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Diabetic foot complications are increasingly prevalent in the world, leading to significant morbidity and driving up associated health care costs. Complex pathophysiology and suboptimal specificity of current imaging modalities have made diagnosis challenging, mainly in the evaluation of superimposed foot infection to underlying arthropathy or other marrow lesions. Recent advances in radiology and nuclear medicine have the potential to streamline the assessment of diabetic foot complications. But we must be aware of the specific strengths and weaknesses of each modality, and their applications. This review offers a comprehensive approach to the spectrum of diabetic foot complications and their imaging appearances in conventional and advanced imaging studies, including optimal technical considerations for each technique. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are highlighted, illustrating their complementary role to conventional MRI, in particular their potential impact in avoiding additional studies.

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En el presente artículo nos serviremos de la Sentencia 299/2021, de 18 de marzo de 2021, de la Audiencia Provincial de Murcia. El objetivo de este estudio es poder reflejar la importancia y necesidad de un estudio conjunto de la normativa en materia de modificaciones estructurales y la normativa en materia concursal. La relación entre ambas vertientes mercantilistas es patente en situaciones similares a la que procederemos a exponer.

La pluralización del verbo haber en español –sobre todo en los usos orales del idioma– es uno de los fenómenos lingüísticos de conflicto entre la norma prescriptiva y el uso consuetudinario más extendidos de nuestro idioma. En el presente estudio comenzaremos tratando, de forma teórica, el fenómeno de modo general (pluralización, usos no normativos y aspectos sociolingüísticos), para, posteriormente, ya bajo un marco metodológico y práctico, analizar su empleo y valoración en alumnos del instituto público de educación secundaria “El Palmeral”, situado en la localidad almeriense de Vera, con el objetivo de delimitar tanto el uso de este fenómeno, como las formas pluralizadas más aceptadas entre esta comunidad de jóvenes estudiantes. A tal fin, prestaremos atención a los resultados del examen de actitudes lingüísticas realizado a una gran parte de alumnos de la etapa de Bachillerato, entre 16 y 19 años.

Este trabajo pretende ofrecer una panorámica informada sobre la posición que ocupa la lingüística y, más en concreto, la lingüística hispánica dentro de los programas de grado de Español de las universidades británicas. Para ello, partiendo de una introducción a los Estudios Hispánicos en el ámbito universitario anglosajón y del papel secundario que tradicionalmente ha ocupado la lingüística dentro del hispanismo desarrollado desde este contexto, nos cuestionaremos de manera crítica la necesidad y la utilidad de incorporar contenidos curriculares asociados con la lingüística en los planes de estudios universitarios que forman parte del ámbito disciplinar de las Lenguas Modernas. Además, profundizaremos en el caso particular del Reino Unido para presentar datos concretos sobre universidades y titulaciones de Español que incorporan cursos o componentes explícitos de Lingüística Hispánica en su currículum, analizando tanto el número como su tipología. Los resultados de este estudio, basados en los planes curriculares y los catálogos de asignaturas disponibles durante el curso académico 2021/2022 de las 24 universidades británicas adscritas al Russell Group que ofrecen programas de grado en Español, nos ayudarán a entender y a justificar hasta qué punto es necesario que las enseñanzas universitarias relacionadas con el Español y los Estudios Hispánicos partan de una dimensión filológica en la que la lengua extranjera, las literaturas y las culturas de dicha lengua convivan con su lingüística como modelo de integración para la formación de los futuros graduados y especialistas del español en Reino Unido.

El presente volumen, titulado Avances investigadores y pedagógicos sobre la enseñanza del español. Aportes desde el contexto universitario británico, recoge una selección de trabajos de investigación y propuestas didácticas sobre ELE realizadas, en su mayor parte, desde universidades de Reino Unido. Está estructurado en cuatro bloques que reflexionan sobre últimos avances y propuestas disciplinares desde distintos niveles de concreción curricular y ámbitos de intervención pedagógica e investigadora: diseño curricular, contenidos gramaticales, diversidad y propuestas didácticas. Estas cuatro áreas están precedidas por un capítulo sobre el grupo de trabajo de la asociación ELEUK centrado en un proyecto de descolonización del currículum de español. Cada uno de los bloques se subdivide en dos capítulos.

