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The 4.0 technologies are changing agricultural production processes and with them the agro-food supply chains, fundamental for the competitiveness of the Made in Italy and Basilicata, a region of southern Italy. It has invested in modernization and restructuring of agricultural, agri-food and forestry farms by rural development policies, which address respect for sustainability and to reduction of renewable and non-renewable resources, preserving quality and the link with the territory. Some Lucanian agricultural entrepreneurs, interested in experimenting with innovative and sustainable agriculture, has intensified relations with the local scientific world, the advisors, training institutions and with small and medium-sized agro-industrial enterprises, setting up clusters. Then European Partnerships for Innovation have formed inside them. This paper analyses the eleven Operational Groups of the Lucanian European Partnerships which represent the incubators for the digitalization of agri-food 4.0. From the analysis it emerged that the maximum expression of digitization in Basilicata is Precision Farming, as evidenced by the establishment of a specific operating group, AgrotechBasilicata. However, the other Lucanian OGs can also be classified as digital because they are interested by information collection systems, software and data analysis, as well as robotics and automation.

Plastic materials used in agriculture mostly derive from synthetic petro-chemical polymers. They require at the end of their lifetime a suitable waste management system for the collection and treatment. A research was carried out in order to define a GIS methodology for mapping the agricultural plastic waste on the land. The use in agriculture of plastics in Barletta-Andria-Trani Province – Apulia Region – was investigated by applying orthophotos analysis and remote sensing survey. Besides purposed Plastic Waste Indexes were created to release land use to waste generation. The data were organized in a specific geo-database. The analysis showed that the agricultural plastic waste yearly produced from covering films was 627 kg ha−1, from the anti-hail nets was 159 kg ha−1, from nets for crop protection was 192 kg ha−1, from shading nets was 131 kg ha−1, from irrigation pipes was 104 kg ha−1. Through GIS, the areas with high density of plastic wastes were pointed out and the suitable location of collection centres was defined. The produced maps and the GIS database can be always updatable tools, useful for monitoring and optimizing the collection of agricultural plastic waste from the farms and their transport to the recycling companies.

The aim of the paper is the definition of territorial indexes to evaluate the quantity of agricultural plastic waste in a geographical region due to the main crop cultivations of that area. The local Authority of the Barletta, Andria, Trani Province, Italy, has shown interest to introduce modernization actions for the agricultural plastic waste management. The analysed territory is typically suited for vineyards, olive groves, and orchards. Several farms were examined by means of direct questions or compilation of questionnaires. Data gathered were elaborated in order to estimate territorial indexes as average values per year of the agricultural plastic waste quantities coming from different crops. The obtained results allowed to quantify the yearly generation of agricultural plastic waste as function of the typology.

The increased use of plastic material in many different agricultural applications causes high volumes of waste. The mechanical recycling of postconsumption plastic is a suitable system for the recovery of these materials. With the aim of evaluating the mechanical and physical characteristics of plastic bars’ profiles, obtained by recycling different polymeric mixtures of agricultural plastic film. Experimental tests were performed on different blends of heterogeneous material. Bars, made from recycled agricultural plastic film were produced through mechanical recycling, mixed with calcium carbonate, high density polyethylene, ‘densified’ polyethylene from scrap material, wood powder, and glass fibers.

