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A adenite equina é uma enfermidade economicamente importante de equinos, causada por Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Seu diagnóstico pode ser confirmado de forma direta, por meio de isolamento bacteriano e de PCR, ou de forma indireta, por meio de ELISA, método baseado na detecção de anticorpos séricos. O objetivo deste estudo foi clonar, expressar e caracterizar a proteína SeM de Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, avaliar sua utilização como antígeno em um ELISA indireto e determinar a capacidade do teste de distinguir soros de animais negativos, vacinados e positivos. Para tal, foi inicialmente realizada a clonagem do gene que codifica para a proteína SeM e sua expressão em Escherichia coli. Posteriormente, a proteína produzida foi caracterizada e utilizada como antígeno em um teste de ELISA indireto. Para avaliação do teste, foram utilizadas amostras de soro de 40 potros negativos, de 46 equinos vacinados com uma vacina comercial contra adenite equina e de 46 equinos com diagnóstico da doença. O teste demonstrou alta sensibilidade e especificidade, permitindo discriminar entre soros negativos e positivos, positivos e de animais vacinados, e negativos e de animais vacinados. Assim, conclui-se que a proteína rSeM produzida pode ser usada como antígeno para o diagnóstico da enfermidade e que o ELISA descrito pode ser útil para avaliar o estado imunológico do rebanho. Strangles is an economically important horse disease caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. The diagnosis can be confirmed either directly by bacterial isolation and PCR or by ELISA, which is an indirect method based on the detection of serum antibodies. The aim of this study was to clone, express and characterize the SeM protein of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, evaluate its use as antigen in indirect ELISA and determine its performance to distinguish sera of negative, vaccinated and positive animals. This was initially performed by cloning the gene encoding the SeM protein and its expression in Escherichia coli. Subsequently, the protein produced was characterized and used as antigen in ELISA. Serum samples for evaluation were taken from 40 negative foals, 46 horses vaccinated with a commercial vaccine against strangles and 46 horses diagnosed with the disease. The test showed high specificity and sensitivity, allowing discrimination between negative and positive, positive and vaccinated animals, and vaccinated animals and negative sera. Thus, it was concluded that the protein produced rSeM, which can be used as antigen for disease diagnosis, and the described ELISA might be helpful to evaluate the immune status of the herd.

The probiotic properties of Pichia pastoris and of a recombinant P. pastoris containing the Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene were evaluated in broilers. One-day-old chicks randomly divided in four groups were fed with commercial feed devoid of antibacterials. The control group (1) received plain food, while the other groups were supplemented with either P. pastoris (2), the recombinant P. pastoris (3) or Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi (4). At day 49, live weights, feed efficiency and seroconversions were higher (P0.05) in the supplemented groups than in the control groups. Group 3 showed the best results, while group 2 had lower weight gain than groups 3 and 4 although food conversion was better than in group 4. Seroconversions were not different (P0.05) among the supplemented groups. Adverse reactions were not observed in histopathologic evaluation. We concluded that P. pastoris and the recombinant P. pastoris could be used as probiotics in broilers.

This paper describes the use ofPichia pastorisX-33 as a bioremediator to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and phosphorus (P-), after culture in parboiled rice effluent supplemented with p.a. glycerol or a glycerol by-product of the biodiesel industry. The greatest reduction in the COD (55%), TKN (45%), and P- (52%) of the effluent was observed in cultures ofP. pastorisX-33 supplemented with 15 g ·L−1of biodiesel-derived glycerol. Furthermore, the overall biomass yield was 2.1 g ·L−1. These data suggest that biodiesel-derived glycerol is an efficient carbon source for the bioremediation of parboiled rice effluent and biomass production.

In this study we evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi and Saccharomyces boulardii on the immune response of lambs to Escherichia coli K88ab and Bovine Herpes Virus type 5 (BoHV-5) vaccines. Thirty, 3-month-old lambs were randomly grouped in three lots of 10 each and vaccinated at days 0 and 30 of the experiment. They grazed on the same pasture and were fed ad libitum twice a day with commercial sheep feed supplemented with either B. cereus var. Toyoi at a concentration of 1×106 viable spores gr−1, S. boulardii at a concentration of 1×106 CFU gr−1, or non-supplemented feed. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals over eight weeks and antibody titres were analysed by ELISA. The mean seroconversions against E. coli and BoHV-5 of the fed probiotics groups were higher (p

