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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) exacerbates muscle and bone mass loss, which is associated with several negative outcomes such as falls and disability. Thus, muscle and bone mass loss may be one mechanism for the mediator role between gait impairments and PD. Aim: To verify the relationship between the spatial-temporal gait parameters and the body composition of the lower limbs in people with PD. Method: Thirteen people with PD were evaluated on two different days: i) clinical and gait evaluation; ii) body composition evaluation. The step length, width, duration and speed, the percentage in double support, and gait velocity during walking at self-selected velocity. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry technique was used to measure fat mass, lean mass, bone mass, and the total mass, for whole body, and separately for each limb. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were applied between the spatial-temporal gait parameters and the variables of body composition of lower limbs. Results: Reduced lean and bone mass of both legs were related to faster gait velocity (r=0.6, p

The anaerobic metabolism determination is complex and the applied methodologies present limitations. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different calculations (MAOD vs. AOD) on the anaerobic contribution using the dynamic knee extension. Twenty-four male were recruited [Mean (SD); age 27 (1) years, body mass 90 (3) kg, height 181 (2) cm]. This study was divided into two independent experiments (EXP(1:) one-legged; EXP(2): two-legged). In both experiments, it was performed a graded exercise test to determine maximal power (MP-GXT); 2–4 submaximal efforts (VO(2)-intensity relationship); and an exhaustive effort. The theoretical energy demand for the exhaustive effort (TED(ex)) was constructed from the submaximal efforts. Therefore, MAOD was assumed as the difference between the TED(ex) and the accumulated VO(2) (AVO(2)). In contrast, the energy demand for AOD was calculated as the product between VO(2) at the end of exercise and time to exhaustion (TED(aod)). Thus, AOD was assumed as the difference between TED(aod) and AVO(2). Bayesian paired t-test was used to compare the differences between the applied methods. Also, correlations between the anaerobic indices and performance were verified. In EXP(1), AOD was higher than MAOD [1855 (741) vs. 434 (245); BF(10) = 2925; ES = 2.5]. In contrast, in EXP(2), MAOD was higher than AOD [2832 (959) vs. 1636 (549); BF(10) = 3.33; ES = 1.4]. Also, AOD was correlated to performance (r = .59; BF(10) = 4.38). We concluded that MAOD and AOD are a distinct phenomenon and must be utilized according to the exercise model.

Background: In the dynamic knee extension (DKE), a metal bar is positioned parallel to bicycle frame, replacing the pedal of a cycle ergometer, which allow consecutives extensions instead of pedaling movement. Considering the fixed ratchet of cycle ergometer, the knee joint returns to its initial position passively, isolating the quadriceps group during the exercise. Thus, DKE can be used to investigate the role of the anterior thigh muscles for the locomotion or balance, for example. However, the DKE ergometer is not commercially available. Aim: to describe the construction of a prototype ergometer for DKE and characterize the force signal and electromyography responses. Methods: Six participants underwent a progressive effort to exhaustion. The electromyography signal of Vastus Lateralis and Biceps Femoris were monitored. The last 10 extensions of each stage were used for analyzes. Results: the force signal has three phases: I: knee extension moment; II: crank draws the metal rod back; III: rapid compression of the load cell by the leg. In addition, Vastus Lateralis activation was higher than Biceps Femoris in all stages (p

No presente estudo, objetivou-se testar se a melhora da capacidade aeróbia, observada após oito semanas de treinamento, é transferida para a capacidade de sprints repetitivos (CSR). Dez corredores (18 ± 1 ano; estatura de 170,1 ± 8,0 cm; massa corporal de 66,4 ± 6,6 kg) participaram do estudo. A capacidade aeróbia foi considerada como a intensidade correspondente à concentração de 4 mM de lactato (OBLA), determinada durante teste incremental, realizado em pista de atletismo. A capacidade de sprints repetitivos foi avaliada por meio de seis sprints de 35 m, separados por dez segundos de intervalo passivo. Todos os testes foram aplicados antes e após oito semanas de treinamento polarizado. Os efeitos do treinamento foram evidenciados por meio do teste t de Student para amostras dependentes, e as possíveis relações entre as alterações percentuais do OBLA e a CSR foram verificadas pelo teste de correlação de Pearson. Para todas as análises o nível de significância foi de p < 0,05. Após o treinamento, todos os participantes apresentaram aumento significativo da intensidade de OBLA (antes 15,4 ± 0,9 km·h-1; após 17,2 ± 1,6 km·h-1; p = 0,01). Na avaliação da CSR, constatou-se que a velocidade máxima, a velocidade média e o índice de fadiga não foram modificados com o treinamento (p > 0,61). Nenhuma correlação foi observada entre as alterações percentuais da intensidade de OBLA e as alterações das variáveis relacionadas à capacidade de sprints repetitivos (r < – 0,26; p > 0,47). Assim, esses resultados demonstram que a melhora da capacidade aeróbia não é transferida para a CSR, avaliada por meio de seis esforços, separados por dez segundos de intervalo passivo.

The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature that has investigated the relationships between anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics and match-play running ...

Background Muscle fatigue is characterized by a decrease in muscle performance, accompanied by an increase in perceived exertion to produce a desired amount of force. The duration of the fatigue effects is not completely clear regarding postural sway and force production in athletes. Research question What is the effect of a specific fatigue protocol in postural sway and force production in female handball athletes and the recovery time necessary for these variables? Methods Twenty female handball athletes participated in this study. Specific handball actions composed the fatigue protocol in the format of a circuit with the gradual increment of laps. They stood upright in one-leg posture on a force plate. For the maximum propulsion force (FMAX), they performed a countermovement jump on the force plate. The center of pressure (COP) and the FMAX were obtained at baseline, immediately after the exhaustion due to the fatigue protocol and every minute during the first 10 min of the recovery phase. Results The FMAX decreased ∼9.5% after the fatigue protocol, whereas de COP area increased 224%. During the recovery phase, the FMAX and the COP area returned to baseline values after five minutes. Significance The first five minutes immediately after the fatigue protocol represent the time interval where the fatigue effects are still present. Future studies willing to investigate the effects of fatigue in athletes should perform the analysis within this short time-window.

To propose a new Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test with Elastic Resistance (CPxEL) and compare the physiological responses to conventional cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPx) performed on a treadmill. In addition, we tested the reproducibility of the CPxEL. Twenty-four physically active participants completed the CPx (first session) and CPxEL twice (second and third sessions) interspersed by seven days. A treadmill protocol with increments of 1km·h-1 every minute until exhaustion was used in CPx. The CPxEL consisted of performing alternating steps back-and-forth against an elastic resistance attached to a belt and an incremental protocol with 1 stage (S) per minute following a cadence of 200 bpm controlled by a metronome in an 8-stage rubber mat. First analysis: first ventilatory threshold (VT1) occurred at 69.7% and 75.3% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 53.5% and 65.7% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max). Second VT (VT2) occurred at 93.3% and 96.8% of the HRmax and 87.0% and 96.9% of V̇O2max for CPx and CPxEL, respectively. At exhaustion, V̇O2max, perceived exertion (BORG-CR10 and OMNI-RES EB), and test duration presented lower values for CPxEL (P < 0.05). Second analysis: VT1 occurred at warm-up (S0) (P = 0.731), VT2 occurred at S5 (P = 0.912), and the exhaustion occurred at S6 and S7 (P = 0.271) for CPxEL and retest, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for V̇O2max was 0.921 and for HRmax was 0.930. The CPxEL has good test-retest reproducibility and represents a possible and interesting add-on to determine maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, and second ventilatory threshold without using traditional ergometers.