IntroductionMultiple myeloma (MM) is considered an incurable hematological neoplasm. For transplant-eligible patients, initial treatment includes an induction phase followed by an autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Despite the introduction of several drugs in the past years, relapses still occur. Nevertheless, some patients achieve sustained responses after successful induction treatment and ASCT.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated all patients diagnosed with MM in our institution who underwent induction treatment and ASCT between 1990 and 2015. The subset of patients who achieved a sustained response (any degree) for 5 or more years after ASCT without further treatment or signs of progression were distinguished as “long-term responders” (LTRs). In the non-LTR group, a cohort referred to as “prolonged responders” (PLRs) showed sustained response of at least 5 years after ASCT but eventually relapsed. We collected and analyzed clinical and laboratory data.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty patients were diagnosed with MM and received induction treatment and ASCT at our institution in the study period. Among them, 54 (21.6%) patients met the criteria for LTR. Some diagnostic features such as a younger age, female gender, ECOG performance status of 0, lower International Staging System (ISS) stage, lower bone marrow plasma cell infiltration, and lower serum levels of calcium, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were found to be more prevalent in LTR. Female gender, an ECOG performance status of 0, a localized Durie-Salmon stage, an ISS of I–II, the absence of bone disease, and an LDH within normal range were also predictive of longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the whole cohort. The depth of the response achieved after induction and ASCT as well as the administration of an IMID-based maintenance regimen may play a role in the differences observed on PFS between cohorts. A detectable M-protein with a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)-like behavior was detected in one-third of LTR after ASCT. Although relapses continue to occur in patients who achieve a 5-year treatment-free period after ASCT, a plateau is observed in the survival curves at approximately 21 years of follow-up.

Recientemente asistimos al décimo aniversario de la promulgación de las vigentes constituciones ecuatoriana y boliviana. En ellas, la influencia de los postulados del neoconstitucionalismo andino es notoria. El presente texto pretende indagar en el régimen de diferencias entre el neoconstitucionalismo andino y el constitucionalismo español, encontrando su justificación en las soluciones alternativas y creativas que la producción teorética andina ha aportado para un conjunto de problemáticas políticas y jurídicas compartidas con España. El interés que puede despertar este trabajo, realizado a partir de las metodologías jurídico-comparativa e interdisciplinar, no es meramente jurídico, sino también político. En primer lugar, argumento la aporía que, en el neoconstitucionalismo andino, existe entre derecho y política. En segundo lugar, trato concisamente la noción de pluriversalidad, la cual nos permite desprendernos del prejuicio eurocéntrico. Por último, desarrollo la comparación entre las cuestiones fundamentales del neoconstitucionalismo andino y el constitucionalismo europeo liberal –plurinacionalidad, multiculturalismo, interlegalidad y naturaleza–. Concluimos que, a pesar de las poderosas diferencias entre la cosmovisión indígena y la tradición cristiana europea, existen notables similitudes entre nuestras respectivas polémicas nacionales, si bien, apriorísticamente, no parece posible implementar las ideas andinas en la sociedad española.

To describe the different morphological enhancement patterns of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) in the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI (Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI) and to determine their added value in their differential diagnosis. A retrospective analysis of imaging findings in 185 benign hepatocellular lesions (154 FNH; 31 HCA) in 108 patients who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI was performed by two independent reviewers. Six patterns on HBP were recorded: 1) homogeneous enhancement; 2) peripheral ring-like enhancement with hypointense central core; 3) peripheral ring-like enhancement with hyperintense central core; 4) central core enhancement with hypointense periphery; 5) heterogeneous enhancement; and 6) the absence of enhancement. Peripheral ring-like enhancement with hypointense central core and peripheral ring-like enhancement with hyperintense central core showed the highest specificity for the diagnosis of FNH (100% and 96.8%, respectively). The absence of enhancement and central core enhancement with hypointense periphery were only present in 0.6% and 1.9% of FHN, respectively. All other patterns were observed with similar frequencies in FNH (22.1% to 26.6%). Six HCA showed contrast uptake on the HBP: homogeneous (6.5%), peripheral ring-like enhancement with hyperintense central core (3.2%) and heterogeneous (9.7%). Both FNH and HCA may demonstrate enhancement in the HBP of Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI, limiting its specificity. A significant improvement in specificity can be achieved by the evaluation of morphological enhancement patterns: Peripheral ring-like enhancement with hypointense or hyperintense central core was highly specific for FNH diagnosis. On the other hand, the absence of HBP enhancement makes the diagnosis of FNH unlikely.