A adenite equina, também conhecida como garrotilho, é uma enfermidade bacteriana contagiosa, causada por Streptococcus equi, subsp. equi, bactéria β hemolítica do grupo C de Lancefield, que afeta o trato respiratório anterior de equinos de todas as idades, com maior prevalência entre um e cinco anos de idade. Caracteriza-se por produzir secreção mucopurulenta das vias aéreas anteriores e linfadenite dos gânglios retrofaríngeos e submandibulares com formação de abscessos. Fatores de virulência de S. equi, subsp. equi, incluem cápsula de ácido hialurônico, hialuronidase, estreptolisina O, estreptoquinase, receptores para Fc de IgG, peptidoglicano e proteína M. Dentre esses fatores, a proteína M tem especial importância por ser de membrana com propriedades antifagocitárias e de aderência. A doença tem baixa letalidade e alta morbidade e seus prejuízos econômicos devem-se à perda de performance e custo do tratamento. O diagnóstico clínico e o tratamento não apresentam dificuldades, mas a profilaxia é prejudicada pela baixa eficiência das vacinas disponíveis, com índices de proteção de 50%. O garrotilho pode ocorrer em todas as épocas do ano, mas o frio e a umidade facilitam a sobrevivência do agente e sua disseminação, portanto animais que vivem nos estados mais frios e úmidos do país são mais vulneráveis à infecção. Novas vacinas utilizando antígenos purificados ou de subunidades estão sendo desenvolvidas com a finalidade de incrementar sua potência e evitar efeitos indesejáveis. A comprovação de diferenças de antigenicidade, entre estirpes, alerta sobre a importância da seleção apropriada das cepas vacinais.

Deep litter systems represent low cost alternatives to raise growing-finishing pigs, reducing slurry accumulation, although pig's thermal comfort may be negatively affected by the heat produced inside the litter. This study compared environmental and performance parameters for growing-finishing pigs raised on deep litter systems having distinct depths and on solid floor. The experiment was conducted in a region of temperate climate of Brazil, comparing three treatments: litter having rice husk 0.5m (T1); and 0.25m deep (T2); and solid concrete floor (T3). The first litter was used in two lots and replaced by a second litter used in other two lots, during 52 weeks. Each lot included five pigs in a 7m² pen, from 60 to 145 d of age. Environmental parameters were determined at weekly intervals, including: atmospheric temperature; relative humidity; temperature at the center of the pen, in the surface (TSF); and at half of the depth (THD), only for T1 and T2. Feed consumption and weight of pigs were measured every four weeks. Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity were not influenced by the treatments (P>0.05). Mean TSF was 22.8 ± 3.6°C, being lower for T3 (P0.05). TSF was higher for new than for used litters (P0.05). Despite the potential unfavorable thermal comfort under high temperatures, deep litter systems can be used to raise pigs in the growing-finishing phases due to the absence of negative effects for growth performance. O uso de cama representa uma alternativa de baixo custo para a criação de suínos em crescimento e em terminação, promovendo redução do acúmulo de dejetos, embora o conforto térmico dos animais possa ser prejudicado pelo calor produzido no interior da cama. Este estudo compara os parâmetros ambientais e o desempenho de crescimento de suínos em sistemas de criação sobre cama, com profundidades distintas, e sobre piso concreto. O experimento foi realizado em uma região de clima temperado na região Sul do Brasil, comparando três tratamentos: cama de casca de arroz com 0,5m (T1), com 0,25m de profundidade (T2) e piso de concreto (T3). A primeira cama foi usada em dois lotes de animais e foi substituída por uma segunda, usada em outros dois lotes, compreendendo 52 semanas. Cada lote foi constituído por cinco animais criados dos 60 aos 145 dias de idade, em uma baia de 7m². Os seguintes parâmetros ambientais foram medidos semanalmente: temperatura ambiente, umidade relativa e temperatura no centro da baia, na superfície (TSF) e na metade da profundidade da cama (TMP), apenas em T1 e T2. O consumo de ração e o peso dos animais foram aferidos a cada quatro semanas. A temperatura ambiente e a umidade relativa não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A TSF média foi de 22,8±3,6°C, sendo menor no T3 (P0,05). A TSF foi mais alta nas camas novas do que nas usadas (P

