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Para una historia intelectual de Las venas abiertas de América Latina

Chile has experienced a substantial immigration boom in the last 10 years. The urban areas of this nation present high levels of residential segregation, represented in its main city, Santiago. This article presents results of an exploratory analysis of the relationship between residential segregation, immigration rate by educational institutions and changes in school performance. Based on the generation of clusters characterized by cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital, an analysis of the changes in school performance in those schools that received the greatest number of migrants is generated.

La vivienda incremental nace como respuesta a la dificultad de muchos hogares vulnerables para acceder a una solución formal, ofreciéndoles un mínimo habitacional como opción. Esto genera desafíos para la política pública, ya que la propia acción de los habitantes puede afectar la calidad de las viviendas, entendida como una dimensión clave para la comprensión de la pobreza energética. Este artículo utiliza un encuadre de la trialéctica del espacio de Pierre Bourdieu para estudiar las interacciones individuales y comunitarias en un condominio de viviendas incrementales con 10 años de antigüedad. De esta manera se pretende relevar la manera en que las familias expuestas a la pobreza energética sufren también la falta de recursos económicos, culturales, sociales y simbólicos. Para esto se utiliza un modelo mixto de análisis que incluye levantamientos constructivos, entrevistas en profundidad y registros de parámetros ambientales. La interpretación de los resultados deja ver que la acción individual bajo situación de precariedad de las propias familias no consigue configurar un espacio simbólico ni físico de representación colectiva, con una materialización adecuada para la habitabilidad de las viviendas. Esto se expresa en desfavorables condiciones de desempeño energético y calidad ambiental interior, altamente vinculadas a las modificaciones constructivas realizadas.

The study addresses the underutilisation of wood in construction in Chile, particularly given the country’s robust forestry sector. The research investigates perceptions, tensions, and contradictions among end-users regarding timber construction in Valdivia, a city with a mixed forestry industry. Methods included a comprehensive survey of 96 households across various socioeconomic clusters, utilising descriptive and exploratory statistical analyses. Key findings reveal persistent negative perceptions about wood’s durability, fire resistance, and maintenance costs. However, positive aspects, such as lower construction costs and adequate thermal comfort, were also noted. Surprisingly, concerns were raised about wood’s environmental impact, including deforestation and its role in combating climate change, contrasting with the material’s known ecological benefits. The study concludes that these perceptions are deeply influenced by ideological and sociopolitical factors, suggesting that mere marketing strategies may not suffice to alter public opinion. Instead, a collaborative effort involving public policy, industry advancements, and transparent scientific communication is essential to promote the benefits of timber construction and address the entrenched biases.

This study examines the link between food deserts and cardiovascular health in older adults in Santiago’s Metropolitan Region, Chile. As the population ages and chronic diseases rise, understanding the impact of food accessibility on health is essential. Using multiscale geographically weighted regression, we analyzed data from the Cardiovascular Health Program, socioeconomic indicators, and food desert maps, sourced from the Chilean Ministry of Health and other databases. Spatial analysis, including Voronoi diagrams, assessed the influence of food deserts on health outcomes. Findings show a significant correlation between limited access to healthy foods and higher cardiovascular disease rates, especially in economically disadvantaged areas. The regression model is significant to contribute to the explanation of disease prevalence, emphasizing the impact of food availability on health. This study highlights the importance of considering spatial factors in urban planning and public health policies. By showcasing the role of food environments in health disparities, it advocates for integrated health interventions. Targeted urban planning to address food deserts can enhance access to healthy foods, improving cardiovascular health and well-being among Santiago’s elderly. The findings provide insights for policymakers to create healthier urban environments and stress the need for sustainable food systems to support public health.

This study investigates the socio-spatial distribution of food deserts in Santiago de Chile, aiming to understand how urban planning and socioeconomic factors influence access to nutritious food. Employing geospatial analysis techniques with data from OpenStreetMap and the 2017 Census, the research identifies areas within Santiago where access to healthy food is limited. The novelty of this study lies in its application of spatial autocorrelation methods, specifically Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), to reveal clusters of nutritional inequality. The findings indicate significant concentrations of food deserts in both lower socioeconomic peripheral areas and, surprisingly, in some high-income central areas. These results suggest that both poverty and urban infrastructure, including car dependency, play critical roles in shaping access to healthy food. By highlighting over two million residents affected by food deserts, the study underscores the urgent need for integrated urban planning and public health strategies. This research contributes to the understanding of urban nutritional inequality and provides a replicable methodological framework for other cities. The implications extend beyond Santiago, offering insights into how urban design can be leveraged to improve public health outcomes through better access to nutritious food.