Repeated high-intensity running (RHIR) exercise is known to affect central and peripheral functioning. Declines in RHIR performance are exacerbated by environmental heat stress. Accordingly, the use of post-exercise cooling strategies (COOL) is recommended as it may assist recovery. The present study aimed to investigate, in a hot environment (> 30ºC), the effects of local COOL following RHIR on indices of soccer kicking movement and performance in youth soccer. Fifteen academy under-17 players (16.27 ± 0.86 years-old; all post-PHV), acting as their own controls, participated. In #Experiment 1, players completed an all-out RHIR protocol (10 × 30 m bouts interspersed with 30 s intervals). In #Experiment 2, the same players performed the same running protocol under two conditions, 1) 5 minutes of COOL where ice packs were applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings regions and, 2) a control condition involving only passive resting. In both experiments, perceptual measures [ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), pain and recovery], thigh temperature and kick-derived video kinematics (hip, knee, ankle and foot) and performance (ball speed and placement) were collected at baseline and post exercise and intervention. In the first experiment, RHIR led to moderate-to-large increases (p < 0.03) in RPE (d = 4.08), ankle eversion/inversion angle (d = 0.78) and mean radial error (d = 1.50) and small-to-large decreases (p < 0.04) in recovery (d = -1.83) and average/peak ball speeds (d = -0.42–-0.36). In the second experiment RPE (p < 0.01; Kendall’s W = 0.30) and mean radial error (p = 0.057; η2 = 0.234) increased only post-control. Significant small declines in ball speed were also observed only post-control (p < 0.05; d = 0.35). Post-intervention CMfoot velocity was moderately faster in COOL as compared to control (p = 0.04; d = 0.60). RHIR acutely impaired kicking movement, ball speed and placement in youth soccer players. However, a short period of local cryotherapy may be beneficial in counteracting declines in indices of kicking performance in hot environment.Trial registration number#RBR-8prx2m - ReBEC Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T13:11:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 This study aimed to investigate if the impairing in postural control, induced by ankle fatiguing exercise, remains after 24/48 h in young adults. Center of Pressure (CoP) was assessed in 16 participants (23 ± 3 years old) before, immediately after an ankle fatigability induction protocol (FI) and after 24 or 48 h of recovery using two 60-s trials with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). The FI consisted of performing the ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion movement repeatedly (0.5 Hz). Ankle muscle fatigability increased CoP anterior-posterior (AP – p < 0.02) and medial–lateral (ML – p < 0.009) root mean square (RMS), and AP (p < 0.01) mean velocity immediately after compared to before FI. These effects remained after 24/48 h of recovery: higher CoP AP (p < 0.03) and ML (p < 0.009) RMS. No significant effects for detrend fluctuation analysis and entropy analysis among periods of postural evaluations was found. Fatigue*visual condition interaction revealed an increased AP median frequency (p < 0.001) during EC compared to EO only immediately after FI. Young adults’ body sway remains impaired until 48 h, but not the postural control adaptability and complexity. Visual information may not attenuate the late deleterious ankle muscle fatigability effects. Individuals should be cautious during balance tasks and exercise after fatiguing exercise in the next 24/48 h, therefore avoiding unbalances and falls. São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences Department of Physical Education Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), São Paulo University Grenoble Alpes AGEIS Institut Universitaire de France REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences Hasselt University São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences Department of Physical Education Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), São Paulo

Aim: To characterize the goal-scoring patterns and investigate the goal process on match outcome during the Intercontinental Beach Soccer Cup Dubai 2019. Methods: A set of 35 goal-scoring patterns were grouped into nine macro-categories: Match-period, Court-zone, Set-play, Open-play, Touching by players before the goal, Offensive method, Goalkeeper-line, Number of passes before the goal, and Ball trajectory. Match outcome in regular time was considered the matches resulting in a loss (n=16), draw (n=8), or win (n=16). The offensive sequences that resulted in the goal were analyzed in all 20 matches during the competition (n=138 goals). Results: The most goals were scored in Open-play (69%), during the 2nd and 3rd periods (36% for each), near to goal (Zone 4; 50%), preceded by 1-touch (67%) and 0-pass (29%), using positional attack (46%), without goalkeeper-line (68%), and with high-ball trajectory (51%). In addition, won matches presented a higher number of goals in Zone 4, 1-touch, Counterattack, 4v4 goal-successful, Receiving pass, Sand-touch, and High-ball compared to draw and loss matches (p

It remains unclear whether increased inflammatory and cardiovascular risk biomarkers differ depending on the class of antiretroviral that is used. This study evaluated the plasma levels of inflammatory and cardiovascular risk biomarkers, such as MPO, hs-CRP, glucose, lipid profile, ALT (GPT), AST (GOT), urea and creatinine, as well as the blood count, of all the 164 participants in the study, either infected or un-infected with HIV. Thirty of the 104 HIV-infected individuals did not receive any antiretroviral; twenty-four of them were treated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class; and fifty took protease inhibitors. The control group consisted of sixty non-HIV infected individuals. In the case of the HIV-infected volunteers, the CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and viral load were also analyzed. Regardless of the hematological and biochemical changes resulting from the antiretroviral therapy (ART), the MPO and hs-CRP values significantly increased for the HIV-infected individuals (treated or untreated), irrespective of the class of ART that was used. This is important because these biomarkers are designed to be predictors of the risk of cardiovascular disease. The results of this study provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis that HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease related to chronic inflammations, despite virological control with ART, and regardless of the class of ART that is used.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 The practice of exercise can change biological markers. Thus, the use of saliva to define possible biomarkers has increased with the advances in “omics” techniques. Therefore, this study analyzed the salivary proteomic profile in young adults before and after interval exercise. Five adults, without comorbidities and with normal salivary flow, aged between 20 and 35 years (3 men and 2 women) were selected. The collection of stimulated (SS) and non-stimulated (NSS) saliva was done before (BE) and after (AE) exercise, which consisted of interval exercise with 5 min walking on a treadmill and 5 min at rest, during a total of 40 min. The proteins were extracted individually and processed by label-free proteomics. There was no significant difference between BE and AE salivary flows. For SS, 69 and 60 proteins were found BE (12 exclusives) and AE (3 exclusives), respectively. Ten subunits of immunoglobulins (8 more than twofold), as well as Lysozyme C and Cystatin-S, were increased AE compared to BE. Six hemoglobin’s isoforms were decreased AE compared to BE. For NSS, 76 and 65 proteins were found BE (18 exclusives) and AE (7 exclusives), respectively. Albumin was increased AE, while Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1 and 2 decreased. Apolipoprotein A-I was identified exclusively AE compared to BE. The salivary proteome after interval exercise suggests increase of immunity. Department of Biological Sciences Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, SP Graduate Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB) School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), SP Graduate Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB) School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), SP