A suinocultura, embora considerada atividade de alto potencial poluidor em virtude da grande concentração de animais e ao volume de dejetos líquidos produzidos por unidade de área, enfrenta um grande desafio que se refere ao desenvolvimento de sistemas alternativos para a produção de suínos, que diminuam o potencial poluidor desta atividade. Pela potencialidade de absorver o esterco e a urina dos suínos, o sistema de cama pode ser uma alternativa viável para o manejo dos efluentes, mas este sistema apresenta aspectos negativos para o conforto térmico dos suínos. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito de diferentes alturas de cama com casca de arroz, utilizada no sistema de produção sobre cama durante as fases de crescimento e terminação, sobre indicadores de condicionamento ambiental da edificação zootécnica (temperatura ambiente e da cama e umidade relativa do ar). Três tratamentos foram comparados (duas profundidades diferentes de cama de casca de arroz, 0,5 e 0,25 m, e um sistema com piso compacto de concreto). A utilização de piso com cama para suínos nas fases de crescimento-terminação, mesmo com diferentes profundidades, não foi suficiente para alterar os indicadores de condicionamento ambiental da edificação zootécnica.Due to the large animal inventories and the great volume of waste, swine production is considered a highly polluting activity. Therefore one of its greatest challenges is the development of alternative production systems with lower polluting potential. Deep litter systems may be feasible alternative for waste management due to their capacity for slurry absorption, although they may negatively influence the thermal comfort of the pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of distinct depths of rice husk litters used to raise pigs in growing and finishing phases on ambiental temperature and relative humidity inside the barn. Three treatments were compared: litter with a depth of 0.5 m; litter with a depth of 0.25 m; and solid concrete floor. Ambiental temperature and relative humidity inside the barn were not influenced by the use of litter or by different litter depths.

A Enterite Necrótica Aviária (ENA) é uma enterotoxemia aguda que aparece subitamente e provoca morte rápida, afetando principalmente animais jovens. Embora seu impacto negativo na produção, devido ao aumento da conversão alimentar e da condenação de carcaças seja já conhecido, questões relacionadas à etiologia, à patogenia e ao controle desta importante enfermidade necessitam de maiores esclarecimentos. Nos últimos anos, o controle da ENA baseou-se na aplicação de antibióticos na ração animal, prática banida pelo mercado consumidor, que exigiu o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controle. Esta revisão aborda informações sobre a etiologia, a epizootiologia, a patogenia, o diagnóstico e o controle da doença, em especial a utilização de probióticos e vacinas como alternativas de controle da ENA. Avian Necrotic Enteritis is an acute enterotoxaemia that appears suddenly producing rapid deaths, affecting mainly young animals. Although its negative impact in poultry production is already known, factors related to etiology, pathogenesis and control of this important disease need better clarifications. For a long time its control was based on the use of antibiotics in poultry feed, whose the use was banned by several consumer markets, requiring the development of new control strategies. Informations on the etiology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control are reviewed, emphasizing the role of probiotics and vaccines as control alternatives.

The effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the humoral and cellular response of mice to the simultaneous inoculation of a tetravalent E. coli bacterin and a viable vaccine against Canine Parvovirus is reported. Thirty-six isogenic BALB-c female mice, seven weeks old, were vaccinated with 1/20th of the dose used for pigs and dogs, respectively, and randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 received non-supplemented feed, group 2 was supplemented with S. boulardii, and group 3 with Bacillus cereus var. toyoi. The humoral response was quantified through ELISAs using specific antigens, and the cellular response quantifying IL-4 and IFNg through ELISA. Means of seroconversions to the bacterin were always higher in supplemented mice than in controls, varying from 1.6–1.8 for group 2 and from 1.2–1.4 for group 3. Seroconversions against Parvovirus for group 2 were 5.2–12 times higher, and those of group 3 were 6.8–9.1 times higher than those of controls. IL-4 was produced ...

Durante os últimos anos, o incremento de toxinfecções alimentares em humanos pela ingestão de produtos avícolas contaminados com bactérias, sugeriu que produtos oriundos de aves portadoras dessas bactérias podem veiculá-las ao consumidor, provocando doenças entéricas em humanos. Essas observações e a restrição, por parte do mercado consumidor, ao uso de antimicrobianos na produção animal, aumentaram o interesse mundial pelos probióticos e, conseqüentemente, o número de pesquisas realizadas. Esta revisão mostra os avanços e a situação em que se encontram os probióticos em relação à indústria avícola. During the latest years human enteric diseases were associated to the ingestion of poultry products contaminated by bacteria, suggesting that foods produced with meat from contaminated animals could transport bacteria to humans. These observations, and the restrictions imposed by the market to the use of antimicrobials in meat production, increased the interest on probiotics all around the world. This review shows the advances and the current situation of probiotics in the poultry industry.