Plastic materials have been worldwide applied in agriculture for soil mulching, greenhouse covering, irrigation and drainage pipes, bags, containers, pots, and agrochemical containers. All of these plastic materials require, at the end of their lifetime, suitable collection and treatment systems. Agricultural activities in some areas of the Apulia Region, Southern Italy, are characterized by huge quantities of plastic wastes and local authorities and farmers associations have been interested in solving this problem by applying modern land management tools such as Geographical Information System (G.I.S.). In this paper a G.I.S. methodology is applied to an area of 10,200 ha in the Trani municipality, included in the Province of Barletta, Andria, Trani (BAT) - Apulia Region, in order to assess the agricultural plastic waste generation. The use of plastics at the agricultural farms has been investigated and related to the land use by applying statistical analysis, orthophoto analysis and remote sensing surveys. These data were introduced in a specific geo-database, and the agricultural plastic waste quantity and localization were defined. Vineyards and olive groves are scattered in this area, so the agricultural plastic waste mostly consists in irrigation pipes, after-use covering films and anti-hail nets used on vineyards. The analysis carried out showed that up to 614 kg ha-1 of covering films waste are yearly produced in some areas while the estimation of waste from the anti-hail nets was up to 159 kg ha-1 and the waste yearly produced from irrigation pipes was up to 83 kg ha-1. Through the use of the G.I.S., the areas with high density of plastic wastes were pointed out thus allowing to determine the suitable location of temporary storage areas and collecting points, in order to optimize the transport of agricultural plastic waste from the farms to the collecting points and to the recycling firms.

For a group \(G\), denote by \(\omega (G)\) the number of conjugacy classes of normalizers of subgroups of \(G\). Clearly, \(\omega (G)=1\) if and only if \(G\) is a Dedekind group. Hence if \(G\) is a 2-group, then \(G\) is nilpotent of class \(\le 2\) and if \(G\) is a \(p\)-group, \(p>2\), then \(G\) is abelian. We prove a generalization of this. Let \(G\) be a finite \(p\)-group with \(\omega (G)\le p+1\). If \(p=2\), then \(G\) is of class \(\le 3\); if \(p>2\), then \(G\) is of class \(\le 2\).

Let A be the elementary group of order 2n and L an A-graded Lie algebra with L0 = 0. Assume that L is soluble with derived length k. It is proved that L has a series of ideals of length n all of whose quotients are nilpotent of {k, n}-bounded class.

Let n be an integer greater than 1. A group G is said to be n-rewritable (or a Q n -group) if for every n elements x 1, x 2,…, x n in G there exist distinct permutations σ and τ in S n such that x σ(1) x σ(2)…x σ(n) = x τ(1) x τ(2)…x τ(n). Abdollahi and Mohammadi Hassanababi in [2] characterized finite groups abelian-by-cyclic in Q 3. In this article we improve their theorem, showing that the same characterization holds also for infinite abelian-by-cyclic groups and for nilpotent groups of class 2 in Q 3.

We give a short proof that if G is a finite group of derived length k and if G admits a fixed-point-free action of the elementary group of order 2 n , then G has a normal series of length n all of whose quotients are nilpotent of class bounded in terms of k and n only.

In this paper we show that some finiteness properties on a centralizer of a particular subgroup can be inherited by the whole group. Among other things, we prove the following characterization of polycyclic groups: a soluble group G is polycyclic if and only if it contains a finitely generated subgroup H, formed by bounded left Engel elements, whose centralizer CG(H) is polycyclic. In the context of Černikov groups we obtain a more general result: a radical group is a Černikov group if and only if it contains a finitely generated subgroup, formed by left Engel elements, whose centralizer is a Černikov group. The aforementioned results generalize a theorem by Onishchuk and Zaĭtsev about the centralizer of a finitely generated subgroup in a nilpotent group.

For an element x of a finite group G let IndG(x) denote the index of CG(x) in G. We prove that if Ind〈a,b,x〉(x) is a prime-power for any a,b∈G, then IndG(x) is a prime-power.