El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (en adelante “TJUE”) se pronunció el pasado mes de junio sobre uno de los procedimientos judiciales de máxima actualidad, tal y como es el litigio existente entre la entidad Bankia (actualmente Caixabank) y la Unión Mutua Asistencial de Seguros. En concreto, dilucidó algunos aspectos que precisan un mayor desarrollo normativo y jurisprudencial, esto es: la posibilidad de llevar a cabo una acción de responsabilidad por parte de los inversores cualificados por el folleto emitido para una oferta pública de suscripción de acciones. Asimismo, se pronunció sobre la posibilidad de valorar el grado de conocimiento de los inversores cualificados de la situación económica del emisor de la oferta pública de suscripción de acciones al margen del folleto y en función de sus relaciones jurídicas o mercantiles con dicho emisor

This paper analyzes the impact that the Covid-19 pandemic has had on corrections and crime in the southern region of Europe formed by Spain and Portugal. The main mechanisms of transmission of Covid-19 are the physical proximity between people and the fact of sharing eventually infected targets. In prisons and other correctional contexts people live in close proximity and share the same facilities. As a result, the correctional context has proven to be a critical “hot spot” for the transmission of the Covid-19 pandemic in inmates and correctional staff. First, the magnitude of the infection and their associated health and psychosocial problems (prison incidents, social isolation…) are described. Second, the main sanitary, social, and correctional measures applied to prevent contagion and their related damages are presented (lockdown, use of communication technologies with families, etc.). Third, it is analyzed whether there has been a relationship between the confinement caused by the pandemic and the crime rates observed in Spain and Portugal during this same period. Finally, from the impact in corrections of pandemic and the actions taken to fight it, several important lessons are derived for the future improvement of correctional systems.

Simple Summary Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of death. A series of processes occur during acute myocardial infarction that contribute to the development of ventricular dysfunction, with subsequent heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias, which account for most episodes of sudden cardiac death in these patients. These complications are associated with the adverse cardiac remodeling that occurs during the healing process following an acute episode. The remodeling causes the appearance of a substrate that can trigger life-threatening arrhythmias, such as tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation. The development of experimental models for analyzing the basic mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction enables the study of different therapeutic approaches aimed at improving the patient´s prognosis. The present study describes the methodology and the results obtained in a 5-week chronic infarction (one hour followed by reperfusion) in a rabbit model. The viability of the model, the care provided, the characteristics and extent of the lesions, the inducibility of arrhythmias, and the reproducibility of the methods and results have been analyzed. Abstract A chronic model of acute myocardial infarction was developed to study the mechanisms involved in adverse postinfarction ventricular remodeling. In an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the left circumflex coronary artery of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 9) was occluded by ligature for 1 h, followed by reperfusion. A specific care protocol was applied before, during, and after the intervention, and the results were compared with those of a sham operated group (n = 7). After 5 weeks, programmed stimulation and high-resolution mapping were performed on isolated and perfused hearts using the Langendorff technique. The infarct size determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride inside of the area at risk (thioflavin-S) was then determined. The area at risk was similar in both groups (54.33% (experimental infarct group) vs. 58.59% (sham group), ns). The infarct size was 73.16% as a percentage of the risk area. The experimental infarct group had a higher inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias (100% vs. 43% in the sham group, p = 0.009). A reproducible chronic experimental model of myocardial infarction is presented in which the extent and characteristics of the lesions enable the study of the vulnerability to develop ventricular arrhythmias because of the remodeling process that occurs during cardiac tissue repair.