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 BACKGROUND: This study investigated the possible influence of the gender on the responses of swimmers during a taper period (TP). METHODS: Ten males (19±3 years and 73.5±7.8 kg) and ten females (17±2 years and 54.7±7.2 kg) swimmers were submitted to a 12-week training, followed by three weeks of the TP. Before and after the TP we evaluated the performance at 100 m freestyle, stroke parameters and lactacidemic responses; lactate minimum intensity (LMI) and stroke parameters associated with LMI and the propulsive force in tethered swimming. TP consisted of 14 sessions with mean volume 2253±1213 m/session at an intensity below than the LMI, 1730±327 m/session at an intensity near the LMI and 1530±1019 m/session at an intensity above the LMI. RESULTS: Significant effects of the genders were observed for LMI and stroke parameters (P0.52 [large]) and propulsive force (P=0.001; η2=0.59 [large]). However, no significant effects of the TP were identified in the performance of the 100 m freestyle (P=0.66; η2=0.006 [small]), propulsive force (P>0.63; η20.23; η2=0.01 [small]). Nonetheless, the peak blood lactate concentrations were improved after TP (P=0.014; η2=0.16 [large]), without significant interactions (P=0.38; η2=0.02 [small]), as well as the mechanical parameters during maximum 100 m freestyle (P0.10 [medium]). CONCLUSIONS: Hence, men and women presenting significantly different values in the age group studied, the responses observed after the TP investigated were the same independent of gender. Laboratory of Aquatic Activities School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP) University of São Paulo Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance São Paulo State University (UNESP) Estácio University Center of Ribeirão Preto Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T08:45:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-08-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This study had the purpose of analyzing dominant and non-dominant limb performances (frequency of use and accuracy) during match-play technical actions with ball possession (receiving, passing, and shooting a ball) in professional futsal and also check for the possible influence of playing position and the quality of opponent. We have analyzed data pertaining to eight matches of the FIFA Futsal World Cup Thailand 2012™ in which 76 male professional senior futsal players participated (44 right-footed and 32 left-footed). In total, we coded 5,856 actions (2,550 ball receptions, 3,076 passes, and 230 shoots). Our main findings were that (a) players used the dominant limb more frequently than the non-dominant limb for all actions considered [p < 0.001; effect size (ES) medium-to-large]; (b) accuracy was generally greater when using the dominant limb, regardless of the quality of opponent (p < 0.01; ES large); and (c) in shooting actions, pivots showed similar accuracy between dominant and non-dominant limbs (p = 0.51; ES small). The study suggested that when completing technical actions with the ball in futsal, high-level players depended to a greater extent on the use of their dominant lower limb during official matches. Excepting a similarity detected between limbs on shooting performance of pivots, players from all positional roles generally showed a higher accuracy rate in receiving, passing, and shooting a ball when using their dominant limb as compared to their non-dominant one during match-play and the limb usage and accuracy seemed to be independent of the quality of opponents. Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB) Graduate Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares Sports Assessment Laboratory Faculty of Physical Education State University of Campinas Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB) Graduate Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: 2013/08302-6 FAPESP: 2016/50250-1 FAPESP: 2017/20945-0

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-01 BACKGROUND: Backward extrapolation technique (BE) was used to estimate V. O2 from postexercise measuring, eliminating oronasal mask (OM) during the efforts. Despite its advantage, literature presents discrepancy in applied methods. Thus, the first aim of this study was to compare different mathematical criteria to estimate values of V. O2 during a supramaximal effort (V.O2PEAK), while the second aim was to verify the effects of OM on cycling performance. METHODS: Twenty-four male cyclists (35}6 years, 81.3}8.9 kg, 180}6 cm) performed three days of tests, with at least 24 h of interval between each test. Firstly, a graded exercise test was applied to determine V. O2max and your correspondent intensity (MAP). The second and the third day were destined to supramaximal efforts at 120% of MAP, performed with (Supramask) and without (Suprabe) oronasal mask (OM) in a randomized order. After Suprabe, OM was coupled, and BE was applied. Sixty-six values of V.O2 were obtained based on a linear regression fitting. RESULTS: V.O2peak can be estimated using different curve lengths. However, only curves between 20 and 60 s with extrapolation to 3 s or lesser shows at least one consistent criterion. The 60 s curve extrapoled to -3 s was the most accurate criteria (P=0.723; ES=-0.055; r=0.824; Bias=-0.36 and LoA=7.72 mL.kg.min-1). Performance was not impaired with OM and was similar in both condition (P=0.84, ES=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that it was possible to accurately estimate V. O2 values of a supramaximal effort without any respiratory apparatus with a time-efficient analysis. Therefore, we recommended the use of a 60 seconds V. O2 curve analysis with a negative extrapolation for 3 seconds. Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport School of Physical Education Sport of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Faculty of Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Centro Universitário Estácio de Ribeirão Preto Centro Universitário UNIFAFI BE Institute of Biosciences and Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Physical Education Sports of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Faculty of Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences and Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Federaal Agentschap Voor de Veiligheid Van de Voedselketen Purpose: The objectives of the present study were to analyze possible changes in biomechanical patterns during a repeated sprint protocol and identify the mechanical factors that could influence performance. Methods: Sixteen male athletes (22.1 ± 3.1 years old, 78.6 ± 22.9 kg and 186.1 ± 10.1 cm in height) participated in this study. Warm-up exercises were performed. Thereafter, the subjects carried out the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), composed of six explosive effort sprints of 35 m separated by 10 s of passive recovery. During the protocol, performed on an official indoor court (rigid surface), two cameras recorded performance parameters (time) while twelve cameras (OptiTrack™ Natural Point Inc. - USA) adjusted to 120 Hz, monitored the 3-D running kinematics. Results: The time length of effort (+11.6%; P < 0.05) increased from the first (4.67 ± 0.39 s) to the sixth (5.28 ± 0.36 s) repetitions. Significant changes were identified in stride frequency, contact time, stride time, horizontal speed of core body mass (BCM), and angle of thigh at touchdown (−14.9%; 19.1%; 8.2%; 17.0%; −18.8%; P < 0.05). Correlations were found between common step variables (i.e., SF and TS) and complex variables of the ankle, hips, and center of mass (BCM) kinematics (i.e., φthighTD, φthighTO, STDzH, ωkneeTD, θankleTD, and θankleTO) with the minimum Time (4.43 ± 0.37 s) and mean Time (4.91 ± 0.23 s) in the RAST. Conclusion: We can conclude that RAST performed on-court modify the mechanics of running and both, common and advanced kinematic measures such as derived from ankle, hips, and BCM motion are mechanical outputs linked with performance in this repeated sprint model. São Paulo State University Bioscience Institute of Rio Claro Physical Education Department School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto (FMRP) Post-graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance University of São Paulo MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory Faculty of Sciences Graduate Program in Movement Sciences UNESP São Paulo State University São Paulo State University Bioscience Institute of Rio Claro Physical Education Department MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory Faculty of Sciences Graduate Program in Movement Sciences UNESP São Paulo State University

