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Tropical rainforests of Latin America (LATAM) are one of the world's largest carbon sinks, with substantial future carbon sequestration potential and contributing a major proportion of the global supply of forest carbon credits. LATAM is poised to contribute predominantly towards high-quality forest carbon offset projects designed to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, halt biodiversity loss, and provide equitable conservation benefits to people. Thus, carbon markets, including compliance carbon markets and voluntary carbon markets continue to expand in LATAM. However, the extent of the growth and status of forest carbon markets, pricing initiatives, stakeholders, amongst others, are yet to be explored and extensively reviewed for the entire LATAM region. Against this backdrop, we reviewed a total of 299 articles, including peer-reviewed and non-scientific gray literature sources, from January 2010 to March 2023. Herein, based on the extensive literature review, we present the results and provide perspectives classified into five categories: (i) the status and recent trends of forest carbon markets (ii) the interested parties and their role in the forest carbon markets, (iii) the measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) approaches and role of remote sensing, (iv) the challenges, and (v) the benefits, opportunities, future directions and recommendations to enhance forest carbon markets in LATAM. Despite the substantial challenges, better governance structures for forest carbon markets can increase the number, quality and integrity of projects and support the carbon sequestration capacity of the rainforests of LATAM. Due to the complex and extensive nature of forest carbon projects in LATAM, emerging technologies like remote sensing can enable scale and reduce technical barriers to MRV, if properly benchmarked. The future directions and recommendations provided are intended to improve upon the existing infrastructure and governance mechanisms, and encourage further participation from the public and private sectors in forest carbon markets in LATAM.

Introduction Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) aims to improve care quality with a shift from the traditional biomedical model to one that emphasizes patient experience and preferences. Community for Successful Ageing (ComSA)-PCMH is the first community-based PCMH model for complex adults consisting of center-based primary care clinic and home-based care management as an integrated multidisciplinary care-team. This study aimed to understand patients' care experience in ComSA-PCMH. Methods A semi-structured topic guide was developed and adapted from the PCMH principles, to generate data on care experience. Qualitative data consisted of six focus group discussions with patients/primary caregivers enrolled in the program for at least six months. Framework analysis was used with both deductive and inductive approaches in coding. Results Majority of participants identified ComSA-PCMH as a 'specialized' primary care model targeting only older adults with complex care and reported qualitative benefits in consolidated appointments, integrated medical and social care, and subjective health-related improvement. Participants valued the sustained patient-provider relationship, communication, and care personalization in ComSAPCMH. They appreciated the relationship-based care, emphasizing on the high value to be treated holistically as a person, rather than a disease. Better continuity of care was experienced by having access to the same provider for their health journey, enabling them to have better perceived familiarity and trust while communicating their needs. These were supported by the sufficient time given during the consultation, perceived to be one of the key differentiating factor for ComSAPCMH from their previous provider. They also appreciated the involvement of family members/caregivers in care planning. Other aspects of care delivery, i.e. team-based care and care coordination were not as clearly expressed. Participants were unable to identify home-care management as part of their care-team, even for those receiving the services. In addition, experiences in care coordination across different healthcare provider were not shared much. However, participants perceived an "inherent" integration as evidenced from the linked medical record. Discussions Studies on patient-centeredness reported similar findings on participants who value patientprovider relationship and communication. In this study, characterization and understanding of this new care model was driven primarily by participant's previous experience of Singapore's current healthcare system. Perception on team-based care and care coordination was lacking. The experiences may not be realized by participants due to the lack of understanding of the new care model. Conclusions Participants were able to identify ComSA-PCMH as a new care model with better experiences in patient-provider relationship and communication. Perception in the domains of patientcenteredness may change with increasing awareness and longer experience with this type of care. Lessons learned Improved understanding and effective communication on components and functions of the new care model amongst patients and caregivers are important, as they would likely influence the perceived experiences of the intended care model. Limitations The FGDs may be limited to patients with less complex care needs. Suggestions Future research may sample participants with different biopsychosocial complexities, to fully capture the differing care experiences. Subsequent IDIs for different typology could give more understanding in context and mechanism of care experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical rainforests of Latin America (LATAM) are one of the world's largest carbon sinks, with substantial future carbon sequestration potential and contributing a major proportion of the global supply of forest carbon credits. LATAM is poised to contribute predominantly towards high-quality forest carbon offset projects designed to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, halt biodiversity loss, and provide equitable conservation benefits to people. Thus, carbon markets, including compliance carbon markets and voluntary carbon markets continue to expand in LATAM. However, the extent of the growth and status of forest carbon markets, pricing initiatives, stakeholders, amongst others, are yet to be explored and extensively reviewed for the entire LATAM region. Against this backdrop, we reviewed a total of 299 articles, including peer-reviewed and non-scientific gray literature sources, from January 2010 to March 2023. Herein, based on the extensive literature review, we present the results and provide perspectives classified into five categories: (i) the status and recent trends of forest carbon markets (ii) the interested parties and their role in the forest carbon markets, (iii) the measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) approaches and role of remote sensing, (iv) the challenges, and (v) the benefits, opportunities, future directions and recommendations to enhance forest carbon markets in LATAM. Despite the substantial challenges, better governance structures for forest carbon markets can increase the number, quality and integrity of projects and support the carbon sequestration capacity of the rainforests of LATAM. Due to the complex and extensive nature of forest carbon projects in LATAM, emerging technologies like remote sensing can enable scale and reduce technical barriers to MRV, if properly benchmarked. The future directions and recommendations provided are intended to improve upon the existing infrastructure and governance mechanisms, and encourage further participation from the public and private sectors in forest carbon markets in LATAM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no potential real or perceived conflict of interest. Authors Marcela Rondon, Ewane Basil Ewane, Jorge F. Montenegro, Austin Blanton, Judith Pons, and Midhun Mohan, were employed by the company Ecoresolve Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)