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espanolCon las necesidades de la asignatura tecnologia e informatica (TI), es necesario tener el enlace entre lo que falta y tiene la institucion, por lo tanto se crea una herramienta pedagogica y didactica con base en el juego, vivencias y cotidianidades del estudiante en TI, teniendo dos competentes: el primero es relacionar y organizar los contenidos generales, temas, competencias y estandares del Ministerio de Educcion Nacional de Colombia (MEN), y actividades del nivel escolar para el ano academico; y el segundo conocer los intereses y contexto en que se desenvuelve el estudiante (Lopez, 2001), para valorar posteriormente sus progresos y ritmos de aprendizaje cualitativamente. Con 20 Guias interactivas (GI) para informatica en los programas de office (Word, Excel y PowerPoint), MecaNet (mecanografia) y diseno en 2D y 12 Talleres Interactivos de Construccion de Proyectos (TICP) para tecnologia con el uso de materiales reciclables, caseros y baratos, se compone el material bibliografico. EnglishWith the needs of the technology and informatics (IT) subject, it is necessary to have the link between what is missing and the institution has, therefore a pedagogical and didactic tool is created based on the game, experiences and daily life of the student in IT , having two competent: the first is to relate and organize the general contents, topics, competencies and standards of the Ministry of National Education of Colombia (MEN), and activities at the school level for the academic year; and the second to know the interests and context in which the student develops (Lopez, 2001), to later assess their progress and learning rhythms qualitatively. With 20 Interactive Guides (GI) for computing in office programs (Word, Excel and PowerPoint), MecaNet (typing) and 2D design and 12 Interactive Project Construction Workshops (TICP) for technology with the use of recyclable materials, homemade and cheap, the bibliographic material is composed.

Juan-Antonio Riesco-Miranda,1,2 Segismundo Solano-Reina,3 Carlos Rábade-Castedo,4 José-Ignacio de Granda-Orive,5 Esther Pastor-Esplá,6 Marcos García-Rueda,7 Francisco-Javier Callejas-Gonzalez,8 Ángel Azpeitia-Anadón,9 Silvia Mas,10 Carlos-Andrés Jiménez-Ruiz11 1Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain; 2CIBERES, Madrid, Spain; 3Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; 4Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; 5Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; 6Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; 7Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; 8Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain; 9Departamento Médico Labs, Esteve S.A, Barcelona, Spain; 10Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; 11Unidad Especializada de Tabaquismo, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Madrid, SpainCorrespondence: Silvia MasUniversitat Pompeu Fabra, Campus Poble Nou, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, SpainEmail silviamas.md@gmail.comPurpose: Smokers attending smoking cessation units (SCUs) may offer a unique opportunity for early recognition of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed at assessing the impact of SCUs on the early diagnosis of COPD and describing the clinical and smoking profile of newly-diagnosed COPD cases at SCUs certified by the Spanish Society of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR).Patients and Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional observational cohort study (DIPREPOQ study) was performed in eight SEPAR-certified SCUs in Spain. Adult current smokers with no previously diagnosed respiratory disease and having one o more respiratory symptoms were included. Lung functional tests were performed and previously undiagnosed COPD cases were identified and characterized based on national guidelines.Results: Out of 401 individuals newly attending the SCUs, 252 participants were included and 73 (28.9%) met the definition of previously undiagnosed COPD. A characterization of patients with COPD being newly recognized in SCUs showed: age (mean±SD) 61± 9 years; men 59%; active work status 53.1%; functional class I/II dyspnea 82.8%, GOLD state mild/moderate/severe 57%/31%/12%; non-exacerbators 90%, CAT 14± 4; emphysema in X-rays 40%. Most common co-morbidities were cardiovascular and psychiatric (anxiety and depression) ones. Usual smoking history included a lengthy smoking history (41± 9 years) and a current consumption of 24± 9 cigarettes/day.Conclusions and Implications: Consistently certified SCUs can have a substantial contribution to early diagnosis of COPD. A typical profile of newly detected cases is reported, with most patients being men at their early sixties, with mild symptoms and with high and lengthy smoking history. Our study reports a high usefulness of lung functional tests to detect undiagnosed COPD in appropriately selected participants attending SCUs at a large national scale, using a standardized methodology. This is likely to be facilitated by the certification of SCUs using well-defined requirements by national scientific societies.Keywords: health consequences, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking cessation unit

Resumen El desarrollo de regimenes de dosificacion de antibioticos que se adhieren a los principios farmacocineticos/farmacodinamicos puede prolongar la vida util clinica de nuestros antibioticos existentes, reduciendo al minimo la aparicion de resistencia. Este articulo resume la relevancia de las caracteristicas farmacocineticas/farmacodinamicas de las diferentes clases de antibioticos en el desarrollo de resistencia. Con base en los datos disponibles, proponemos dar unas recomendaciones de dosificacion que se pueden adoptar en el ambito clinico, para maximizar el exito terapeutico y limitar la aparicion de resistencia en las unidades de cuidados intensivos.