The molecular profile of 30 Moraxella bovis strains, recovered from outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay between 1974 and 2001, was determined through randomly applied polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Molecular profiles of nine strains recovered after 1990 varied from those recovered before 1990. The profiles of 13 strains (48%) differed from those of three vaccinal strains extensively used since 1984 in Argentina and Uruguay. Eight Argentinean strains, one from Brazil and two from Uruguay had identical RAPD profiles. Strains belonging to different serogroups had identical RAPD profiles, demonstrating that this technique was not able to discriminate among strains with low cross-reactivity indices. RAPD may be helpful in the primary characterization of M. bovis strains, but it does not replace serological characterization.

In this work, we produced and evaluated a vaccine based on a β toxoid of Clostridium perfringens type C produced in Escherichia coli (rBT). The non-toxic rBT was innocuous for mice and induced 14 IU mL(-1) of β antitoxin in rabbits, complying with the European Pharmacopeia and CFR9 - USDA guidelines.

The effect of a probiotic prepared with Bacillus cereus on the immunity induced by a swine colibacillosis bacterin was tested in mice. The animals were vaccinated with 1/20th of a pig dose, and the immune responses evaluated by ELISA and by the skin delayed type hypersensitivity test. Probiotic-fed animals showed higher seroconversions (P< 0.05) to E. coli F4 and F41, but not to F5 and F6 antigens. The probiotic did not influence the concentration of total immunoglobulins in unvaccinated animals or the skin test in vaccinees. Highly and poorly reactive animals were detected within each experimental group. The results suggest that probiotic CenBiot may be useful not only in controlling digestive diseases but also to enhance humoral immunity against systemic infections in farm animals.

Growth characteristics and plasmid yields of Escherichia coli JM109 transformed with pCB01, a plasmid that encodes genes for the fimbrial adhesin of E. coli K88ab and for ampicillin resistance, grown in two culture media in agitated flasks and in fermentor, are reported. The rate of plasmid loss during growth was estimated by the differential counts in media with and without ampicillin. Plasmid yields of cultures grown in flasks varied from 0.9 to 67 µg/ml of medium, while those grown in fermentor attained 62 µg/ml of medium after 8 hours of culture. Plasmid bearing cells were outgrown by plasmid free cells in proportions varying from 5 to 1.2 non-transformed for each transformed cell during growth. Generation times of total population and plasmid bearing cells were 33 and 61 minutes, and 36 and 121 minutes, for fermentor and flask grown cultures, respectively. The same culture grown in fermentor and in flasks produced 62 and 33 µg of plasmid DNA per ml of medium, respectively. Bacterial concentrations and plasmid yields were higher in BHI than in LB medium. Yields of plasmid DNA obtained from the same batch were 1,7 times higher with cesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradients than with commercial columns. Comunicam-se algumas características de cultivo e a produção de plasmídios por Escherichia coli JM109 transformada com pCB01, um plasmídio que codifica os genes da adesina fimbrial de E. coli K88ab e de resistência à ampicilina. A cepa foi cultivada em Infuso de Cérebro e Coração (BHI) e em caldo de Luria (LB), em Erlenmeyers agitados e em fermentador de bancada. A taxa de perda de plasmídios foi estimada pela diferença de contagens em meio com e sem ampicilina. Os rendimentos de plasmídios das culturas em Erlenmeyer variaram de 0,9 a 67 µg/ml de meio, entanto as cultivadas em fermentador alcançaram 62 µg/ml após 8 horas de cultivo. Células sem plasmídio superaram às transformadas de 5 a 1,2 vezes durante o cultivo. Os tempos de geração da população total e das células transformadas foram 33 e 61 minutos no fermentador, e 36 e 121 minutos em Erlenmeyers, respectivamente. O mesmo inoculo produziu 62 e 33 µg de plasmídio por ml de meio no fermentador e em Erlenmeyers, respectivamente. As concentrações de bactérias e o rendimento de plasmídios foram superiores em BHI que em LB. O rendimento de plasmídios obtidos do mesmo cultivo foram 1,7 vezes maiores quando a purificação foi feita pelo método de ultracentrifugação em gradientes de césio-brometo de etídio do que com colunas comerciais.