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the oxygen consumption, lactate concentrations, and energy expenditure using three different intensities during the resistance training sessions.Methods: A total of 15 men (22.9 ± 2.61 years) experienced in resistance training underwent 3 sessions composed of 8 exercises (chest press, pec deck, squat, lat pull-down, biceps curl, triceps extension, hamstring curl, and crunch machine), which were applied in the same order. The weight lifted differed among the sessions [high session: 6 sets of 5 repetitions at 90% of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM); intermediary session: 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1-RM; and low session: 2 sets of 15 repetitions at 60% of 1-RM]. The oxygen consumption (VO2)—during and after (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)) the session, blood lactate concentration, and energy expenditure (i.e., the sum of aerobic and anaerobic contributions, respectively) were assessed.Results: The VO2 significantly decreased in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 17.02; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.32). However, the aerobic contributions significantly increase in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 79.18; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.75). The anaerobic contributions were not different among the sessions (p > 0.05; ηG2 < 0.01). Thus, the total energy expenditure during the session (kcal) significantly increased in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 86.68; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.75). The energy expenditure expressed in time unit (kcal·min−1) was higher in low session than in high session (F(2.28) = 6.20; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.15).Conclusion: The weight lifted during resistance training-induced different physiological responses, which induced higher energy expenditure per unit of time during the low session.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of goal-related statistics on match outcome during the Intercontinental Beach Soccer Cup Dubai 2019. The offensive sequences that resulted in goal was analyzed in all 20 matches during the competition (n=138 goals). A set of 35 goal-related statistics were grouped in nine macro-categories: Match-period, Court-zone, Set-play, Open-play, Touches by players before goal, Offensive method, Goalkeeper-line, Number of passes before goal, Ball trajectory. Match outcome in regular time was considered the matches resulting in a loss (n=16), draw (n=8) or win (n=16). The most goals were scored in Open-play (69%), during the 2nd and 3rd periods (36% for each), near to goal (Zone 4; 50%), preceded by 1-touch (67%) and 0-pass (29%), using positional attack (46%), without goalkeeper-line (68%), and with high-ball trajectory (51%). The results of the discriminant function analysis shows the following order of importance to discriminate match outcome, with advantage for winning teams: 4v4 goal-successful (F-Ratio = 12.022), Zone 4, 1-touch, 3rd period, High-ball, Counterattack, Zone 2, Sand-touch (F-Ratio = 4.838). Winning teams scored their goals mainly in open-play situations and without goalkeeper-line, using counterattack to achieve zones near the opponent’s goals, implementing a direct offensive style. Also, goals scored were usually preceded by 1-touch, both through high-ball and sand-touch ball trajectory.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:43:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-22 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This study aimed to propose a conditioning activity (CA) model to stimulate improvement on neuromuscular responses, mechanical parameters and for the 50-m freestyle swimming. Thirteen male swimmers (19 +/- 3 years and performances of 77% in relation to World Championship records) performed four CA protocols followed by a maximum performance in the 50-m freestyle. In the first protocol (P1) swimmers performed a standard warm-up (similar to 15 min); in the second protocol (P2) lunges (3 x 85% of the one-repetition maximum); in the third (P3) pull-ups (3 maximum repetitions) and box jumps 40 cm high and 60 cm deep (1 x 5 with 10% of the corporal weight); and in the fourth protocol (P4) a combination of exercises from the second and third protocols. CA protocols had no effect on the standard warm-up. However, P2 performance (27.01 +/- 1.25 s) was similar to P1 (27.01 +/- 1.18 s) and presented higher positive effects in mechanical parameters for the swim start performance in comparison to other protocols, contributing to improvements in the 50-m freestyle. In addition, turnaround time also had a negative effect, mainly in P3 (3.12 +/- 0.28 s), signaling the improvement of this variable in all protocols (P1: 3.30 +/- 0.38 s; P2: 3.17 +/- 0.30 s; P4: 3.17 +/- 0.34 s). P2 (after: 80 +/- 11%; before: 82.7 +/- 9.9%) and P3 (after: 82.7 +/- 9.9%; before: 85.1 +/- 9.7%) presented a possible positive effect on the percentage of voluntary activation in relation to P1 (after: 79.3 +/- 10.7%; before: 76.3 +/- 12%). In conclusion, the proposed conditioning activity protocols were not efficient for performance improvement in the 50-m freestyle compared to the standard model and seem to specifically influence each phase of the event. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Phys Educ & Sport Ribeirao Preto, Lab Aquat Activ, EEFERP USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Estacio Univ Ctr Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Phys Educ Dept, Biosci Inst, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Postgrad Program Movement Sci, Human Movement Res Lab, Bauru, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Phys Educ Dept, Biosci Inst, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Postgrad Program Movement Sci, Human Movement Res Lab, Bauru, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2016/10029-4

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-19 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Background and Study Aim: Judo has been characterized as a high-intensity intermittent combat sport. The study's purpose is answer the question whether Special Judo Fitness Test (SET) variables are capable of discriminate young judo athlete's performance at different ages, and comparing the test with metabolic indicators and energy contribution. Material and Methods: Twenty-seven athletes were divided according to their ages: 10 to 12 years (G(10-12)), 13 to 14 years (G(13-1)(4)), 15 to 17 years (G(15-17)), and comparing with a control group (G(>18)). The Athletes were submitted to SJFT, before and immediately after the test, their oxygen consumption and blood lactate samples were collected for estimating energy contributions. The athletes and their parents gave consent for the study's participation Results: No significant differences were observed in the SJFT variables among groups, with the exception of the relative index, founding statistical differences between the G(10-12) with the other groups. Comparing the control group with the groups G(10-12), G(13-14), G(15-17), were found significant differences in the aerobic metabolism, aerobic power and anaerobic variables as lactate peak and anaerobic metabolism, indicating which the groups were physiological differents. Were found significant correlations between SJFT index and both (i) anaerobic alactic contribution for G(15-17) and (ii) anaerobic lactic contribution for G(>18). The test presents anaerobic predominance in the G(>18) and G(15-17), group. Conclusions: For utilization of the SJFT in young athletes we recommend use the relative index is a strategy to discriminating judo athletes of different ages and different physiological characteristics rather the traditional index. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Phys Educ & Sports Ribeirao Preto, Ave Bandeirantes 3900, BR-14040030 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Phys Educ, Rio Claro, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ UFES, Dept Phys Educ, Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Estac Sa, Estac Univ Ctr Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos Inst Phys, Sao Carlos, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Phys Educ, Rio Claro, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ UFES, Dept Phys Educ, Bauru, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 13/15322-3

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:13:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-01 This study aimed to compare the Maximum Accumulated Oxygen Deficit determined by the conventional method (MAOD C) with that determined by the backward extrapolation technique (MAOD EXTR) in runners. Fourteen runners underwent a maximal incremental test for determination of iVO 2MAX, ten submaximal efforts (50-95% of iVO 2MAXfor 7 min). During the submaximal efforts oxygen consumption (VO 2) values were obtained conventionally and through the backward extrapolation technique (~ 3 s after the end of each effort). A supramaximal effort (110% of iVO 2MAX) (tLim C) and five supramaximal bouts (tLim EXTR) were performed. MAOD Cand MAOD EXTRwere determined from the difference between the VO 2accumulated during tLim Cand tLim EXTRand the predicted values. The tLim Cwas lower than tLim EXTR(164.06±36.32 s, 200.23±63.78 s, p

This study aimed to quantify the weekly training load distributions according to match location, opponent standard, and match outcome in professional soccer players. Rate-of-perceived-exertion-based training load (sRPE) and distance- and accelerometry-based measures were monitored daily during 52 training sessions and 11 matches performed by 23 players. Athletes who played &ge, 60 min during non-congested weeks were considered for data analysis. The training days close to away matches (e.g., one day before the match = MD-1) presented greater sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work (player load) compared to the training days close to home matches (p = 0.001&minus, 0.002, effect size (ES) = medium&minus, large). The most distant days of the home matches (e.g., five days before the match = MD-5) presented higher internal and external loads than before away matches (p = 0.002&minus, 0.003, ES = medium). Higher sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work were found during the middle of the week (e.g., three days before the match, MD-3) before playing against bottom vs. medium-ranking teams (p = 0.001&minus, 0.01, ES = small&minus, medium). These metrics were lower in MD-5 before matches against bottom vs. medium-ranking opponents (p = 0.001, ES = medium). Higher values of all external load measures were observed during the training session before winning matches (MD-1) compared to a draw or loss (p &lt, 0.001&minus, 0.001, ES = medium&minus, large). In conclusion, the training load distribution throughout the week varied considerably according to match-contextual factors.