Este articulo analiza el contexto sanitario y la trama de servicios donde se incorporaron las Unidades de Pronta Atencion (UPA)en el Gran Buenos Aires (GBA), en el periodo 2010 – 2015, iniciativa , de responsabilidad de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (PBA). Primero presentamos las funciones de los servicios que brindan las UPA, luego caracterizamos el subsector estatal y las politicas sanitarias a nivel provincial. Posteriormente, analizamos la trama de oferta de servicios del subsector estatal municipal en el GBA. Finalmente, se concluye que estos servicios se instalaron en municipios con presencia de servicios del Ministerio Provincial y en contexto de peores condiciones de vida. Se usaron fuentes secundarias (estadisticas, notas de prensa y entrevistas a actores relevantes).

The effect of two hydrocolloids, pectin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), was evaluated in mango beverage stability (Mangifera indica L.) formulated and developed with caffeine at a concentration of 30 mg/100 mL. The physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of color, acidity, viscosity, total soluble solids, pH, flavor, aroma and texture were studied every three days over a 12-day period. The beverages were packaged in high-density polyethylene containers with a 250 mL capacity and were stored at 5 °C and 90% RH for the duration of the experimentation period. The drinks with added pectin showed greater stability and lower acidity values than the control, but higher values than those prepared with CMC. The drinks made with CMC had a significantly higher viscosity at a 95% confidence level than those made with pectin or the control beverages. The treatment that showed the lowest browning index was the one added with pectin. Concerning the sensory evaluation, the drinks showed significant differences at a 95% confidence level; the drink made with pectin was the most widely accepted. It was concluded that the most stable drinks were those made with pectin because they presented the lowest height in millimeters of precipitate solids over the storage period. No off-flavors in beverages were perceived by the judges. Se evaluó el efecto de dos hidrocoloides, pectina y carboximetil celulosa (CMC) en la estabilidad de bebidas de mango (Mangifera indica L.) adicionadas con cafeína en concentración de 30 mg/100 mL. Se estudiaron las características físico-químicas y sensoriales; color, acidez, viscosidad, sólidos solubles totales, pH, sabor, aroma y textura bucal, cada tres días durante doce días. Los refrescos fueron empacados en envases de polietileno de alta densidad con capacidad para 250 mL y se almacenaron a 5 °C y 90% de HR durante el tiempo de experimentación. Las bebidas adicionadas con pectina mostraron mayor estabilidad y valores de acidez más bajos que él control, pero superiores a las preparadas con carboximetilcelulosa (CMC). Las bebidas con CMC presentaron una mayor viscosidad con un nivel de confianza del 95% respecto a las elaboradas con pectina y el control. El tratamiento que mejor color presentó fue el adicionado con pectina. Las bebidas en cuanto a su evaluación sensorial presentaron diferencias significativas con un nivel de confianza del 95%, siendo la de mayor aceptación de acuerdo a la evaluación sensorial la elaborada con pectina. Se pudo concluir que las bebidas con pectina presentaron menor altura de sólidos precipitados expresados en milímetros durante el tiempo de almacenamiento. No se percibieron sabores extraños en las bebidas por parte de los jueces.

INTRODUCAO: O significado clinico das variantes histologicas da glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal primaria (GESF) ainda e pouco claro. Com o objetivo de determinar a frequencia das variantes da GESF e sua evolucao clinica em uma populacao hispânica, analisamos nossos casos desta glomerulopatia. METODOS: Neste estudo retrospectivo, biopsias renais com diagnostico de GESF (de 1998 a 2009) foram analisadas e classificadas acordo com os criterios da classificacao de Columbia. Os dados clinico-evolutivos foram analisados e comparados entre as variantes. RESULTADOS: Do total de 291 casos, 224 (77,0%) corresponderam a variante sem especificacao (NOS), 40 casos (13,7%) a forma com lesao no polo urinario (TIP), 14 casos (4,8%) a lesao perihiliar (PH), 10 casos (3,4%) ao tipo colapsante (COLL) e tres casos (1,0%) a variante celular (CEL). A idade media de apresentacao foi de 26 anos (intervalo de 1 a 79), sendo 74 pacientes (25,4%) com idade inferior a 15 anos. Hipertensao arterial e disfuncao renal foram os achados mais frequentes nos casos de PH e COLL. A variante PH apresentou-se, frequentemente, com proteinuria nao nefrotica. Notou-se menos lesoes histologicas de cronicidade em casos TIP. Houve remissao clinica em 57% dos pacientes com TIP, 23,5% dos pacientes com NOS, 22,2% dos pacientes com COLL e em nenhum paciente com PH (p < 0,01). Doenca renal cronica (DRC) foi menos frequente no grupo TIP comparativamente as outras variantes (p = 0,03). Nao houve diferenca estatistica na evolucao para estagio final da doenca renal entre as variantes. CONCLUSOES: A aparencia histologica nao parece ser um bom marcador clinico de prognostico na GESF. A forma COLL e uma doenca com muitas diferencas para as outras variantes e pior prognostico. A variante PH ocorre principalmente de adultos, com evolucao frequente para DRC. A lesao do tipo TIP parece ser menos agressiva que as outras variantes, embora sua evolucao nao seja benigna.