Growth characteristics and plasmid yields of Escherichia coli JM109 transformed with pCB01, a plasmid that encodes genes for the fimbrial adhesin of E. coli K88ab and for ampicillin resistance, grown in two culture media in agitated flasks and in fermentor, are reported. The rate of plasmid loss during growth was estimated by the differential counts in media with and without ampicillin. Plasmid yields of cultures grown in flasks varied from 0.9 to 67 µg/ml of medium, while those grown in fermentor attained 62 µg/ml of medium after 8 hours of culture. Plasmid bearing cells were outgrown by plasmid free cells in proportions varying from 5 to 1.2 non-transformed for each transformed cell during growth. Generation times of total population and plasmid bearing cells were 33 and 61 minutes, and 36 and 121 minutes, for fermentor and flask grown cultures, respectively. The same culture grown in fermentor and in flasks produced 62 and 33 µg of plasmid DNA per ml of medium, respectively. Bacterial concentrations and plasmid yields were higher in BHI than in LB medium. Yields of plasmid DNA obtained from the same batch were 1,7 times higher with cesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradients than with commercial columns.Comunicam-se algumas características de cultivo e a produção de plasmídios por Escherichia coli JM109 transformada com pCB01, um plasmídio que codifica os genes da adesina fimbrial de E. coli K88ab e de resistência à ampicilina. A cepa foi cultivada em Infuso de Cérebro e Coração (BHI) e em caldo de Luria (LB), em Erlenmeyers agitados e em fermentador de bancada. A taxa de perda de plasmídios foi estimada pela diferença de contagens em meio com e sem ampicilina. Os rendimentos de plasmídios das culturas em Erlenmeyer variaram de 0,9 a 67 µg/ml de meio, entanto as cultivadas em fermentador alcançaram 62 µg/ml após 8 horas de cultivo. Células sem plasmídio superaram às transformadas de 5 a 1,2 vezes durante o cultivo. Os tempos de geração da população total e das células transformadas foram 33 e 61 minutos no fermentador, e 36 e 121 minutos em Erlenmeyers, respectivamente. O mesmo inoculo produziu 62 e 33 µg de plasmídio por ml de meio no fermentador e em Erlenmeyers, respectivamente. As concentrações de bactérias e o rendimento de plasmídios foram superiores em BHI que em LB. O rendimento de plasmídios obtidos do mesmo cultivo foram 1,7 vezes maiores quando a purificação foi feita pelo método de ultracentrifugação em gradientes de césio-brometo de etídio do que com colunas comerciais.

pCB01, an eukaryotic expression vector, was constructed by cloning faeG, the gene that encodes the fimbrial adhesin of Escherichia coli K88ab, in pcDNA3. Mice and swine were inoculated by the intramuscular route with different quantities of plasmid DNA to evaluate its capacity to induce an immune response. The immune response was monitored by ELISA and immunoblotting, using purified fimbriae and whole suspensions of fimbriated bacteria. Mice showed seroconversion 21 days after the inoculation of 8.9 microg and swine after the administration of 1100 microg of plasmid DNA. Seroconversions increased after successive reinoculations. Immunoblotting showed that sera collected 73 days after the first inoculation recognized exclusively a protein of 27 kDa present in purified fimbrial suspensions and in whole suspensions of E. coli K88ab. The immune response elicited by pCB01 was mainly due to IgG2a, while that elicited by a bacterin was due to IgG2b and IgG3. Antibodies were still detected 14 months after the initiation of the immunization.

Bacillus cereus CenBiot fulfilled the requirements to be used as probiotic. The spores showed D80 of 14 hs, inhibited Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis after 24 hs in associative culture, were innocuous for suckling and adult mice and were not inhibited by antibiotics at low concentrations.

Bacillus cereus CenBiot fulfilled the requirements to be used as probiotic. The spores showed D80 of 14 hs, inhibited Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis after 24 hs in associative culture, were innocuous for suckling and adult mice and were not inhibited by antibiotics at low concentrations.Bacillus cereus CenBiot possui as características necessárias para ser utilizada como probiótico. Os esporos apresentaram D80 de 14 hs, inibiram Escherichia coli e Yersinia pseudotuberculosis após cultivadas associativamente por 24 hs, foram inócuos para camundongos lactentes e adultos e não foram inibidos por antibióticos a baixas concentrações.

Antibiotic susceptibility of thirty Moraxella bovis strains recovered from outbreaks of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay between 1974 and 2001 was determined using the Kirby-Bauer and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) methods. Our results suggest that most strains were susceptible to the antibiotics used in the treatment of IBK, and that the antibiotic susceptibility of M. bovis varied with the geographical region and period of recovery. A susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de trinta cepas de Moraxella bovis recuperadas entre 1974 e 2001 em surtos de Ceratoconjuntivite Infecciosa Bovina (CIB) ocorridos na Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai foi determinada pelos métodos de Kirby-Bauer e Concentração Inibitória Mínima. Nossos resultados indicam que a maioria das cepas é susceptível aos antibióticos utilizados no tratamento da CIB e que a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana da M. bovis variou conforme a região geográfica e período de recuperação.