Due to the controversy about the sensitive of lactate minimum intensity (LMI) to training and the need to develop other tool for aerobic fitness evaluation, the purpose of this study was to analyze the sensitivity of glucose minimum intensity (GMI) and LMI to endurance training. Eight trained male cyclists (21.4 ± 1.9 years, 67.6 ± 7.5 kg and 1.72 ± 0.10 m) were evaluated twice, before and after 12 weeks of training. GMI and LMI were calculated, respectively, by the lowest blood glucose and lactate values attained during an incremental test performed after a hyperlactemia induction, and VO2max was determined during standard incremental effort. The training was prescribed in three different zones and controlled by heart rate (HR). The training distribution was equivalent to 59.7%, 25.0% and 15.3% below, at and above anaerobic threshold HR respectively. The anaerobic threshold evaluated by GMI and LMI improvement 9.89 ± 4.35% and 10.28 ± 9.89 respectively, after training, but the VO2max 2.52 ± 1.81%. No differences were found between GMI and LMI in pre (218.2 ± 22.1 vs 215.0 ± 18.6 W) and post (240.6 ± 22.9 vs 237.5 ± 18.8 W) training situations. LMI and GMI were sensitive to 12-week aerobic training in cyclist; thus, both protocols can be used to assess aerobic adaptation, athletes diagnostic and prescribe training.

To allow the use of the 3-min all-out parameters for anaerobic evaluation, the aim of the present study was to test its relationships to maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and short/middle distance performances. 9 swimmers (age 19±1 years, height 176.7±6.1 cm and body mass 68.7±6.1 kg) underwent a 3-min all-out test and MAOD procedures (10 submaximal efforts and one exhaustive effort at maximal force attained during a graded exercise test); both were applied using tethered swimming conditions. Short/middle free-swimming performances were assessed at 50, 100 and 200 m distances. Only the peak force (PF) attained during 3-min all-out test exhibited a direct relationship to MAOD (r=0.77; p=0.02). Mean force, mean force until 150 s and total impulse, which were obtained during the 3-min all-out test, exhibited inverse relationship to short/middle performances (r>-0.79; p -0.72; p

Summary Objective Both 400 m peak oxygen consumption (VO2Peak) calculated using the backward extrapolation technique, and mean 400 m speed are used in swimming for training prescription. However, no comparison has been made between these variables observed after a 400 m effort and a free swimming incremental test, when both are performed unimpeded (without snorkel; enhancing its feasibility). Thus, we aimed to determine whether VO2Peak and its speed elicited after an incremental test may be interchangeable with these variables observed after a maximal 400 m effort. Methods Nine swimmers underwent a maximal 400 m effort, and an incremental test consisting of six 200m-stages. After the 400 m effort, and each stage of the incremental test, oxygen consumption was assessed through the backward extrapolation technique. The Student's t-test and Pearson correlation were adopted to analyze the results. Agreement analysis was also performed. Results No significant difference (P = 0.21) was observed between the VO2Peak after the 400 m effort (3.86 ± 0.85 L/min) and the incremental test (4.09 ± 0.93 L/min). A strong correlation was observed between then (r = 0.85; P Conclusion VO2Peak and its relative speed might be used interchangeable with caution. The equation found in our study needs to be confirmed and improved on a larger population but it suggests the possibility for coaches to apply a correction to the mean speed of a 400 m swimming effort for training prescription.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:45:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-04-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Purpose: This study aimed to verify the influence of chronological age on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and the correlations with maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2PEAK ) and intensity (vVO 2PEAK ). Methods: Thirty-one male athletes underwent an incremental exercise test involving 10 submaximal efforts (50–95% of velocity corresponding to VO 2PEAK [vVO 2PEAK ]) and one supramaximal effort at 110% of vVO 2PEAK to determine MAOD. We analyzed a combined group (n = 31) and two groups according to age (G1 = 15.5 ± 0.5; G2 = 36.0 ± 7.9 years). Results: The values of absolute VO 2PEAK (4.3 ± 0.4 L·min −1 ) and vVO 2PEAK (15.9 ± 1.7 km·h −1 ) were higher in G2 than those in G1 (3.5 ± 0.3 L·min −1 ; 14.6 ± 0.9 km·h −1 ). Individuals in G1 had absolute and relative values of MAOD (2.4 ± 0.7 L; 35.1 ± 11.1 mL·kg −1 ) lower than those in G2 (3.9 ± 0.9 L; 46.8 ± 10.9 mL·kg −1 ). Correlations between MAOD and performance during the experimental protocol were tested; VO 2PEAK and vVO 2PEAK yielded correlations with performance (n = 31; r = 0.56; r = 0.60). Moreover, when corrected for chronological age, we detected correlations between absolute and relative values of MAOD and VO 2PEAK (r = 0.42; r = 0.61) and vVO 2PEAK (r = 0.43; r = 0.56). Conclusions: The MAOD is influenced by chronological age and is related to VO 2PEAK and vVO 2PEAK independent of age. Physical Education Department Bioscience Institute São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Physiotherapy Department Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo (USP) Physical Education Department Federal University of Pernambuco University of São Paulo School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre Physical Education Department Bioscience Institute São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” FAPESP: 10/08761-2 FAPESP: 13/15322-3

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:04:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Background: Prescription of exercise training in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a challenge in clinical practice. The heart rate deflection point (HRDP) is an option to reduce costs, reflects the anaerobic threshold and it is noninvasive; however its applicability in COPD is still unknown. Aim: To compare HRDP with gas exchange threshold values (GET) in subjects with COPD. Methods: Thirty-one subjects were evaluated in this cross-sectional study, diagnosed with COPD. The subjects performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to determine the GET, peak oxygen consumption (VO 2PEAK ), speed corresponding to VO 2PEAK (sVO 2PEAK ), and peak values of heart rate (HR PEAK ). To determine HRDP the heart rate values observed were plotted as a function of intensity. Results: The HRDP was visible in 96.77% of subjects. There was no difference between HRDP and GET (p = 0.07) and a moderate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.74 [0.52–0.87] and high limits of agreements were presented (±1.1 km·h −1 ). Conclusion: The HRDP cannot be used to determine the limits between the physiological domains of these subjects. Thus, although significant correlation was found between HRDP and GET, their application for training prescription and monitoring in subjects with COPD proved to be limited. Department of Physical Therapy Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Performance University of São Paulo Department of Physical Education Federal University of Pernambuco Department of Physical Therapy Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of aerobic and combined training on the body composition and lipid profile of obese postmenopausal women and to analyze which of these models is more effective after equalizing the training load. Sixty-five postmenopausal women (age = 61.0 ± 6.3 years) were divided into 3 groups: aerobic training (AT, n = 15), combined training (CT [strength + aerobic], n = 32), and control group (CG, n = 18). Their body composition upper body fat (TF), fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The lipid profile, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed. There was a statistically significant difference in the TF (AT = -4.4%, CT = -4.4%, and CG = 1.0%, p = 0.001) and FFM (AT = 1.7%, CT = 2.6%, and CG = -1.4%, p = 0.0001) between the experimental and the control groups. Regarding the percentage of body fat, there was a statistically significant difference only between the CT and CG groups (AT = -2.8%, CT = -3.9%, and CG = 0.31%; p = 0.004). When training loads were equalized, the aerobic and combined training decreased core fat and increased FFM, but only the combined training potentiated a reduction in percentage of body fat in obese postmenopausal women after the training program. High-density lipoprotein-c levels increased in the combined group, and the chol/HDL ratio (atherogenic index) decreased in the aerobic group; however, there were no significant differences between the intervention programs. Taken together, both the exercise training programs were effective for improving body composition and inducing an antiatherogenic status.