Marijuana is the most widely usedillegal drug in the world, with a prevalence of 2.5%-5%, and the second most commonly smoked substance after tobacco. The components of smoke from combustion of marijuana are similar to those produced by the combustion of tobacco, but they differ in terms of psychoactive components and use. Inhalation of cannabis smoke affects the respiratory tract, so the available evidence must be updated in order to provide pulmonologists with the latest scientific information. In this article, we review the impact of cannabis consumption on the lungs, taking into account that the respiratory route is the most popular route of cannabis consumption.

Resumen Introduccion La nefritis lupica es histologicamente cambiante, pero no esta clara la utilidad de biopsias renales repetidas. Con el objetivo de conocer mas sobre la utilidad de una segunda biopsia renal estudiamos retrospectivamente nuestros casos de pacientes con 2 biopsias renales. Metodos Catorce pacientes (28 biopsias) fueron incluidos en este trabajo. Revisamos las biopsias y registramos la clase de nefritis e indices de actividad y cronicidad. Determinamos la necesidad de cambios terapeuticos basados en hallazgos histologicos y analizamos la evolucion de lesiones agudas y cronicas. Resultados Las razones para re-biopsiar fueron: proteinuria (recurrente, incrementada o de novo) en 10 casos (71,4%) o algun grado de insuficiencia renal en 4 casos (28,6%). En 6 pacientes (42,9%) no hubo cambio en la clase de nefritis. En 6 casos de lesiones proliferativas en la primera biopsia, la segunda mostro tambien lesiones proliferativas (100%), mientras que en 6 de 8 pacientes con lesiones no proliferativas hubo cambio a lesiones proliferativas (75%); por lo tanto, los cambios clinicamente importantes fueron mas frecuentes en pacientes con lesiones no proliferativas (p = 0,010). El indice de cronicidad fue significativamente mayor en la segunda biopsia (p = 0,003). El indice de actividad no fue estadisticamente diferente (p = 0,306). Conclusion En recaidas o exacerbaciones de la enfermedad es infrecuente el viraje de lesiones proliferativas a no proliferativas, y una segunda biopsia podria no ser necesaria en muchos casos. En pacientes con lesiones no proliferativas en la biopsia inicial es frecuente el cambio a lesiones proliferativas, por lo que seria recomendable una segunda biopsia.

Esta investigación arqueológica se realiza en el marco del proyecto de tesis de grado de antropología del autor y tuvo como objetivo realizar una clasificación del material cerámico que se encuentra en el Instituto Municipal de Cultura y Fomento al Turismo (IMCFT) de la ciudad de Pereira (Risaralda). Con este estudio se determinó las formas y estilos correspondientes a las tipologías cerámicas del Cauca Medio relacionadas con la diversidad de culturas en el tiempo y su distribución espacial. Por otro lado, comparar las diferentes clasificaciones que se ha hecho de la cerámica en esta región con la intención expresa de contextualizar la cerámica. De este modo, caracterizar el tipo de cerámica encontrada en Pereira (Risaralda).

Smoking is the primary avoidable cause of premature death and morbidity in our country. According to data from the WHO, tobacco costs more than 5 million lives per year, a figure that is assumed to continue increasing and will be 10 million by the year 2030. As health professionals we are obliged to be actively involved in this serious health problem, by correctly identifying, diagnosing and treating all smokers to help them in the process of giving up and help them achieve total abstinence. There is scientific evidence that smoking is the direct cause and reason for the worsening of many respiratory diseases, which due to their nature are basically the responsibility of the pneumologist, who officially, according to the Health Service Administration, is the specialist and expert in this area. The Smoking and Health Area of SEPAR was started in 1995. Its primary objectives were to increase the awareness of the smoking problem among the members of our Scientific Society, improve their scientific knowledge of this diseases, to help in diagnostic and treatment interventions in smokers, and lastly, to promote interventions for the prevention and treatment of smoking by the health and political Administrations. Nowadays it is one of the most dynamic areas of SEPAR and has more than 400 members. There are many unresolved challenges in our area, but the fundamental one which continues to occupy a particular place for the Administration, for our patients, for other health professionals of other specialties and scientific societies, and for all SEPAR professionals, is a key aspect of which there is no doubt: to defend the health and well-being of our population against the main cause of avoidable disease and death, tobacco.