New technologies could be adequately introduced for an improved analysis aimed to the sustainable management and planning of the rural land, as well as its environment and landscape. Nowadays, this analysis is easier and more complete through the use of powerful and reliable tools. Several changes can be considered to be as models of territorial development, useful for an appropriate planning of the human interventions in a rural area. Remote sensing techniques could be employed for the monitoring of agricultural land variation, while Geographical Information Systems are excellent tools for landscape modeling and three-dimensional analysis. In this chapter, land-use changes in a rural area located in southern Italy were analyzed by comparing some historical cartographic supports with modern maps, in order to evaluate the morphological and vegetation variations of the agroforestry land during time. Moreover, a landscape analysis was conducted through the implementation of digital terrain models, which were enriched by draping land cover pictures over them. These elaborations finally enabled an evaluation in a scenic way of the aesthetic quality of the agroforestry landscape, allowing a virtual jump back to time periods when digital aerial photography was not yet even possible. This multi-temporal analysis with the support of GIS techniques revealed to have a great potential for assessing and managing landscape diversity and changes of vegetation, as well as for planning sound interventions over the landscape structures.

Planning the rural environment is one of the most intriguing examples of technical challenge where a multi-disciplinary approach plays a crucial role. The agricultural production, both food and non-food, the social role of rural settlements, the state and diffusion of the infrastructural networks, the rural architectonic heritage that in many countries constitutes a major positive value, should be appropriately considered and sinergically interlaced for a sound planning of agricultural biosystems.

Current agricultural practices require the use of large quantities of plastics, which contribute to a significant increase of the quantity and quality of agricultural production, but also require high quantities of plastic waste to be disposed in such way that will not have a negative effect on the landscape and the agro-ecosystem. In this paper the results of an experimental investigation of the possibilities of producing new regenerated plastic films through mechanical recycling, from post-consume agricultural plastic films are analysed. Six recycled films, made from agricultural low tunnel and greenhouse covering films as well as from HDPE bags for agrochemical packaging, have been extruded producing films of different thickness. These regenerated films were characterized by means of mechanical and spectrometric tests and SEM + EDS analysis. The obtained results show that without adding any additives into the blends good mechanical and spectral properties can be achieved by mixing the greenhouse and low tunnel recycled plastic film coverings.

Let G be a locally finite group admitting a four-group of automorphisms without non-trivial fixed points. It is shown that the derived group G 0 is a product of normal nilpotent subgroups.

In 1996 Poland and Rhemtulla proved that the number v (G) of conjugacy classes of non-normal subgroups of a non-Hamiltonian nilpotent group G is at least c − 1, where c is the nilpotency class of G. In this paper we consider the map that associates to every conjugacy class of subgroups of a finite p-group the conjugacy class of the normaliser of any of its representatives. In spite of the fact that this map need not be injective, we prove that, for p odd, the number of conjugacy classes of normalisers in a finite p-group is at least c (taking into account the normaliser of the normal subgroups). In the case of p-groups of maximal class we can find a better lower bound that depends also on the prime p.

