys, gilded copper and tumbaga, the last being a poor gold alloy enriched at the surface by depletion gilding, i.e. by removing copper and silver from the surface. In the case of gold, silver and copper alloys, their composition was determined by the EDXRF analysis in the usual manner, i.e. by employing standard alloys. In the case of gilded copper or tumbaga, the ratios Cu(Kα/Kβ) and (Au-Lα/Cu-Kα) were accurately determined from the X-ray spectra, first to clearly distinguish gilded copper from tumbaga and then to determine the gilding thickness or an ‘equivalent gilding thickness’ in the case of tumbaga. The combination of the two ratios is a clear indication of the nature of the alloy (gold, gilded Cu or tumbaga) and allows an accurate measurement of the gilding thickness in the case of gilded copper objects or, in the case of tumbaga, the ‘equivalent’ gold thickness was measured to be ∼2.8 µm. From all measurements, the mean approximate composition and thickness of Sipan alloys is the following: 1. Gold: Au = ∼70%, Ag = ∼20% and Cu = ∼10% 2. Gilding of gilded copper: Au = ∼97.5% and Ag = ∼2.5%; thickness = ∼0.6 µm 3. Tumbaga: ‘equivalent’ Au thickness = ∼2.5 µm 4. Silver: Ag = ∼92%, Cu = ∼5% and Au = ∼3% 5. Copper: Cu = ∼99% with traces of iron and nickel Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

On the north coast of present-day Peru, approximately between 50 and 700 AD, flourished the Moche civilization. It was an advanced culture, and the Moche were sophisticated metalsmiths. The Moche metal working ability was impressively shown by the excavations of the “Tumbas Reales de Sipan”, discovered by W. Alva and co-workers in 1987. The Sican culture is a successive civilization (750-1375 AD) which extended as far as present day Piura in the north and Trujillo in the south. The Sican culture was strongly influenced by the Moche culture, particularly in its metallurgical development (Shimada and Griffin, 1994). The metal objects from the Museums of Sipan and Sican were analyzed with a portable equipment which uses energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF). This portable equipment is composed of a small size X-ray tube and a Si-PIN thermoelectrically cooled X-ray detector. It was determined that the analyzed artefacts are composed of gold, silver and copper alloys, of gilded copper, of silvered gold, and of tumbaga, the last being a poor gold alloy enriched at the surface by depletion gilding, i.e. removing copper from the surface. In the case of gold, silver and copper alloys, their composition was determined by EDXRF analysis employing standard alloys. In the case of gilded copper, silvered copper and of tumbaga, the ratio Cu(Ka/Kb) was accurately determined from the X-ray spectra, first in order to clearly distinguish them, and subsequently in order to determine the thickness of the gilding. Mean values of 0.4 µm and 2.7 µm were determined for gilded copper and tumbaga, respectively. For gilded silver, the ratio Ag(Ka /Kb) was measured. The ratios Au-Ka/Cu-Ka, Ag-Ka/Cu-Ka and Au-Ka/Ag-Ka (gilded copper, silvered copper, and gilded silver, respectively) also depend on the thickness of gilding or silvering, and were employed to this aim.

In plants, low temperature causes massive transcriptional changes, many of which are presumed to be involved in the process of cold acclimation. Given the diversity of developmental and environmental factors between experiments, it is surprising that their influence on the identification of cold-responsive genes is largely unknown. A systematic investigation of genes responding to 1 d of cold treatment revealed that diurnal- and circadian-regulated genes are responsible for the majority of the substantial variation between experiments. This is contrary to the widespread assumption that these effects are eliminated using paired diurnal controls. To identify the molecular basis for this variation, we performed targeted expression analyses of diurnal and circadian time courses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that, after a short initial cold response, in diurnal conditions cold reduces the amplitude of cycles for clock components and dampens or disrupts the cycles of output genes, while in continuous light all cycles become arrhythmic. This means that genes identified as cold-responsive are dependent on the time of day the experiment was performed and that a control at normal temperature will not correct for this effect, as was postulated up to now. Time of day also affects the number and strength of expression changes for a large number of transcription factors, and this likely further contributes to experimental differences. This reveals that interactions between cold and diurnal regulation are major factors in shaping the cold-responsive transcriptome and thus will be an important consideration in future experiments to dissect transcriptional regulatory networks controlling cold acclimation. In addition, our data revealed differential effects of cold on circadian output genes and a unique regulation of an oscillator component, suggesting that cold treatment could also be an important tool to probe circadian and diurnal regulatory mechanisms.

Plant stress induced by high salinity has leading to an important reduction in crop yields. Due to their tropical origin, citrus fruits are highly sensitive to salts. Rootstocks are the root system of fruit trees, regulating ion uptake and transport to the canopy. Therefore, increasing their salt tolerance could improve the salt tolerance of the fruit tree. For this, we genetically-transformed an important rootstock for lemon, Citrus macrophylla W, to constitutively express the CBF3/DREB1A gene from Arabidopsis, a well-studied salinity tolerance transcription factor. Transgenic lines showed normal size, with no dwarfism. Under salt stress, some transgenic lines showed greater growth, similar accumulation of chloride and sodium in the leaves and better stomatal conductance, in comparison to wild-type plants. Quantitative real-time analyses showed a similar expression of several CBF3/DREB1A target genes, such as COR15A, LEA 4/5, INV, SIP1, P5CS, GOLS, ADC2 and LKR/SDH, in transgenic lines and wild type plants, with the exception of INV that shows increased expression in line 4C15. Under salt stress, all measured transcript increased in both wild type and transgenics lines, with the exception of INV. Altogether, these results suggest a higher salt tolerance of transgenic C. macrophylla plants induced by the overexpression of AtCBF3/DREB1A.

Viral diseases affect grapevine cultures without inducing any resistance response. Thus, these plants develop systemic diseases and are chronically infected. Molecular events associated with viral compatible infections responsible for disease establishment and symptoms development are poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed viral infection in grapevines at a transcriptional level. Gene expression in the Vitis vinifera red wine cultivars Carmenere and Cabernet-Sauvignon naturally infected with GLRaV-3 were evaluated using a genome-wide expression profiling with the Vitis vinifera GeneChip® from Affymetrix. We describe numerous genes that are induced or repressed in viral infected grapevines leaves. Changes in gene expression involved a wide spectrum of biological functions, including processes of translation and protein targeting, metabolism, transport, and cell defense. Considering cellular localization, the membrane and endomembrane systems appeared with the highest number of induced genes, while chloroplastic genes were mostly repressed. As most induced genes associated with the membranous system are involved in transport, the possible effect of virus in this process is discussed. Responses of both cultivars are analyzed and the results are compared with published data from other species. This is the first study of global gene profiling in grapevine in response to viral infections using DNA microarray.

Three types of alloys were recognized when analyzing pre-Columbian artifacts from the North of Peru: gold, silver, and copper alloys; gilded copper and silver; silvered copper; tumbaga, i.e., copper or silver enriched on gold at the surface by depletion gilding. In this paper, a method is described to differentiate gold alloys from gilded copper and from copper–gold tumbaga, and silver alloys from silvered copper and copper–silver tumbaga. This method is based on the use of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, i.e., on a sophisticated analysis of XRF-spectra carrying out an accurate determination of Cu(K α /K β ), Ag(K α /K β ), Au(L α /L β ), and Au-L α /Cu-K α or Ag-K α /Cu-K α ratios. That implies a dedicated software for the quantitative determination of the area of X-ray peaks. This method was first checked by a relevant number of standard samples and then it was applied to pre-Columbian alloys from the North of Peru.