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Pseudo-albinism is a pigmentation disorder observed in flatfish aquaculture with a complex, multi-factor aetiology. We tested the hypothesis that pigmentation abnormalities are an overt signal of more generalised modifications in tissue structure and function, using as a model the Senegalese sole and two important innate immune barriers, the skin and intestine, and their microbiomes. Stereological analyses in pseudo-albino sole revealed a significantly increased mucous cell number in skin (P

Background Oxidative stress has a direct impact on fish production, affecting both growth and health status. Plant based extracts, such as those from green tea, curcumin and grape seeds, are known for their abundant content and diversity of polyphenols. These bioactive compounds have a high antioxidant capacity making such extracts good additives to include in fish diets potentially improving the oxidative status of fish, and therefore enhancing growth and stress resistance of farmed fish.A growth trial with Senegalese sole postlarvae (45 days after hatching) fed with four experimental diets, a control (CTRL) and three supplemented with natural antioxidants, namely curcumin (CC), green tea (GT) and grape seed (GS) extracts, was performed during 25 days to check if these supplements could improve growth performance and fish oxidative status. Moreover, a thermal stress was applied at the end of the growth trial, to assess the effect of these supplemented diets in stress resistance of sole postlarvae.ResultsSole growth was improved by the dietary inclusion of CC and GS compared to CTRL. Postlarvae from CC and CTRL present the lowest values of oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation). Moreover, the fish fed CC showed a decrease in stress related biomarkers (heat shock protein 70 and glutathione-S-transferase) compare to CTRL, which might be due to direct antioxidant capacity. In contrast the supplementation of GT and GS increased the content of oxidative damage in sole reared in standard conditions. However, after a thermal stress exposure both GT and GS treatment seem to prevent the increase of protein carbonylation content and the decrease in the levels of antioxidant glutathione in sole, depending on the time of exposure. ConclusionsOverall, dietary supplementation with these natural extracts modulates oxidative status and stress response after a short/long term temperature increase. The incorporation of curcumin seems to be a safe additive to include in sole diets, enhancing growth and oxidative status. The supplementation of the studied doses of green tea and grape seed extracts in fish diets needs further research as they may act as pro-oxidant depending of the culture conditions.

Immunostimulants are key molecules in aquaculture since they heighten defensive responses and protection against pathogens. The present study investigated the treatment of Senegalese sole larvae with a whole-cell crude extract of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana (Nanno) and programming of growth and the immune system. Larvae at hatch were treated with the Nanno extracts for 2 h and thereafter were cultivated for 32 days posthatch (dph) in parallel with an untreated control group (CN). Dry weight and length at 21 days post-hatch (dph) were higher in post-larvae of the Nanno than CN group. These differences in weight were later confirmed at 32 dph. To evaluate changes in the immune response associated with Nanno-programming treatments, the Nanno and CN post-larvae were supplied with two bioactive compounds yeast beta-glucan (Y) and a microalga extract from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (MAe). The bioactive treatments were administrated to the treatment groups through the live prey (artemia metanauplii, 200 artemia mL(-1)) enriched for 30 min with MAe or Y (at 2 mg mL(-1) SW) or untreated prey in the case of the negative control (SW). The effect of the treatments was assessed by monitoring gene expression, enzyme activity and mortality over 48 h. The postlarvae sole supplied with the bioactive compounds Y and MAe had increased mortality at 48 h compared to the SW group. Moreover, mortality was higher in Nanno-programmed than CN post-larvae. Lysozyme and total antiprotease enzymatic activities at 6 and 24 h after the start of the trial were significantly higher in the Nanno and MAe supplied post-larvae compared to their corresponding control (CN and SW, respectively). Immune gene transcripts revealed that il1b, cxc10 and mx mRNAs were significantly different between Nanno and CN postlarvae at 6 and 24 h. Moreover, the expression of il1b, tnfa, cxc10, irf3, irf7 and mx was modified by bioactive treatments but with temporal differences. At 48 h after bioactive treatments, Y and SW post-larvae were challenged with the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). No difference existed in viral copy number between programming or bioactive treatment groups at 3, 6 and 24 h after LCDV challenge although the total number of copies reduced with time. Gene expression profiles in the LCDV-challenged group indicated that post-larvae triggered a wide defensive response compared to SWC 24 h after challenge, which was modulated by programming and bioactive compound treatments. Cluster analysis of expressed genes separated the SW and Y groups indicating long-lasting effects of yeast beta-glucan treatment in larvae. A noteworthy interaction between Nanno-programming and Y-treatment on the regulation of antiviral genes was observed. Overall, the data demonstrate the capacity of microalgal crude extracts to modify sole larval plasticity with long-term effects on larval growth and the immune responses. IFAPA project from MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE [RTA2017-00054-C03-01] CCMAR program from the Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) [UIDB/04326/2020] Operational programme CRESC Algarve 2020 operational programme COMPETE 2020 [EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121] Instituto de Investigacion Agropecuaria (INIA) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The book that is to be present has been written by the professor Joep Cornelissen in Corporate Communication at the VU University in Amsterdam and Leeds University Business School, as well as Visiting professor at the IE Business School in Madrid and the University of Southern Denmark. Among the book, the author summarise what his studies have through in Corporate Communication, both theoretic and practices aspects, focusing in students of Communication that wants to develop their careers in this area or professionals that look for a knowledge refresh or in those that are looking for some inspiration in the practice examples provided in this book for their future projects. The study is divided in 5 different parts.

