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RESUMEN La crisis actual de Venezuela y las repercusiones para los países vecinos tiene un trasfondo que puede explicarse a través de los orígenes que dieron cabida al régimen, el contexto histórico en el que surge y el ensamblado institucional y militar que desarrolló para prolongarse en el poder del Estado. Esta situación ha contribuido a la dificultad de una transición política dada la inflexibilidad de la estructura del régimen, así como las importantes alianzas geopolíticas que han permitido su mantenimiento. En este sentido, se busca explicar la paradoja de cómo la construcción de un régimen instaurado principalmente sobre el ámbito militar como eje central, pero manteniendo las bases bolivarianas en los asuntos de la democracia formal, sumado a una anodina oposición venezolana, han permitido su permanencia en el poder a pesar de llevarlo a una crisis política caracterizada por la precaria capacidad de gobierno, la violencia colectiva y la pérdida parcial del reconocimiento internacional. ABSTRACT The current crisis in Venezuela and the repercussions for neighboring countries have a background that can be explained through the origins that gave rise to the regime, the historical context in which it arises and the institutional and military assembly that it developed to prolong the power of the State. This situation has contributed to the difficulty of a political transition given the inflexibility of the structure of the regime, as well as the important geopolitical alliances that have allowed its maintenance. In this sense, it seeks to explain the paradox of how the construction of a regime established primarily on the military as a central axis, but maintaining the Bolivarian bases in the affairs of formal democracy, added to a bland Venezuelan opposition, have allowed its permanence in the power in spite of taking it to a political crisis characterized by the precarious capacity of government, the collective violence and the partial loss of the international recognition.

In recent decades, the death of the nation-state has been announced, opening the door to the idea of a world that manages to overcome government, justice, economic redistribution, social integration and territorial control issues. After 2010, the idea of the disappearance of the nation-state has grown again, where there is a consensus on the need to recognize the leading role that cities currently play, and how they concentrate the conditions of power over which states can act. In this context, the aim of this paper is to inquire what metropolises represent with respect to contemporary nation-states. This question was resolved based on the review of texts written by experts, data derived from specialized journals and a review of specific news published in international newspapers. In conclusion, the nation-states see in the big cities, on the one hand, an opportunity to strengthen their political power in an unprecedented way; or on the contrary, a challenge to their power, understood as a permanent tension between urban areas and state government, seen as the subjection of the metropolis to the States.

El final de la Guerra Fría dejó la idea de que Washington quedaba a la cabeza del orden internacional y Rusia dejaba de ser un imperio para ser considerado un Estado-nación, situación que no ha sido aceptada por Moscú. En ese contexto se pretende indagar por el rumbo del orden internacional contemporáneo, creado en 1945 al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y que ha experimentado la más aguda transformación con el proceso de la implosión soviética. Dicha indagación se trabajó con el análisis de fuentes secundarias tales como: investigaciones de expertos, información provista por medios de comunicación de relevancia global y uso de informaciones y datos provenientes de revistas y think tanks especializados. Como conclusiones se destacan: la clara intención de Rusia de evitar acercamientos de la OTAN en sus territorios de interés y la incertidumbre internacional en cuanto al accionar de Washington y su posición geoestratégica respecto a Rusia. The end of the Cold War left the idea that Washington had assumed the leadership of the international order and that Russia had been reduced from an empire to an ordinary nation-state, an assumption that Russia did not share. Given that context, the aim of this paper is to examine the current direction of the international order, established in 1945 at the end of the Second World War, and that has experienced its most severe transformation with the Soviet implosion. Such inquire was undertaken through the analysis of secondary sources such as expert research, information provided by globally relevant mass media and the use of information and data provided by specialized magazines and think tanks. The document concludes that Russia has a clear intention to avoid NATO incursion into its sphere of interest and that there is an international uncertainty regarding Washington’s actions and its geostrategic position with respect to Russia.

This paper analyzed the territorial planning of Gramalote in Norte de Santander, Colombia, from the approaches to development planning or territorial development and its relationship with the 2010 disaster. Different approaches to development planning were reviewed from the literature available and in the light of these perspectives; a phenomenological-hermeneutical study with a qualitative approach of descriptive and documental level was carried out, by turning to municipal development plans for the 2004-2007, 2008-2011 and 2012-2015 periods which were the subject of analysis. The results show that Gramalote’s territorial planning has been inadequately carried out before and after the 2010 disaster, since it has been supported by an economic perspective characterized by sectoriality and the inability to respond effectively to the main territorial problems of environmental order. The next development plans are expected to take into account unattended factors from previous years, given the experienced lived by its inhabitants.

Una de las caracteristicas fundamentales en la gran estrategia de un Estado-nacion, es la materializacion de las ideas, las cuales podrian ser consideradas componentes imprescindibles de cualquier politica publica, bien sea por ejemplo, en politica exterior o seguridad y defensa, entre otras. En efecto, las ideas pueden construirse para la observacion de fenomenos y dinamicas que antes no se percibian o de las cuales no se era consciente. En ocasiones, las ideas alimentan la cultura y el pensamiento estrategico, asi como los paradigmas teoricos y conceptuales que las condicionan. Pero mas relevante aun, las ideas conducen a la accion, tomando en consideracion que el mismo acto de pensar y comunicar aquello que se piensa, son acciones en si mismas. Es decir, lo que se piensa determinaria lo que se hace y formaria parte esencial en la elaboracion de todos los cursos de accion a implementarse en el nivel politico- estrategico. Dentro del campo disciplinar de la Seguridad y la Defensa, la emergencia de nuevas amenazas y dinamicas sociales, politicas, economicas y militares que impactan la misma, parecen demandar un mayor desarrollo en los estudios prospectivos en la materia. Estas amenazas, mayoritariamente transfronterizas, no buscarian necesariamente ocasionar un perjuicio para obtener un bene cio. Si bien fenomenos como el terrorismo y la delincuencia organizada han procurado aprovechar las debilidades del sistema politico para obtener una ganancia ilicita - a traves del ejercicio de la violencia -, otras amenazas que actualmente afectan a Colombia, como el tra co de migrantes irregulares o aquellas derivadas del cambio climatico, no tienen en su naturaleza ese componente de in igir un dano; por el contrario, parecerian surgir directamente de disfuncionalidades propias del sistema social que se ha construido, y que desde su interior, amenazan el bienestar, la estabilidad y, por lo tanto, la propia Seguridad. En este orden de ideas, la seguridad multidimensional deberia trascender la conceptualizacion tradicional de respuesta ante una amenaza administrada de modo intencional por agentes externos, para pasar a convertirse en una con guracion de esquemas o disposiciones estructurales que no solo respondan, sino que tambien anticipen y prevean riesgos que potencialmente pudiesen llegar a erosionar el orden constitucional, social, economico y politico establecidos.

This article presents a vision of how the Occidental World has been awaken from the “modernity” dream, in which there is a construction of values like secularity, laicism, economical competition, and military acting, among others. And how religion, seen by some intellectuals as a remnant of the traditional world, has contributed in a big way to this awakening. In this way, in the article is possible to state that religion is one of the aspects that alter the most the economical and institutional principles of the Occidental World. So, it is necessary to wonder if the principles of the Occidental World will prevail and what other political and economical directions will be generated as a result of the deep influence that religion has over the individual and the communities.