Our aims were to compare physiological parameters from the laboratory environment (LaB) and simulated goalball games (GaM), test relationships between physiological parameters in the laboratory and game technical performance (GTP), and examine the associations between physiological and technical responses during games. Seven elite athletes from the Brazilian National Team performed in LaB environment; (i) an incremental test to determine peak oxygen consumption (O2PEAK), its corresponding speed, and peak blood lactate concentration and (ii) submaximal and supramaximal efforts to estimate maximal anaerobic contribution (AnC). In GaM condition, simulated games were also performed to determine physiological responses throughout the game, and to analyze the GTP (number of throws, defenses, recovery, and density of actions). No correlations (unclear) were found between laboratory and games analyses for O2PEAK [47.3 (17.2) vs. 25.8 (18.2) mL⋅Kg-1⋅min-1], peak blood lactate concentrations [10.2 (5.4) vs. 2.0 (0.7) mM], and total AnC [21.0 (14.0) vs. 4.8 (6.1) mL Kg-1]. O2PEAK in the laboratory condition presented very likely correlations with throw and recovery frequency in games (r = -0.87 and confidence interval [CI] = 0.41; r = -0.90 and CI = 0.35; respectively). Oxygen consumption remained above baseline while blood lactate concentration remained unchanged during the games. The very likely correlation between anaerobic alactic contribution and action density (r = 0.95 and CI = 0.25) highlights the importance of the alactic metabolism. In general, our study demonstrates that goalball can be characterized as a high-intensity intermittent effort, where athlete performance is based on aerobic metabolism predominance while determinant actions are supplied by the anaerobic alactic metabolism. Specifically, higher values of LaB vs. GaM highlighted the need for standardization of specific protocols for goalball evaluation, mainly for the reproduction of ecologically valid values. In addition, O2PEAK correlated with recovery frequency in the LaB condition, demonstrating that passive or low-intensity recovery between actions is fundamental to maintain performance.

Purpose: To test the reliability and validity of tethered swimming lactate minimum test in young swimmers. Methods: Lactate minimum test was performed twice to test the reliability (experiment 1; n = 13). In addition, the validity was investigated through lactate minimum test relationships with tethered swimming lactate threshold and peak force obtained during graded exercise test (experiment 2; n = 11). Finally, the correlations with mean speeds observed during 200-m (s200m) and 30-minute continuous efforts (s30min) were also analyzed (experiment 3; n = 15). In all experiments, the lactate minimum test began with 3-minute all-out effort to induce lactatemia, followed by an exhaustive graded exercise test. Results: The lactate minimum intensity and mean force during the entire 3-minute all-out effort (MF) showed high reliability (coefficient of variation .93). The lactate minimum intensity was not different compared with lactate threshold (P = .22), presenting high correlations (r = .92) and agreement (95% limits of agreement = ±7.9 N). The mean force during the entire 3-minute all-out effort was similar to peak force obtained during graded exercise test (P = .41), presenting significant correlations (r = .88) and high indices of agreement (95% limits of agreement = ±11.3 N). In addition, lactate minimum test parameters correlated both with mean speeds observed during 200-m (r > .74) and 30-minute continuous efforts (r > .70). Conclusion: Thus, tethered swimming lactate minimum test can be used for training recommendations and to monitor aerobic adaptations in young swimmers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the running anaerobic sprint test (RAST) as a predictor of anaerobic capacity, compare it to the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and to compare the RAST's parameters with the parameters of 30-s all-out tethered running on a treadmill. 39 (17.0±1.4 years) soccer players participated in this study. The participants underwent an incremental test, 10 submaximal efforts [50-95% of velocity correspondent to VO(2MAX) (vVO(2MAX))] and one supramaximal effort at 110% of vVO(2MAX) for the determination of MAOD. Furthermore, the athletes performed the RAST. In the second stage the 30-s all-out tethered running was performed on a treadmill (30-s all-out), and compared with RAST. No significant correlation was observed between MAOD and RAST parameters. However, significant correlations were found between the power of the fifth effort (P5) of RAST with peak and mean power of 30-s all-out (r=0.73 and 0.50; p

Summary Purpose The aim of the present study was to test the reproducibility of critical velocity determined in a non-exhaustive method (CVNE) and its relationship with the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in menopausal women. Methods Nine women (aged 59.8 [4.6] years) were subjected to two efforts, of the same intensity, in each session, lasting 180 s and separated by an interval of 90 s. The blood lactate ([Lac]) and heart rate (HR) differences (Delta; Δ) between the first and second sessions were determined. The session intensities corresponded to 4, 5 and 6 km.h−1. The CVNE was assumed to be the Y-intercept between the Δs and the intensities. Results The CVNE, determined through the [Lac] (test = 5.4 ± 0.7; retest = 5.0 ± 0.6) and HR (test = 4.8 ± 0.4; retest = 4.9 ± 0.5), was not significantly different between the conditions. However, no correlation was observed between test and retest situations for the CVNE determined through the [Lac] (r = 0.29) or the HR (r = –0.16). Furthermore, CVNE determined through both variables significantly underestimated and was not correlated with MLSS. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that CVNE does not have high reproducibility and cannot be used to estimate the MLSS in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training is an effective and low-cost tool for COPD rehabilitation. Thus, validating a non-exhaustive method to determine a patient9s anaerobic threshold would be a very interesting tool in practical settings. We aimed to test the reproducibility of critical velocity values determined in a non-exhaustive manner (CV NE ) and tolerance for exercise performed at this physiological marker in subjects with COPD. METHODS: Twelve subjects with COPD were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. The study was divided into 2 phases: Phase A consisted of reproducibility of CV NE for subjects with COPD, and Phase B determined the tolerance for exercise tests performed at this physiological marker. RESULTS: The proposed protocol for determining CV NE presented fair reproducibility according to blood lactate concentrations (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.58). However, we cannot consider that the tests were reproducible due to the wide CI (0.03–0.85). Furthermore, moderate and strong correlations were observed between the CV NE determined by lactate concentration, by oxygen consumption (V O 2) (r = 0.66), and by heart rate (r = 0.88). However, a high limit of agreement was observed ±1.45 km/h and ±1.55 km/h, respectively. In the tolerance for exercise test, none of the subjects presented lactate destabilization, whereas 3 tests were interrupted by oxygen saturation decline and 1 test was interrupted by hemodynamic instability. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the subjects presented good tolerance for exercise at CV NE , fair levels of reproducibility were observed in subjects with COPD, even using lactate. Thus, the use of CV NE determined through double 3-min efforts should be considered with caution.

Background The practice of prolonged exercise with high intensity, as seen in triathlon training, can cause physiological imbalances that might result in muscle fatigue, muscle damage and changes in systemic inflammatory response, thus reduce the athletes' physical performance, therefore, both adequate total caloric and macronutrient intake also the use of a specific ergogenic aid, as taurine supplementation would be an alternative to prevent inflammation and muscle damage. In order to verify the effects of 8 weeks of taurine and chocolate milk supplementation, markers of muscle damage, inflammation, and aerobic capacity were quantified in triathletes. Methods A double-blind, crossover, randomized study was conducted with 9 male long-distance triathletes, aged 25-35 years. Supplementation of 3 g of taurine (TAU) or placebo (PLA) associated with 400 mL low fat chocolate milk was performed during an 8-week period. In order to verify the effects of the supplementation protocol markers of muscle damage as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), and inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified, also triathletes' performance was evaluated by exhaust test on a treadmill. Results It was observed a significant increase in taurine and CK plasma levels after TAU supplementation (P=0.02 and P=0.01, respectively). However, LDH concentrations did not differ significantly after the supplementations performed, and there were no changes in physical performance parameters; anaerobic threshold, perceived exertion, heart rate, and the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α. Conclusions Taurine supplementation did not provide benefits on performance and muscle damage in triathletes.