O Teorema de ONan-Scott classifica os grupos de permutações primitivos finitos dividindo-os em classes, de acordo com a estrutura de seus subgrupos normais minimais [25]. Um importante resultado nesta classificação é que todo grupo de permutações admite no máximo dois subgrupos normais minimais transitivos distintos [8, Lemma 5.1]. Um grupo de permutações é dito quase-primitivo se todos os seus subgrupos normais não triviais são transitivos. Por exemplo, todo grupo de permutações primitivo é quase-primitivo, mas visto que um grupo simples transitivo ´e sempre quase-primitivo, mas nem sempre primitivo, a classe dos grupos quase- primitivos ´e estritamente maior que a classe dos grupos primitivos.Grupos de permuta¸coes quase-primitivos finitos foram caracterizados por Praeger em [28]. Neste artigo Praeger mostrou que os grupos quase-primitivos podem ser classificados similarmente à classificação dos grupos primitivos. O problema de inclusão para um grupo de permutações H almeja determinar os possíveis subgrupos (quase-primitivos ou primitivos) do grupo simétrico que contenham H. Tal problema possui um número importante de aplicações em teoria de grupos, combinatória algébrica e teoria algébrica de grafos. Por exemplo, é uma situação comum em combinatória algébrica sabermos uma parte do grupo de automorfismos de uma estrutura combinatória, por exemplo um grafo de Cayley, e queremos determinar um grupo de automorfismos maior que pode ser quase-primitivo ou primitivo. O estudo do problema de inclusão é possível visto que há informações detalhadas sobre as fatoracões de grupos simples não abelianos finitos. Alguns resultados gerais sobre tais fatoraçõoes podem ser encontrados em [1, 26]. Neste trabalho descrevemos todas as inclusões H G tais que H é um grupo caracteristicamente simples, não abeliano e transitivo, e G é um grupo de permutações finito quase-primitivo com socle não abeliano. A este tipo de inclusão damos o nome de inclusão CharS-QP. Tais inclusões ocorrem naturalmente, por exemplo quando tomamos um grupo quase-primitivo finito G que possui um subgrupo normal minimal não abeliano S. Se denotarmos por soc(G) o socle de G, tanto S G quanto soc(G) G são inclusões CharS-QP. Ao tratar esse problema, nosso primeiro passo foi imergir explicitamente, sob algumas hipóteses, um grupo de permutaçõoes quase-primitivo em um produto entrelaçado com a ação produto, de forma que tal imersão fosse permutacional. Teorema 1. (Teorema de Imersão) Sejam G um grupo de permutações quase- primitivo em e . Assumamos as seguintes condições: 1.S = Q1 × · · · × Qr é um subgrupo normal minimal de G, em que cada Qi é caracteristicamente simples e não abeliano, e r 2. 2.G age transitivamente em {Q1, . . . , Qr} por conjuga¸cao. 3.Consideremos as projeções i : S Qi, e assumamos que S = (S1) × · · · × (Sr). Se considerarmos := [Q1 : (Q1)], então existe uma imersão permutacional : G Sym() wr Sr, em que consideramos o produto entrela¸cado como um grupo de permutações agindo com a ação produto em r. O resultado acima é um dos pontos-chave para demonstrar nosso segundo resultado.Teorema 2. (Teorema principal) Seja H G uma inclusao CharS-QP, tal que soc(G) é não abeliano. Então H soc(G). Com o intuito de entender melhor as inclusões do teorema principal, atacamos o problema analisando separadamente cada uma das classes de ONan-Scott (Capítulo 7). Tais resultados dependem fortemente da fatoração de grupos simples, bem como do teorema de classificação dos grupos simples finitos. We say that G (..) Sym(..) is transitive if G has just one orbit on , namely (..). If G is transitive on (..) and the only partitions of (..) preserved by G are (..) and (..), then we say that G is primitive. The O'Nan-Scott Theorem [25] classifies the finite primitive permutation groups by dividing them into classes, according to the structure of their minimal normal subgroups. An important result in this classification is that every permutation group admits at most two distinct transitive minimal normal subgroups [8, Lemma 5.1]. A permutation group is quasiprimitive if all its nontrivial normal subgroups are transitive. For example, all primitive permutation groups are quasiprimitive. Finite quasiprimitive groups were characterized by Cheryl Praeger [28], who showed that they can be classified similarly to the O'Nan-Scott classification of finite primitive permutation groups. The inclusion problem for a permutation group H asks to determine the possible (primitive or quasiprimitive) subgroups of the symmetric group that contain H. In other words, given a permutation group H (..) Sym(..), we are asking about its overgroups. For instance, it is a common situation in algebraic combinatorics that we know a part of the group of automorphisms of a combinatorial structure (for example, a Cayley graph) and we wish to determine a larger automorphism group which may be primitive or quasiprimitive. In this work we describe all inclusions H (..) G such that H is a transitive nonabelian characteristically simple group and G is a finite primitive or quasiprimitive permutation group with nonabelian socle. The study of these inclusions is possible since we have detailed information concerning factorizations of finitenonabelian simple groups. For this reason, many of the results presented here rely on the classification of finite simple groups, specially chapters 4 and 7.