Este artículo se basa en una investigación centrada en las sinergias entre elementos compositivos en Música y Arquitectura. El estudio se centra en fuentes de composición innovadoras desde la Música, que se enfrenta a procesos de creación similares a los de la Arquitectura. Las relaciones compositivas y de génesis artística que existen entre la Música y la Arquitectura son diversas y han sido analizadas tradicionalmente, pero existe la necesidad de actualizarlas. Para ello, el texto explora dos estrategias compositivas contemporáneas: la expresividad y la morfología. Tomándolos como vehículos para canalizar sinergias, se establecen relaciones entre composiciones musicales y arquitectónicas, ilustrándolas con dos parejas: dos melodías innovadoras y dos campus universitarios emblemáticos (Universidad de Virginia y Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM). La razón de elegir este tipo de proyectos es que, por su tributo a la dimensión espacio-temporal, los campus tienen vínculos sugerentes con composiciones musicales, que pueden inspirar futuras pautas de diseño.

Los eventos sísmicos pueden causar un daño importante a inmuebles públicos y privados y son vital importancia para la gestión pública. En este contexto, es relevante reconocer los actores y los momentos críticos que experimentan las organizaciones que coordinan las labores de respuesta, rescate, recopilación de datos y deliberación de traslados. En Chile, la toma de decisiones sobre estos procesos involucra a tres ministerios: el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social recopila la información de las personas y las familias afectadas por la emergencia; el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo catastra información para asignar beneficios transitorios o definitivos de vivienda; y el Ministerio del Interior, quien a través del Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres (SENAPRED), planifica y coordina los recursos públicos y privados para gestionar el manejo de la emergencia. Al momento de la crisis se suman otros grupos: voluntarios, unidades de bomberos, carabineros, agrupaciones de la sociedad civil, empresas aseguradoras, entre otros. El artículo explora las complejidades institucionales y técnicas que participan de la primera respuesta luego de un sismo (ej. toma de datos, sistematización, análisis y toma de decisiones).

Abstract Background Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an underrecognized genetic disorder associated mainly with pulmonary emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). All individuals with COPD regardless of age or ethnicity should be tested for AATD, but in Colombia its prevalence in unknown. Main objective To determine the prevalence of the genetic mutations, present in AATD in adult patients with COPD in Colombia, using a genotyping test on cells from the oral mucosa. Methods This was a multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study which included adult patients attending seven COPD care centres in Colombia. Demographic data, medical history, including history of exposure to smoking and biomass smoke, most recent spirometry, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment received, serum AAT levels, and mutations detected by the genotyping test were recorded for all the recruited patients. For the comparison of variables between the groups with and without mutation, we used the X2 test for the qualitative variables and the Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test according to their distribution. Main findings We collected a sample of 1,107 patients, the median age was 73.8 years (87.6–79.9). Mutations were documented in 144 patients (13.01%), the majority had the M/S mutation (78.50%), followed by M/Z (9.72%). One patient had a ZZ mutation and two patients had null alleles. In total, 23 patients had mutations associated with serum AAT deficiency (levels below 60 mg/dl). Conclusions Genetic mutations were documented in 13.01% of patients with COPD in Colombia and 2.07% were AATD-related, showing that there is a significant number of underdiagnosed patients.

A partir de uma fotografia que reúne Guattari e Glissant, e dos depoimentos sobre um livro que pretendiam escrever juntos, propomos pensar um possível pacto de cumplicidade poética que se tece entre o rastro de ambas as obras. Para isso, comparamos algumas categorias preferencialmente centradas na figura do rizoma; e destacamos a ideia de um abismo negro para dar conta de uma certa assimetria relativa às respectivas condições de enunciação. Nosso propósito é delinear, no encontro desses escritos, aquele livro não escrito que alimentaria as hipóteses sobre uma reciprocidade teórica e metodológica entre as respectivas propostas.

El presente estudio aborda el fenómeno de la investificación en el mercado de arriendo del Gran Santiago. Para ello se utiliza un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo por regresiones geográficamente ponderadas. A través de la recopilación y análisis de datos de transacciones y de indicadores urbanos, se exploran los patrones de localización de inversiones residenciales con relación a funciones urbanas específicas a nivel de zonas censales. El análisis revela que la proximidad a instituciones de educación superior, la estabilidad en los precios de arriendo y la presencia de personas mayores son factores determinantes en la selección de propiedades para inversión. Estos hallazgos evidencian la transformación del paisaje urbano como espacios de renta para el capital y destaca la creciente segmentación socioespacial, subrayando así la necesidad de regulaciones que atiendan las implicancias del investification en la dinámica urbana del Gran Santiago.