The aims of the present study were 1) to evaluate the effects of 11 weeks of a typical free-swimming training program on aerobic and stroke parameters determined in tethered swimming (Study 1; n=13) and 2) to investigate the responses of tethered swimming efforts, in addition to free-swimming sessions, through 7 weeks of training (Study 2; n=21). In both studies, subjects performed a graded exercise test in tethered swimming (GET) to determine anaerobic threshold (AnT), stroke rate at AnT (SRAnT), peak force at GET (PFGET) and peak blood lactate ([La-]GET). Participants also swam 100-, 200- and 400-m lengths to evaluate performance. In Study 2, swimmers were divided into control (i. e., only free-swimming; GC [n=11]) and tethered swimming group (i. e., 50% of the main session; GTS [n=10]). The results of Study 1 demonstrate that AnT, PFGET, [La-]GET and 200-m performance were improved with free-swimming training. The SRAnT decreased with training. In Study 2, free-swimming performance and most of the graded exercise test parameters were not altered in either group. However, [La-]GET improved only for GTS. These results demonstrate that aerobic parameters obtained in tethered swimming can be used to evaluate free-swimming training responses, and the addition of tethered efforts during training routine improves the lactate production capacity of swimmers.

Background and objective Previous studies have shown a relationship between the level of physical fitness and autonomic variables. However, these relationships have not been investigated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of this study was to correlate the resting heart rate variability (HRV) indexes with aerobic physiological variables obtained at a maximal exercise test in patients with COPD. Methods Thirty-seven patients with COPD (63 (59–70) years; 46 (35.4–63.7) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)%) underwent assessment of autonomic modulation at rest for 20 min to determine the HRV indexes in time and frequency domains. Soon after that, the patients performed an incremental exercise test to determine the anaerobic threshold (GET), the peak oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) and the velocity corresponding to VO2PEAK (vVO2PEAK). Results The indexes that express parasympathetic component as RMSSD (11.4 [7.5–23.8], HF (ms2) (35 [17–195] and SD1 (8.1 [5.3–16.8]), correlated with GET (r = 0.39; r = 0.43; r = 0.39 respectively). The indexes that represent the overall variability, SDNN (19.5 [13.9–28.8]), LF (ms2) (111 [38–229]), and SD2 (26.8 [18.6–35.4]) correlated with vVO2PEAK (r = 0.37; r = 0.38; r = 0.37; r = 0.44; r = 0.43; r = 0.46 respectively). Likewise, the indexes LF (ms2), LF (nu) (63.2 [46–77,9]), HF (nu) (36.8 [22.1–54]), and LF/HF (1.7 [0.9–3.5]) correlated with VO2PEAK (r = 0.35; r = 0.35; r = −0.35; r = 0.40 respectively). Conclusions This study demonstrated that HRV indexes at rest may become a predictive tool for aerobic capacity in COPD patients after the development of more consistent methods.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a possível influência de diferentes níveis de aptidão aeróbia (VO2MAX) sobre os parâmetros do running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Para isso, 38 indivíduos (Idade = 18,1±2,5 anos, Estatura = 173±1 cm e Massa corporal = 65,1±6,5 kg) foram classificados em dois grupos, baixa e elevada aptidão aeróbias (GBA: n=22 e GEA: n=16). O VO2MAX foi determinado por um esforço incremental em esteira rolante até a exaustão voluntária. O RAST foi composto de seis esforços máximos de 35m separados por 10s de intervalo passivo. O VO2MAX foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (GBA = 51,7±1,9 mL.kg-1.min-1; GEA = 58,6±3,1 mL.kg-1.min-1). A potência média (PM) foi significativamente superior no grupo GBA (552,7±132,1 W) em relação ao grupo GEA (463,6±132,8 W). O impulso (ImP) foi significativamente correlacionado com o VO2MAX no GEA. Pode-se concluir que há um indicativo que o metabolismo aeróbio exerce uma influência na realização do RAST. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of different levels of aerobic fitness (VO2MAX) on the parameters of the running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Thirty-eight subjects (Age = 18.1 ± 2.5 years, Height = 173 ± 1 cm and Body mass = 65.1 ± 6.5 kg) were classified into two groups, low and high aerobic fitness (LAF: n = 22 and HAF: n = 16). The VO2MAX was determined by an incremental exercise performed until exhaustion. The RAST was composed of six maximal efforts of 35m separated by 10s passive recovery. The VO2MAX was significantly different between groups (LAF = 51.7 ± 1.9 mL.kg-1.min-1; HAF = 58.6 ± 3.1 mL.kg-1.min-1). The mean power (MP) was significantly higher in the LAF (552.7 ± 132.1 W) in relation to the HAF group (463.6 ± 132.8 W). The impulse (ImP) was significantly correlated with the VO2MAX in HAF. It can be concluded that there is an indication that the aerobic metabolism exerts an influence on the completion of RAST. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la posible influencia de los diferentes niveles de aptitud aeróbica (VO2MAX) en los parámetros del running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Trinta y ocho pacientes (edad = 18,1 ± 2,5 años, altura = 173 ± 1 cm y masa corporal = 65,1 ± 6,5 kg) fueron clasificados en dos grupos, de baja y alta potência aeróbica (BPA: n = 22 y APA: n = 16). El VO2MAX se determinó mediante un test de ejercicio progresivo realizado hasta el agotamiento. El RAST se compone de seis esfuerzos máximos de 35m separadas por 10s de recuperación pasiva. El VO2MAX fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos (BPA = 51,7 ± 1,9 mL.kg-1.min-1; APA = 58,6 ± 3,1 mL.kg¹.min-1). La potencia media (MP) fue significativamente mayor en el BPA (552.7 ± 132.1 W) en relación con el grupo APA (463.6 ± 132.8 W). El impulso (ImP) se correlacionó significativamente con el VO2MAX en APA. Se puede concluir que no hay una indicación de que el metabolismo aeróbico ejerce una influencia sobre la finalización de RAST.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-03T13:11:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-01-01Bitstream added on 2014-12-03T13:22:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1980-65742013000200008.pdf: 176535 bytes, checksum: 327e40e71ac08f078f20af68bbb28c47 (MD5) O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as possíveis correlações entre parâmetros provenientes de um esforço intermitente de alta intensidade (RAST) e variáveis relacionadas ao metabolismo aeróbio (limiar anaeróbio; LAN, consumo máximo de oxigênio;VO2MAX e intensidade correspondente ao VO2MAX;iVO2MAX). Oito jogadores de futebol (16±1 anos) participaram do estudo. Os atletas foram submetidos a um teste progressivo para a determinação dos índices aeróbios e a seis esforços máximos de 35m separados por 10s de recuperação (RAST). As variáveis do RAST não foram correlacionadas ao VO2MAX e ao LAN. Entretanto, as potência média absoluta e relativa ao peso corporal, apresentaram correlações significativas com a iVO2MAX (r=0,79 e r= 0,85, respectivamente). O índice de fadiga e a potência pico relativa também foram significativamente correlacionados com a iVO2MAX (r=-0,57 e r=0,73, respectivamente). Pode-se concluir que em esforços como o RAST, com breves períodos de recuperação, a única variável aeróbia correlacionada ao desempenho foi a iVO2MAX The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between intermittent high-intensity efforts (RAST) parameters and variables related to aerobic metabolism (anaerobic threshold; LAN, maximal oxygen uptake; VO2MAX and velocity correspondent to VO2MAX; iVO(2MAX)). Eight under-17 (U17) soccer players (16 +/- 1 years) participated in the study. The participants were submitted to a graded exercise test and six maximal sprints of 35m with 10 seconds of passive recovery between each effort (RAST). The RAST parameters were not significant correlated with VO2MAX and LAN. However absolute and relative mean power were significantly correlated with iVO(2MAX) (r=0.79 e r=0.85, respectively). Furthermore, the fatigue index and the relative peak power were significantly correlated with the iVO(2MAX) (r=-0,57 e r=0,73, respectively). In conclusion, the only aerobic variable correlated with performance in consecutive efforts with brief recovery periods, such as RAST, is iVO(2MAX). UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, Dept Fisioterapia, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Educ Fis, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Ponta Grossa, Dept Educ Fis, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias, Dept Educ Fis, Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Educ Fis & Esportes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, Dept Fisioterapia, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Educ Fis, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias, Dept Educ Fis, Bauru, SP, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: O Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) tem sido considerado um teste válido para avaliação anaeróbia. Entretanto, como a superfície e o calçado podem afetar alguns parâmetros mensurados durante o exercício, isso pode modificar os parâmetros do RAST. OBJETIVO: Comparar as variáveis do RAST mensuradas utilizando chuteiras na grama (RAST CG) e tênis na pista (RAST TP). MÉTODOS: Oito jogadores de futebol (da categoria sub-17) participaram do estudo. Os participantes realizaram dois RAST (intervalo > 24 h). O RAST consistiu em seis corridas máximas de 35m com 10s de intervalo passivo entre cada corrida. O tempo de cada esforço foi registrado para determinação da potência pico (PP), potência média (PM) e índice de fadiga (IF). Após o sexto esforço, amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas para determinação da lactacidemia ([Lac]). RESULTADOS: Durante o RAST TP, a PP (763,1 ± 87,2 W) e PM (621,6 ± 68,1 W) foram significativamente superiores às PP e PM mensuradas em RAST CG (PP = 667,3 ± 67,0 W e PM = 555,9 ± 74,7 W), enquanto que as [Lac] observadas em RAST TP (7,3 ± 1,8 mmol.L-1) foram significativamente inferiores às mensuradas em RAST CG (9,9 ± 3,2 mmol.L-1). No entanto, o IF não foi significativamente diferente (RAST TP = 32,5 ± 8,3%; RAST CG = 34,1 ± 6,6%). Significativas correlações foram observadas entre as PM (r = 0,90) e as [Lac] (r = 0,72). CONCLUSÃO: Podemos concluir que as variáveis do RAST são influenciadas pela superfície e calçado utilizados, com valores superiores observados em RAST TP.INTRODUCTION: Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) has been considered a valid test for anaerobic evaluation. However, since the floor surfaces and footwear can affect some outcomes measured during exercise, this also can modify the RAST outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Was to compare the RAST outcomes measured using soccer cleats on grass (RAST SCG) and using shoes on the track (RAST ST). METHODS: Eight young male soccer players (under-17 category; 16±1 years) participated in the study. The subjects performed two RAST on different days (recovery > 24h). The RAST test consisted of six 35-meter maximal running performance with a 10-second recovery between each run. Running time during each effort was recorded to determine peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI); and blood samples were collected after each test to determine lactatemia ([Lac]). RESULTS: PP (763.1 ± 87.2 W) and MP (621.6 ± 68.1 W) were higher in RAST ST than RAST SCG (PP = 667.3 ± 67.0 W e PM = 555.9 ± 74.7 W), while [Lac] measured during RAST ST (7.3 ± 1.8 mmol.L-1) was lower than the one measured in RAST SCG (9.9 ± 3.2 mmol.L-1). However, the FI did not statistically differ (RAST ST = 32.5 ± 8.3%; RAST SCG = 34.1 ± 6.6%). Significant correlations were observed between MP values (r = 0.90) and [Lac] values (r = 0.72). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the RAST variables are affected by floor surface and footwear, with higher values being observed during RAST ST condition