Antibiotic susceptibility of thirty Moraxella bovis strains recovered from outbreaks of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay between 1974 and 2001 was determined using the Kirby-Bauer and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) methods. Our results suggest that most strains were susceptible to the antibiotics used in the treatment of IBK, and that the antibiotic susceptibility of M. bovis varied with the geographical region and period of recovery.A susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de trinta cepas de Moraxella bovis recuperadas entre 1974 e 2001 em surtos de Ceratoconjuntivite Infecciosa Bovina (CIB) ocorridos na Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai foi determinada pelos métodos de Kirby-Bauer e Concentração Inibitória Mínima. Nossos resultados indicam que a maioria das cepas é susceptível aos antibióticos utilizados no tratamento da CIB e que a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana da M. bovis variou conforme a região geográfica e período de recuperação.

The effect of depths and of addition of inoculums on the chemical content of swine beddings was evaluated. For beddings 0.25m (25D) and 0.50m (50D) deep, three treatments were tested in two repeats with the same beddings: control (no inoculums); T1 (250g of Bacillus cereus var. toyoii at 8.4×10(7)CFU/g); and T2 (250g of a pool of Bacillus sp. at 8.4×10(7)CFU/g) (250g for 25D and 500g for 50D). For 25D, the C:N ratio was lower, but N, K and C contents were greater than for 50D (P0.05). The inoculums did not benefit any chemical parameter (P0.05). In the second repeat, beddings presented lower C:N ratio and greater N, P and K contents than in the first repeat (P0.05). Thus, the compost produced after using 25D twice had greater fertilizer value than that of 50D.

Horse Strangles appears frequently in animals vaccinated with commercial bacterins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Aiming to know the antigenic relationships of strains recovered from sick animals among them and with two vaccines profusely used in the state, bilateral cross reactivity indices (CRI) were estimated. In addition, the immunogenicity of vaccines prepared with field isolates and commercial vaccines was tested in mice. Antibody titers were measured by ELISA and expressed as seroconversions. Thirteen strains of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, nine classified biochemically as typical and other four as atypical strains, were recovered from 35 sick horses belonging to 10 herds of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The strains recovered from sick horses showed very close CRI, suggesting antigenic homogeneity among them, but not with the vaccinal strains. A vaccine produced with an atypical strain induced the highest seroconversion, 9.4, while two produced with typical strains were poorly-immunogenic. The commercial vaccines were less immunogenic than five and four vaccines produced with field strains, inducing seroconversions of 2.6 and 3.8, respectively.

Six hybridoma lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Moraxella bovis were established from fusions between the SP2/0 myeloma cells and BALB/c mice splenocytes. Three antibodies were of the IgG1 isotype, two were IgG2a, and one was IgG2b. The specificity of the antibodies was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using whole cells of M. bovis and of other Gram-negative bacteria, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from M. bovis JUR2 and E. coli as antigens. Ascitic fluid produced by the six hybridoma lines inhibited hemagglutination by M. bovis GF9. One MAb (35F) reacted specifically with purified M. bovis LPS in the ELISA test. The MAb panel detected heterogeneity among the isolates recovered from different geographical regions.