Cinco años han pasado desde la organización del primer encuentro de la asociación que reúne a los profesores de español de Reino Unido, ELEUK. Estos cinco años de recorrido han estado marcados por los encuentros anuales que la asociación ha organizado con puntualidad (británica) en colaboración con distintas universidades, con la intención de crear un espacio para el intercambio de ideas, el diálogo académico, la presentación de proyectos de investigación e innovación docente, así como para el desarrollo de una red de profesionales dedicados a la enseñanza de la lengua española en el contexto universitario y de la formación continua. Las universidades de Nottingham, Reading, Strathclyde (Glasgow), King’s College (Londres) y Edimburgo han acogido estos encuentros cada mes de junio de estos últimos cinco años.

KEY POINTS: Some of the beneficial effects of exercise in preventing vascular related diseases are mediated by the enhancement of endothelial function where the role of nitric oxide (NO) is well documented, although the relevance of calcium activated potassium channels is not fully understood. The impact of oxidative stress induced by training on endothelial function remains to be clarified. By evaluating different endothelial vasodilator pathways on two vascular beds in a rabbit model of chronic exercise, we found a decreased NO bioavailability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in both carotid and femoral arteries. Physical training induced carotid endothelial dysfunction as a result of an increase in oxidative stress and a reduction in superoxide dismutase expression. In the femoral artery, the lower production of NO was counteracted by an increased participation of large conductance calcium activated potassium channels, preventing endothelial dysfunction. ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic exercise on vasodilator response in two different arteries. Rings of carotid and femoral arteries from control and trained rabbits were suspended in organ baths for isometric recording of tension. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Cu/Zn and Mn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD), and large conductance calcium activated potassium (BKCa) channel protein expression were measured by western blotting. In the carotid artery, training reduced the relaxation to ACh (10(–9) to 3 × 10(–6) m) that was reversed by N‐acetylcysteine (10(–3) m). l‐NAME (10(–4) m) reduced the relaxation to ACh in both groups, although the effect was lower in the trained group (in mean ± SEM, 39 ± 2% vs. 28 ± 3%). Physical training did not modify the relaxation to ACh in femoral arteries, although the response to l‐NAME was lower in the trained group (in mean ± SEM, 41 ± 5% vs. 17 ± 2%). Charybdotoxin (10(–7) m) plus apamin (10(–6) m) further reduced the maximal relaxation to ACh only in the trained group. The remaining relaxation in both carotid and femoral arteries was abolished by KCl (2 × 10(–2) m) and BaCl(2) (3 × 10(–6) m) plus ouabain (10(–4) m) in both groups. Physical training decreased eNOS expression in both carotid and femoral arteries and Cu/Zn and Mn‐SOD expression only in the carotid artery. BKCa channels were overexpressed in the trained group in the femoral artery. In conclusion, chronic exercise induces endothelial dysfunction in the carotid artery as a result of oxidative stress. In the femoral artery, it modifies the vasodilator pathways, enhancing the participation of BKCa channels, thus compensating for the impairment of NO‐mediated vasodilatation.

[EN] Electromechanical coupling studies have described the intervention of nitric oxide and S-nitrosylation processes in Ca2+ release induced by stretch, with heterogeneous findings. On the other hand, ion channel function activated by stretch is influenced by nitric oxide, and concentration-dependent biphasic effects upon several cellular functions have been described. The present study uses isolated and perfused rabbit hearts to investigate the changes in mechanoelectric feedback produced by two different concentrations of the nitric oxide carrier S-nitrosoglutathione. Epicardial multielectrodes were used to record myocardial activation at baseline and during and after left ventricular free wall stretch using an intraventricular device. Three experimental series were studied: (a) control (n=10); (b) S-nitrosoglutathione 10 mu M (n=11); and (c) S-nitrosoglutathione 50 mu M (n=11). The changes in ventricular fibrillation (VF) pattern induced by stretch were analyzed and compared. S-nitrosoglutathione 10 mu M did not modify VF at baseline, but attenuated acceleration of the arrhythmia (15.6 +/- 1.7 vs. 21.3 +/- 3.8Hz; p, Carlos III Health Institute/FEDER funds (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness): Grants FIS PI12/00407, PI15/01408, PIE15/00013, and RETIC “RIC” RD12/0042/0048. Generalitat Valenciana: Grant PROMETEO FASE II 2014/037.