BACKGROUND Critical power model can be performed in tethered swimming (i.e. critical force model). Although critical force can be used to prescribe aerobic training, its determination depends on at least three exhaustive efforts in altered days. In this context, previously studies have demonstrate that critical power model can be estimated by a single 3-min all-out test (3MT), which was not investigated in swimming yet. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the parameters obtained during the tethered swimming 3MT to those obtained during the traditional critical force model. METHODS Seven swimmers (four female and three male) underwent a tethered swimming 3MT and three exhaustive efforts to determine the traditional critical force parameters (i.e. critical force [CF] and anaerobic impulse capacity [AIC]). RESULTS The critical force (CF3-MIN) and force-time integral above the CF3-MIN (AIC3-MIN) determined during the tethered 3MT were not different to CF and AIC, respectively (P value >0.55). However, these parameters were not correlated (P value >0.45). In addition, we verified large limits of agreement between CF3MIN and CF (±19.7 N), which was also observed between AIC3MIN and AIC (±0.84 Log[N·min]). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that tethered 3MTs should not be used to predict traditional critical force parameters, at least when the swimmers are inexperienced in long tethered all-out efforts.

This study aimed to test the reproducibility of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) values and VO 2 -intensity relationship parameters as measured during tethered swimming. 9 swimmers performed an incremental test to determine the maximal aerobic force (MAF), 6 submaximal efforts to develop VO 2 -intensity relationship, and an exhaustive effort to determine MAOD. The tests were performed twice. The reproducibility of the measurements was tested using intraclass correlation (ICC), typical error (TE) and coefficient of variation (CV). High levels of reproducibility were observed for MAF (TE=2.6 N; CV=4.3%; ICC=0.98) and VO 2 -intensity relationship parameters, as intercept (TE=0.01 L.min −1 ; CV=11.4%; ICC=0.97), slope (TE=0.002 L.min −1 .N −1 ; CV=3.1%; ICC=0.97) and coefficient of determination (TE=0.02; CV=1.8%; ICC=0.47). The MAOD values measured during the test (2.9±1.1 L and 45.3±14.0 mL.Kg −1 ) and retests (2.9±1.1 L and 45.2±12.6 mL.Kg −1 ) were highly correlated (absolute values: ICC=0.93; relative to body mass values: ICC=0.89) and presented low values of TE (0.3 L and 4.3 mL.Kg −1 ) and CV (9.5% for absolute and 9.6% for relative to body mass values). Thus, we demonstrated the potential use of tethered swimming to assess anaerobic capacity in an aquatic environment.

Objective: HIV infection is exacerbated through additional pro-atherogenic mechanisms related to the processes of immune activation, inflammation, coagulation, and the modification of lipoproteins (e.g., particles of high density lipoprotein), contributing to increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and other laboratory parameters in HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral drugs compared to non-infected individuals. Materials/Methods: The study included 154 volunteers: 47 non-infected individuals (control group - CON), 27 infected and untreated individuals (NTARV group) and 80 treated individuals (TARV group). We analyzed the counts of CD4+ lymphocytes and the viral load of the infected patients, along with the blood count, fasting glucose, total serum cholesterol (CHOL), HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, MPO and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) of all study participants. Results: There were significant increases in glucose, CHOL, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in the TARV group and significant reductions in the levels of HDL cholesterol for the TARV and NTARV groups. Significantly elevated levels of Hs-CRP were observed only in the TARV group, while levels of MPO were significantly higher in the TARV and NTARV groups compared to the control group. A correlation of MPO with Hs-CRP (r = 0.21, p = 0.032) was observed for HIV-infected patients, but MPO did not correlate significantly with the other analyzed parameters. Conclusions: The investigation of early biomarkers for cardiovascular risk evaluation, such as MPO, contributes to the clinical monitoring of HIV-infected individuals. The serum levels of MPO correlated with Hs-CRP and were high in HIV-infected individuals, indicating a possible predictor of cardiovascular events in these patients.