Considering the global scenario of population aging, which countries such as Chile are going through, the social problems that it means in terms of viability and quality of life for the elderly are increasing and are a cause for concern. For this reason, this study summarizes the results of investigating the accessibility of services and recreational spaces under the parameters of a “15-minute city” for the elderly people in the city of Santiago de Chile. The investigation employed a multivariate geostatistical analysis with a quantitative approach and was developed on a census block scale to test some of the principles of the 15-min city along with the principles on active aging of the elderly. The results are surprising, show a good territorial coverage for the study area and open the possibility of Santiago becoming a 15-min city for older adults. However, there are still several challenges in terms of public policies, from mental and physical health to the design of public spaces, which are fundamental to think about for cities of the future.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore a possible association between ED and the severity of airflow obstruction in patients with COPD. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the International Index Erectile Function (IIEF), a scale validated and translated to Spanish. Bivariate analyses between subgroups were made for quantitative variables using a t-test for means and Mann–Whitney U for medians; qualitative variables were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher’s test, depending on distribution. Confusion bias in the association between ED and airflow obstruction was controlled using a logistic regression model. Results: The Spanish version of the IIEF-15 scale was valid and applicable to the Colombian population. The prevalence of ED in COPD patients living at high altitudes was similar to that found at sea level. Such prevalence is higher than in general population. Beta-blockers increased 7 times the risk of ED, but we found no association between the degree of airflow obstruction and ED. Conclusion: Although the severity of COPD is not associated with ED, the prevalence of ED in COPD is higher than in general population. Therefore, ED screening in COPD patients using the IIEF could be justified. The strong association between beta-blockers and ED had not been previously described in patients with COPD but must be considered in their clinical management.

El artículo elabora un estudio exegético de la figura del “Infierno” presente en la obra del psiquiatra martiniqués Frantz Fanon. Dicho tropo se piensa como un elemento medular de la narrativa de Piel negra, máscaras blancas que guarda vínculo con las reflexiones acerca de la alienación racista, la epidermis, la mirada y la zona de no-ser. Explorando las distintas modulaciones del “Infierno”, el artículo realiza un desplazamiento que busca argumentar cómo lo infernal del relato de Fanon, más que metáfora, da cuenta de lo “real-vivido” del mundo colonial. En consecuencia, el cuerpo racializado y su experiencia vivida ofrecen una lectura acerca del “Infierno” en clave anafórica y existencial que tensa las gramáticas moderno-hegemónicas acerca de las identidades. Desde este punto de partida, el trabajo discute el problema de la temporalidad ligado con el tenor crítico que en diversos momentos de Piel negra… asume la arquitectura infernal del colonialismo narrada por Fanon.

Examinar una tradición de levantamientos de inspección visual fundamentados en evidencia empírica representa la base para el desarrollo de un asistente digital (App) como instrumento de diagnóstico y valoración de estructuras en albañilería simple durante la post-emergencia sísmica. La integración de los códigos observacionales derivados de esta tradición permitió la calibración y el análisis de las técnicas de levantamiento y medición utilizadas. El asistente aprovecha las tecnologías ampliamente disponibles en la población e integra los conocimientos especializados y las técnicas tradicionales derivadas del levantamiento directo como base analítica para la valoración de los daños. Esta dimensión analítica de la representación del daño es uno de los aspectos críticos que establece las correlaciones entre los códigos visuales y las escalas de valoración del algoritmo que determina el riesgo sísmico y el grado de habitabilidad estructural de las viviendas.

La siguiente entrevista a Eduardo Grüner se produjo en septiembre de 2019. La misma tuvo lugar en las instalaciones del Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza Conicet, Argentina, en ocasión del Curso de Alta Formación El arte como pensamiento crítico, dictado por el mismo Grüner y organizado por el Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales (Incihusa). En la entrevista se transitan diversos aspectos del pensamiento de Grüner y se procura exponer la singularidad de sus aportes a una teoría crítica gestada desde la periferia.

Learning innovation is a positive approach on the contemporary higher education international stage. This article stresses the need to devise physical spaces that are also innovative. For that purpose, using a qualitative methodology, we investigated recent trends based on the synergies between certain creative disciplines: architecture, music, and fashion. The comparison was based on compositional features and formative dimension. Using a qualitative methodological comprehensive approach, a set of case studies was analysed. The findings show the usefulness of activating these synergies as effective strategies when enriching educational processes in different ways. Six cases of excellence wherein university physical spaces reached levels of innovation were studied, representing relevant transfers among the three disciplines. The text presents examples that show the educational consequences in the establishment of those synergies, in terms of both composition (music–architecture) and the activation of heritage sites in the city as venues of learning innovation (fashion–architecture). The basic conclusions were based on the fact that the increase in teaching and spatial creativity that emanates from said synergies among the three disciplines can be potentially extrapolated to other areas of knowledge.