A suinocultura, embora considerada atividade de alto potencial poluidor em virtude da grande concentração de animais e ao volume de dejetos líquidos produzidos por unidade de área, enfrenta um grande desafio que se refere ao desenvolvimento de sistemas alternativos para a produção de suínos, que diminuam o potencial poluidor desta atividade. Pela potencialidade de absorver o esterco e a urina dos suínos, o sistema de cama pode ser uma alternativa viável para o manejo dos efluentes, mas este sistema apresenta aspectos negativos para o conforto térmico dos suínos. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito de diferentes alturas de cama com casca de arroz, utilizada no sistema de produção sobre cama durante as fases de crescimento e terminação, sobre indicadores de condicionamento ambiental da edificação zootécnica (temperatura ambiente e da cama e umidade relativa do ar). Três tratamentos foram comparados (duas profundidades diferentes de cama de casca de arroz, 0,5 e 0,25 m, e um sistema com piso compacto de concreto). A utilização de piso com cama para suínos nas fases de crescimento-terminação, mesmo com diferentes profundidades, não foi suficiente para alterar os indicadores de condicionamento ambiental da edificação zootécnica. Due to the large animal inventories and the great volume of waste, swine production is considered a highly polluting activity. Therefore one of its greatest challenges is the development of alternative production systems with lower polluting potential. Deep litter systems may be feasible alternative for waste management due to their capacity for slurry absorption, although they may negatively influence the thermal comfort of the pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of distinct depths of rice husk litters used to raise pigs in growing and finishing phases on ambiental temperature and relative humidity inside the barn. Three treatments were compared: litter with a depth of 0.5 m; litter with a depth of 0.25 m; and solid concrete floor. Ambiental temperature and relative humidity inside the barn were not influenced by the use of litter or by different litter depths.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2010-10-08T12:46:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BioresTech - Corrêa et al 2009 - Distinct litter depths for finishing swine x physical and chemical traits.pdf: 334646 bytes, checksum: 0ef357f4cc909daf0458140f2fa49c6a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2010-10-08T12:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BioresTech - Corrêa et al 2009 - Distinct litter depths for finishing swine x physical and chemical traits.pdf: 334646 bytes, checksum: 0ef357f4cc909daf0458140f2fa49c6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 This study compared the effects of different bedding depths on the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the bedding material used to raise pigs during growing and finishing. The experiment was conducted in two pens housing 5 pigs from 60 to 145 days of age, with rice husk beddings 0.50 or 0.25 m deep. Four lots of pigs (replicates) were raised over time in each bedding depth: each bedding was used by two consecutive lots. Bedding samples were collected quarterly to determine the most probable number (MPN) of thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Contents of N, P, K, C, organic, mineral and dry matter, C:N ratio and pH were also determined. The MPN of thermophilic bacteria was higher for the 0.50 m than for the 0.25 m bedding (p < 0.05). The compost of 0.25 m deep bedding had a higher N, P and K content than that from the 0.50 m bedding (p < 0.05). Thus, the use of the 0.25 m deep bedding would be recommended due to its greater agronomical value in comparison with the deeper bedding.

Cross-reactivity indices (CRIs) of 28 isolates of Moraxella bovis recovered from outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Argentina (A, 11 isolates), Brazil (B, 7), and Uruguay (U, 10) between 1983 and 2000 were estimated. Hyperimmune sera were produced in rabbits and antibody titres determined with each isolate. Isolates showing CRIs3 70 were placed in the same group. Group I had 13 isolates (A, 1; B, 6; U, 6); group II had 6 isolates (A, 4; U, 2); groups III, IV, and V had 2 isolates each, recovered in Argentina; group VI had 2 isolates, from Uruguay; and group VII had 1 isolate, from Brazil. The CRIs3 70 between vaccine strains and isolates recovered before and after 1990 were 58% and 42%, 50% and 50%, and 33% and 67% with vaccine strains 2419, 2358, and 2439, respectively. Isolate 273, from Uruguay, showed CRIs > 70 with 78% of the isolates and is recommended as the vaccine strain.

A Ceratoconjuntivite Infecciosa Bovina (CIB) continua sendo a mais importante enfermidade ocular dos bovinos da região do MERCOSUL. O agente etiológico da CIB, a bactéria Moraxella bovis, apresenta diferenças genéticas que determinam variações antigênicas e de susceptibilidade aos fármacos, que dificultam seu controle. São discutidos, neste trabalho, resultados de estudos moleculares, antigênicos e de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos realizados com cepas isoladas durante os últimos vinte anos na região e comparados com os de outras regiões. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is still the most important ocular disease of cattle in the MERCOSUL region. The etiologic agent of IBK, the bacterium Moraxella bovis, has genetic differences responsible for antigenic and antibiotic susceptibility variability that interfere in its control. In this review, molecular, antigenic and antimicrobial susceptibility studies of strains recovered during the last 20 years in our region are discussed and compared with results obtained abroad.

Six isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica recovered from swine with atrophic rhinitis were studied. All hemagglutinated swine red blood cells, autoagglutinated in saline and showed fimbriae by electron microscopy. Hyperimmune sera against each were produced in rabbits and the antigenic relationships between the isolates were studied by cross-absorption and by the determination of the cross-reactivity indices of pairs of sera. Three isolates seemed to be identical by both methods, while 2 others showed close antigenic relationships. Hemagglutination titers with heterologous antigens and cross-reactivity indices greater than 0 suggest some degree of cross-immunity among the isolates studied, even when antigenic heterogeneity was demonstrated.