One bottleneck to sustainability of fish aquaculture is the control of infectious diseases. Current trends include the preventive application of immunostimulants and prebiotics such as polysaccharides. The present study investigated how yeast β-glucan (Y), microalgal polysaccharide-enriched extracts (MAe) and whole Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells (MA) modulated the gut microbiome and stimulated the immune system in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) when administered by oral intubation. Blood, intestine and spleen samples were taken at 3 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after treatment. The short-term response (within 48 h after treatment) consisted of up-regulation of il1b and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y treated group. In contrast, administration of MAe decreased expression of tnfa and the chemokine cxc10 in the gut and spleen. Both treatments down-regulated the expression of irf3 with respect to the control group. Lysozyme activity in plasma decreased at 48 h only in the MAe-treated soles. Medium-term response consisted of the up-regulation of clec and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y, MAe and MA groups and of il1b mRNAs in the spleen of the MA group compared to the control group. Microbiome analysis using 16S rDNA gene sequencing indicated that the intestine microbiome was dominated by bacteria of the Vibrio genus (>95%). All the treatments decreased the relative proportion of Vibrio in the microbiome and Y and MAe decreased and MA increased diversity. Quantitative PCR confirmed the load of bacteria of the Vibrio genus was significantly decreased and this was most pronounced in Y treated fish. These data indicate that orally administrated insoluble yeast β-glucans acted locally in the gut modulating the immune response and controlling the Vibrio abundance. In contrast, the MAe slightly reduced the Vibrio load in the intestine and caused a transient systemic anti-inflammatory response. The results indicate that these polysaccharides are a promising source of prebiotics for the sole aquaculture industry. H2020 MSCA-RISE project 691102 CCMAR/Multi/04326/2016 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The lymphocystis disease (LCD) is a viral infection with a high economic impact in gilthead sea bream aquaculture. In this study, genetic estimates associated with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) disease susceptibility and growth were determined in sea bream juveniles. Two fish batches (named batch 1 and batch 2) were built from mass spawning and reared under industrial conditions until disease outbreak. At the moment of the sampling (n = 500 specimens for each batch), all animals had the typical LCDV lesions in the skin. For phenotyping, animals were weighted and photographed for image analysis (surface covered and lesion intensity). LCDV DNA copies were quantified in the liver by qPCR. Batch 1 had a higher surface covered and lesion intensity than batch 2, and the body caudal region was the lowest affected region in both batches. The average LCDV DNA copies in liver were higher in the batch 1 than batch 2, and they were positively correlated with severity index (SI) categories (r2 = 0.90&ndash, 0.94). The total number of families evaluated were 150 and 128 for batch 1 and batch 2, respectively, with a high bias in offspring contribution by family and broodstock. Heritabilities for weight and length were 0.18 and 0.14 in batch 1 and 0.06 and 0.05 in batch 2, respectively. Heritability for the number of viral DNA copies was low (&lt, 0.08) in both batches. Heritabilities for SI in binary scale were 0.32/0.33 and 0.21/0.24 (underlying liability/Bayesian approach) for batch 1 and batch 2, respectively. Genetic correlations were very high and positive when growth traits (weight and length) or disease traits (LCDV DNA copies and SI) were compared. In contrast, the genetic correlations between growth and disease traits were moderate&ndash, high and positive in the batch 1 but negative in batch 2. These results indicate the genetic selection for LCDV susceptibility and growth is feasible in sea bream juveniles, although estimates are highly dependent on the age. The information provided is relevant to designing selective breeding programs in sea bream.

