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Objetivo: Descripción de características epidemiológicas de suicidios ocurridos en el Perú durante el periodo 2017-2021. Material y Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo-comparativo, basado en la revisión del Sistema Informático Nacional de Defunciones entre los años 2017-2021; la muestra final incluyó un total de 2579 suicidios. Resultados: El 69,5% de los suicidios ocurrieron en el género masculino, el promedio de edad fue 34,87 años, 79,5% solteros y 26,6% con instrucción secundaria completa. Los departamentos con mayor frecuencia de suicidio fueron Lima (20,3%), Arequipa (19,2%), Cusco (9,5%) y Junín (7,8%). Según CIE-10 la causa principal de muerte fue edema cerebral (20,06%) y el domicilio, el lugar más frecuente (63,4%). Las modalidades utilizadas fueron ahorcamiento (56,6%), envenenamiento (29,2%), arma de fuego (4,0%), precipitación (3,1%) y arma blanca (1,7%). Se pudo establecer diferencias significativas con un p

α-Oxy ketones, easily accessible by conventional routes, can be selectively deprotonated generating an enolate intermediate, which upon treatment with paraformaldehyde undergoes an aldol–Tishchenko reaction, leading to relevant 1,2,3-triol fragments in a totally diastereoselective manner. The excellent stereocontrol in the generation of a quaternary stereocenter is attributed to stereoelectronic effects in the Evans intermediate. This methodology allows overcoming some limitations of our previously reported strategy, based on the reaction of α-lithiobenzyl ethers with esters and paraformaldehyde, broadening the scope of the obtained polyols. Synthetic applications of this process include the preparation of a new dilignol model and some functionalized oxetanes., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and FEDER (CTQ2016-75023-C2-1-P), and Junta de Castilla y León and FEDER (BU291P18, BU049P20). The project leading to these results has also received funding from the “la Caixa” Foundation, under agreement LCF/PR/PR18/51130007) (CAIXA-UBU001). A postdoctoral contract (S.S.-P.) and a predoctoral contract (C.S.) were funded by Junta de Castilla y León and FEDER and Ministerio de Educación (FPU), respectively

The α-lithiobenzyloxy group, easily generated from aryl benzyl ethers by selective α-lithiation with

α-Lithiobenzyl ethers, generated by selective α-lithiation, undergo an aldol-Tishchenko reaction upon treatment with carboxylic esters and paraformaldehyde. The reaction of the organolithium with the carboxylate generates an intermediate enolate that, after formaldehyde addition, affords 1,2,3-triol derivatives in a straightforward and one-pot manner. These products are obtained as single diastereoisomers bearing a quaternary stereocenter. The complete diastereocontrol of the aldol-Tishchenko process is attributed to stereoelectronic preferences in the transition state., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and FEDER (CTQ2016-75023-C2-1-P) and Junta de Castilla y León and FEDER (BU291P18)

The reactions of o-lithiated O-aryl N,N-diethylcarbamates with different C−N multiple bond electrophiles have been thoroughly studied. A 1,5-O → N carbamoyl shift, a new variation of the anionic Fries-type rearrangement, takes place when nitriles, imines, or alkylcarbodiimides are employed. In these cases, the carbamoyl group plays a dual role as a directing group, building up a variety of functional groups through the 1,5-O → N carbamoyl migration. On the other hand, the use of iso(thio)cyanates and arylcarbodiimides led to non-rearranged o-functionalized Oarylcarbamates. This reactivity was further computationally explored, and the governing factor could be traced back to the relative basicity of the alternative products (migrated vs nonmigrated substrates). This exploration also provided interesting insights about the degree of complexation of the lithium cations onto these substrates. A new access to useful 2-hydroxybenzophenone derivatives has also been developed., Junta de Castilla y León and FEDER (BU291P18) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and FEDER (CTQ2016-75023-C2-1-P and 2-P)

The α-lithiobenzyloxy group, easily generated from aryl benzyl ethers by selective α-lithiation with t-BuLi at low temperature, behaves as a directed metalation group (DMG) providing a direct access to o-lithiophenyl α-lithiobenzyl ethers. This ortho-directing effect is reinforced in substrates bearing an additional methoxy group at the meta position. The generated dianions can be reacted with a selection of electrophiles including carboxylic esters and dihalosilanes or germanes, which afford interesting benzofuran, sila(germa)dihydrobenzofuran, and silachroman derivatives from simple aryl benzyl ethers., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and FEDER (CTQ2016-75023-C2-1-P), and Junta de Castilla y León and FEDER (BU291P18)

Objetivos: Determinar la eficacia del Índice de Mannheim como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con peritonitis secundaria. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, tipo prueba diagnóstica. realizado con los datos de las historias clínicas. A través de un muestreo no probabilístico se analizó 294 pacientes: 40 fallecidos y 254 sobrevivientes postoperados de peritonitis secundaria del Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital "Daniel Alcides Carrión" de Huancayo entre los años 2015 y 2017; se calculó dicho tamaño muestral con el uso del estadístico EPIDAT 4.1 para pruebas diagnósticas. Se determinó: Sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo, razón de verosimilitud positivo, razón de verosimilitud negativa, curva ROC y el área bajo la curva ROC (ABC). Resultados: El Índice de Mannheim con el punto de corte utilizado según el trabajo original de e"26 mostró una sensibilidad de 0,85, especificidad 0,972, valor predictivo positivo de 0,829, valor predictivo negativo 0,976. El punto de corte optimo con una sensibilidad de 0,975 se obtuvo en el punto de corte e"21. El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,976. Conclusiones: El Índice de Mannheim demostró ser un buen predictor de mortalidad, estableciéndose que el mejor punto de corte es e"21 para aumentar la sensibilidad al 97,5% a fin de evitar la pérdida de casos detectados por el Índice. Objectives: To determine the efficacy of the Manheim´s index in predicting mortality in patients with secondary peritonitis. Methods: A retrospective diagnostic like study was carried-out with data extracted from clinical charts. A non-probabilistic sampling of 294 patients of whom 40 had died and 254 were discharged alive after being surgically intervened from secondary peritonitis in the General Surgery service at Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrion in Huancayo was calculated using EPIDAT 4.1. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios and ROC curves and area under the ROC were calculated. Results: A Manheim´s index of e"26 showed a sensitivity of 0.85, specificity of 0.972, positive predictive value of 0.829 and negative predictive value of 0.976. The optimal threshold was e"21 attaining a sensitivity of 0.975. The area under the ROC curve was 0.976. Conclusions: Manheim´s index is a good predictor of mortality among patients with secondary peritonitis, the optimal threshold was e"21.

Tesis - (Maestría en Administración)

Estudio de caso - (Maestría en Administración)