A produção de alimentos saudáveis e nutritivos em grande quantidade tem se tornado um desafio para todos os profissionais que trabalham com toda a cadeia produtiva alimentícia. A produção mundial de suínos cresceu e o Brasil teve um aumento significativo nas exportações de carne suína. Para que a atividade de criação de suínos se mantenhaprodutiva, com a geração de lucros, promotores de crescimento têm sido incorporados às rações, com objetivo de melhorar o processo digestivo e o desempenho zootécnico dos animais, resultando em maior ganho de peso e redução do número de doenças. Entretanto,nos últimos anos tem aumentado a conscientização sobre o uso excessivo destes produtos, bem como se tornado evidente os possíveis transtornos à saúde destes animais e do homem, como conseqüências desta suplementação. As alternativas disponíveis para substituição dosantimicrobianos na suinocultura incluem a utilização de probióticos, prebióticos, simbióticos e agentes fitoterápicos. Quanto aos Sistemas Agroindustriais (SAG) existentes no Brasil, sabe-se que o sucroalcooleiro se destaca pela importância social, econômica epolítica. O aumento da produção de álcool acarretará um problema ao meio ambiente, devido à maior quantidade de vinhoto, resíduo produzido em grande volume. Seguindo esta linha de raciocínio, este trabalho propôs realizar a prospecção de microrganismos probióticos e testar o vinhoto descartado nas usinas de álcool e alambiques de cachaçacomo veículo ou meio de cultivo para microrganismos em formulações probióticas a serem utilizadas em suinocultura. Pelos resultados obtidos, foi possível avaliar e constatar, que é possível produzir um preparado probiótico de bactérias lácticas a base de vinhoto para aalimentação de animais monogástricos (suínos) recém-nascidos e terminados. Verificandose neste caso, até o presente momento, que a melhoria dos processos de multiplicação celular em vinhoto visando à máxima produtividade a custos aceitáveis para a sua produçãoem larga escala se faz necessário. Bactérias lácticas podem ser utilizadas para uso como probiótico utilizando como critério a sua capacidade de sobrevivência e crescimento no vinhoto, deixando evidente, em alguns momentos, a possibilidade limitada de outrasaplicações como a fertirrigação devido ao elevado valor de DBO alcançado no resíduo líquido pós-cultivo de Lactobacillus devido à suplementação obrigatória à multiplicação celular. Em função dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o probiótico estudado não apresentou diferenças significativas sobre os demais tratamentos testados em suínos, embora fosse constatado a não existência de problemas decorrentes do consumo de vinhoto e que nos testes de colonização do trato gastrointestinal, de adesão, antagonismo in vitro eex vivo, susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e exames histopatológicos, os resultados se mostrem promissores e refletem a necessidade de novos testes no futuro. The healthful and nutritional food production in high amount it has become a challenge for all the professionals who work with all the food productive chain. The world-wide swine production grew and Brazil had a significant increase in swine meat exportations. So that the activity of swine production keeps productive, with the generation of profits, growthpromoters have been incorporated to feeds to improve the digestive process and the performance of the animals, by increasing weight and reducing diseases. However, in recent years the awareness on the use extreme of these products has increased, as well as become evident the possible upheavals for health of these animals and of the man, asconsequences of this promoters. The available alternatives for substitution of antimicrobials include probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics and phytotherapeutics. Concerning importance are well known Sucroalcooleiro System Agroindustrials (SAG) in Brazil, its social,economic and politic. The increase of the alcohol production causes a problem for the environment, due to vinasse prodution, residue produced in great volume. Following this line, this work considered to carry through the prospection of probiotics microorganisms and to use vinasse discarded in the plants of alcohol and stills of cachaça as vehicle orway of culture for microorganisms in probiotics formularizations to be used in performance of swine. For the gotten results, it was possible to evaluate and to evidence, that the base of vinasse for the feeding of monogastric animals (swines) just-been born and finished ispossible to produce a probiotic preparation of lactic bacteria. Verifying itself in this in case that, until the present moment, that the improvement of the processes of cellular multiplication in vinasse aiming at to the maximum productivity the acceptable costs for its production on a large scale becomes necessary. Lactic bacteria can be used for use asprobiotic using as criterion its capacity of survival and growth in vinasse, leaving evident, at some moments, the limited possibility of other applications as the fertirrigação due to the raised value of DBO reached in the liquid residue after-culture of Lactobacillus due to obligator substances addition to the cellular multiplication. In function of the gotten results, it was concluded that the studied probiotic did not present significant differences on the too much treatments tested in swine, even so was evidenced not the existence of decurrent problems of the consumption of vinasse and that in the tests of colonization of thegastrointestinal treatment, of adhesion, antagonism in vitro and ex vivo, antimicrobial susceptibility and histopathology examinations, the results if show promising and reflect the necessity of new tests in the future.