International audience; AbstractEuropean sea bass is highly susceptible to the betanodavirus RGNNV genotype, although the SJNNV genotype has also been detected in this fish species. The coexistence of both genotypes may affect the replication of both viruses by viral interaction or by stimulation of the host antiviral defense system in which the IFN I system plays a key role. IFN I triggers the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes, including Mx genes, whose expression has been used as a reporter of IFN I activity. The present study evaluated the effect of a primary exposure to an SJNNV isolate on a subsequent RGNNV infection and analyzed the role of the IFN I system in controlling VNNV infections in sea bass using different in vivo approaches. VNNV infection and Mx transcription were comparatively evaluated after single infections, superinfection (SJ+RG) and co-infection (poly I:C+RG). The single RGNNV infection resulted in a 24% survival rate, whereas the previous SJNNV or poly I:C inoculation increased the survival rate up to 96 and 100%, respectively. RGNNV replication in superinfection was reduced compared with RGNNV replication after a single inoculation. Mx transcription analysis shows differential induction of the IFN I system by both isolates. SJNNV was a potent Mx inducer, whereas RGNNV induced lower Mx transcription and did not interfere with the IFN I system triggered by SJNNV or poly I:C. This study demonstrates that an antiviral state exists after SJNNV and poly I:C injection, suggesting that the IFN I system plays an important role against VNNV infections in sea bass.

Resumen Las redes sociales suponen un cambio en el panorama de la Comunicación para las organizaciones españolas en la actualidad. Muchas de ellas están gestionando campañas publicitarias y de Relaciones Públicas para alcanzar los objetivos comunicativos marcados. Llevando a cabo un análisis de contenido de los mensajes en las plataformas sociales, tomando una muestra de las organizaciones que componen la muestra durante seis meses, se definirá el panorama de la Comunicación personalizada en España. Y a través de una encuesta a una de las comunidades de la muestra, obtendremos datos sobre los usuarios de estas redes sociales. Se comprueba la inexistencia de mensajes personalizados, apreciándose solo una simple fidelización con técnicas arcaicas que no tienen los mismos efectos. Resumo As redes sociais representam uma mudança no panorama da Comunicação para as organizações espanholas na atualidade. Muitas delas estão a gerir campanhas de Publicidade e de Relações Públicas para alcançar os objetivos comunicativos marcados. Conduzindo uma análise de conteúdo das mensagens em plataformas sociais, de uma parcela das organizações que compõem a amostra, durante seis meses, se definirá o panorama da Comunicação personalizada na Espanha. E por meio de uma enquete a uma das comunidades da amostra, obteremos dados sobre os usuários destas redes sociais. Comprova-se a inexistência de mensagens personalizadas, demonstrando apenas uma simples fidelização com técnicas arcaicas que não têm os mesmos efeitos. Abstract Social networks represent a change in the landscape of Communication for Spanish organizations today. Many of them are managing advertising and Public Relations campaigns to achieve communicative goals scored. Conducting analysis of the content of messages in social platforms, taking samples of the organizations that form this research during six months, the landscape of personalized Communication in Spain will be defined. And through a survey to a community that takes part of the sample, we will obtain data about the users of these social networks. The absence of personalized messages was confirmed by appreciating just a simple loyalty with archaic techniques that do not have the same effects.

Type I interferon (IFN) represents a first component of the innate immune response against viral infections, promoting an antiviral state in cells. Mx proteins are the best studied IFN-inducible genes (ISGs) in fish. The antiviral activity against different fish viruses has been demonstrated for diverse fish Mx proteins, including Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) Mx protein (SsMx). To advance in the knowledge on the IFN pathway and the antiviral state in this species, is necessary to understand the regulatory mechanisms determining ISGs transcription. For this reason, the aim of the current study was the cloning and functional characterization of the SsMx promoter. To fulfill this objective, GenomeWalkerTM Universal Kit was used to clone the SsMx promoter. A fragment of 1327 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site has been obtained. Sequence analysis showed a typical structure of an ISG promoter, including three ISREs (Interferon stimulated response element), a gamma activation sequence (GAS), a SP1 binding site, a STAT binding site and typical GAAA/TTTC boxes. Then, the 1327-bp fragment obtained was cloned into a luciferase reporter vector, which was transfected into RTG-2 and CHSE-214 cells. The expression of the luciferase was measured at different time points after stimulation of the IFN pathway with poly I:C. Interestingly, luciferase expression patterns differed depending of the cell line considered. In RTG-2 cells, the highest level of luciferase expression was observed at 24-48 h post-induction (p.i), decreasing afterwards, whereas in CHSE-214 cells a gradual increase of the luciferase expression up to 72 h p.i. was observed. Deletion and punctual mutation analyses have been performed to determinate the contribution of each ISRE in the inducibility of the SsMx promoter. Results show that the ISRE1, sited closest to the transcriptional start site, is the main element contributing to the SsMs promoter response, while both, ISRE2 and ISRE3, have a minor additive effect on the activity of the SsMx promoter induction. Proyecto de Excelencia Junta de Andalucía P09-CVI-4579