From the analysis of the Wave 5 National Income Dynamics Study – Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey 2021 dataset, the study conducted in South Africa, we developed a model of analysis based on three dimensions, namely, subjective well-being, material living conditions, and importance attributed to education during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional analysis of the data for Gauteng area indicates that the dimension of subjective well-being of families in South Africa—even in relation to the factors such as conditions of deprivation (e.g., hunger)—does not necessarily influence the importance the respondents attach to their children’s education, this as reflected in whether or not they send them to school when COVID-19 restrictions allowed for schools to come back to face-to-face teaching. Subjective well-being of parents and guardians is, however, a predictor of concern about their children’s education and future. Our working hypothesis is that, although there is little evidence that subjective well-being has a significant association with the respondents’ willingness for their children to continue their schooling, there is a significant indirect effect of subjective well-being—which is especially determined by the gender as well as of the living material conditions—and the greater or lesser importance that the respondents attribute to their children’s education. Likewise, and in more general terms, subjective well-being is clearly related to gender, with women having the lowest levels of subjective well-being.

The goal of this research is to analyze the different critical dimensions of the writing of Roberto Fernández Retamar. We are guided by the hypothesis that in the anti-colonial texts of the Cuban poet, one intuits a heterogeneous and non-essentialist reading of the Latin-American culture, which is embedded with the elaboration of a metaphoric concept of Caliban, able to disorganize the cultural dichotomies of the colonial modernity. In the first part, we verified how the particularity of “Caliban” consists in his capacity of resisting any cultural derivation and unilateral writing, being related with what Jacques Derrida defines as différence. Secondly, we reflect on the humanism developed by Fernández Retamar with the well-known trope: the anticolonial humanism conceived from a relationship of aggressiveness between the “own” and the “other”. Finally, we analyzed the impact of the notion “posoccidentalismo” suggested by the Cuban in his criticism of the Latin-American post colonialism. We agree with Caliban; a symbol is not an authority of the absolute. On the contrary, it is a tool that wants to undo scriptural and epistemic modes offered by the western culture, and that takes form, within the work of Fernández Retamar, in an anticolonial and post western humanism, which is still budding.

Discutimos las complejidades críticas de lo que el psiquiatra martiniqués Frantz Fanon definió como la zona de no-ser en su estudio Piel negra, máscaras blancas de 1952. En un primer instante, nos detenemos en los principales núcleos exegéticos de la zona de no-ser que se vinculan con la experiencia límite del cuerpo negro aludido por Fanon. Constatamos en un segundo momento cómo, lo que el autor define bajo el nombre de sociogenia, se entronca con un análisis histórico existencial del cuerpo racializado. El análisis del “doble narcisismo” y los procesos de epidermización explicitados por Fanon nos permiten concluir, en un tercer instante, que la zona de no-ser potencia la interrogación descolonial de un cuerpo epidermizado sobre el racismo y los repartos binarios de identidad.

The woody nature of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) has hindered the development of efficient gene editing strategies to improve this species. The lack of highly efficient gene transfer techniques, which, furthermore, are applied in multicellular explants such as somatic embryos, are additional technical handicaps to gene editing in the vine. The inclusion of geminivirus-based replicons in regular T-DNA vectors can enhance the expression of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) elements, thus enabling the use of these multicellular explants as starting materials. In this study, we used Bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)-derived replicon vectors to express the key components of CRISPR/Cas9 system in vivo and evaluate their editing capability in individuals derived from Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer experiments of ‘Thompson Seedless’ somatic embryos. Preliminary assays using a BeYDV-derived vector for green fluorescent protein reporter gene expression demonstrated marker visualization in embryos for up to 33 days post-infiltration. A universal BeYDV-based vector (pGMV-U) was assembled to produce all CRISPR/Cas9 components with up to four independent guide RNA (gRNA) expression cassettes. With a focus on fungal tolerance, we used gRNA pairs to address considerably large deletions of putative grape susceptibility genes, including AUXIN INDUCED IN ROOT CULTURE 12 (VviAIR12), SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER 4 (VviSWEET4), LESION INITIATION 2 (VviLIN2), and DIMERIZATION PARTNER-E2F-LIKE 1 (VviDEL1). The editing functionality of gRNA pairs in pGMV-U was evaluated by grapevine leaf agroinfiltration assays, thus enabling longer-term embryo transformations. These experiments allowed for the establishment of greenhouse individuals exhibiting a double-cut edited status for all targeted genes under different allele-editing conditions. After approximately 18 months, the edited grapevine plants were preliminary evaluated regarding its resistance to Erysiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea. Assays have shown that a transgene-free VviDEL1 double-cut edited line exhibits over 90% reduction in symptoms triggered by powdery mildew infection. These results point to the use of geminivirus-based replicons for gene editing in grapevine and other relevant fruit species.