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The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to assess how foot posture and morphology assessments change according to body mass index (BMI) status; (2) to determine which body composition parameter (BMI or waist circumference) correlates better with the foot posture index (FPI), arch height index (AHI), and midfoot width (MFW) in children. Foot morphometry (FPI, AHI, and MFW) and body composition (BMI and waist circumference (WC)) were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 575 children (mean age = 7.42 ± 1.67 years; 53.27% female). When comparing BMI groups, an increase of 8.3% in AHI and 13.6% in MFW (both p Conclusion: Foot morphology assessed by FPI, AHI, and MFW differs among BMI categories in children. Noteworthy, WC correlates better with foot measures than does the more commonly used BMI, and more importantly the MFW is the foot measure best explained by children’s body weight. Since foot morphometry is different among different BMI groups, children would benefit from shoes with different patterns (thinner and wider), as well as a good system to adjust midfoot height. What is Known:• Children who are overweight and obese have flatter feet, when assessed using footprints.• Up to 72% of people have incorrectly fitted shoes. What is New:• Children with underweight have thinner and flatter feet than children with normal weight, while children with overweight and obesity have wider and higher arched feet.• Body weight is related to foot shape, which has relevance for footwear manufacturers.

This study aimed to determine the influence of arch stiffness on running spatiotemporal parameters at a common speed for a wide range of endurance runners (i.e., 12 km.h−1). In total, 97 runners, 52 men and 45 women, completed a treadmill running protocol at 12 km.h−1. Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system, and foot structure was assessed by determining arch stiffness. Since between-sex differences were found in anthropometric and foot structure variables, data analysis was conducted separately for men and women, and body mass and height were considered as covariates. For both sexes, a k-means cluster analysis grouped participants according to arch stiffness, by obtaining a group of low-arch stiffness (LAS group) and a group of high-arch stiffness (HAS group), with significant differences in arch stiffness (p &lt, 0.001, for both men and women). No significant differences between LAS and HAS groups were found in running spatiotemporal parameters, regardless of sex (p ≥ 0.05). For both sexes, the partial correlation analysis reported no significant correlations (p ≥ 0.05) between foot structure variables and running spatiotemporal parameters. The results obtained show no differences in spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running at submaximal velocity between runners with low-arch stiffness and those with high-arch stiffness, regardless of sex. These findings may have important implications for clinicians and coaches by adding more evidence to the debate about the use of static foot classification measures when characterizing the foot and its biomechanics during running.

BACKGROUND Accurate quantification of pain in a clinical setting is vital. The use of an electronic pain scale enables data to be collected, analyzed, and utilized much faster compared with traditional paper-based scales. The advancement of smart technology in pediatric and adult pain evaluation may offer opportunities to introduce easy-to-use and reliable pain assessment methods within different clinical settings. If promptly introduced within different pediatric and adult pain clinic services, validated and easily accessible mobile health pain apps may lead to early pain detection, promoting improvement in patient’s quality of life and leading to potentially less time off from school or work. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional observational study aimed to investigate the interchangeability of an electronic visual analog scale (eVAS) app with a traditional paper visual analog scale (pVAS) among Australian children, adolescents, and adults for pain evaluation. METHODS Healthy participants (age range 10-75 years) were recruited from a sporting club and a secondary school in Melbourne (Australia). The data collection process involved application of pressure (8.5 kg/cm2) from a Wagner Force Dial FDK 20 to the midpoint of the thumb. The pressure was applied twice with a 5-minute interval. At each pressure application, participants were asked to randomly record their pain perception using the “eVAS” accessible via the “Interactive Clinics” app and the traditional pVAS. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine intermethod and intramethod reliabilities. RESULTS Overall, 109 healthy participants were recruited. Adults (mean age 42.43 years, SD 14.50 years) had excellent reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.96). Children and adolescents (mean age 13.91 years, SD 2.89 years) had moderate-to-good intermethod and intramethod reliabilities, with an ICC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.70-0.87) and average ICC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.69-0.87), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The eVAS app appears to be interchangeable compared with the traditional pVAS among children, adolescents, and adults. This pain evaluation method may offer new opportunities to introduce user-friendly and validated pain assessment apps for patients, clinicians, and allied health professionals.

Resumen Introduccion A partir del estudio de las variables cinematicas relacionadas con la carrera podemos obtener informacion util que nos permita optimizar el rendimiento y prevenir las lesiones. Parece existir cierto grado de interrelacion entre algunas de estas variables y el tipo de pie. Entre las diversas metodologias para la clasificacion estatica del pie destaca por su simplicidad el indice de postura del pie. Objetivos El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la relacion existente entre el indice de postura del pie y diversos parametros temporales de la cinematica de la carrera. Los objetivos secundarios son valorar si los km/semana practicados y el indice de masa corporal influyen sobre estos parametros. Material y metodos Estudio piloto sobre 25 sujetos (15 hombres y 10 mujeres) (edad 28 ± 9,1 anos; peso 67 ± 13,3 kg; altura 1,69 ± 0,08 m; IMC 23,2 ± 3,2 kg/m 2 ) en el que se analizaron el indice de postura del pie, el kilometraje semanal de entrenamiento, su indice de masa corporal y parametros relacionados con la cinematica de la carrera (tiempo de apoyo, tiempo de vuelo, tiempo de zancada y frecuencia de zancada). Todas las valoraciones fueron realizadas sobre tapiz rodante a una velocidad de 2,43 m/s. Las grabaciones se realizaron con una camara situada lateralmente y a una frecuencia de 480 Hz. Las variables cinematicas fueron valoradas con el programa KINOVEA®. Resultados De las diferentes variables analizadas solo el tiempo de vuelo (t = 2,689; p = 0,013) y la frecuencia de zancada (t = -2,249; p = 0,034) mostraron diferencias significativas en relacion con el volumen semanal de entrenamiento. El resto de variables analizadas no mostraron diferencias significativas (p Conclusiones Para la muestra analizada el indice de postura del pie no se relaciona de manera significativa con los parametros cinematicos de la carrera estudiados. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que de las diferentes variables analizadas solo el tiempo de vuelo y la frecuencia de zancada parecen estar influenciadas de forma significativa por el volumen de entrenamiento semanal.

Background Accurate quantification of pain in a clinical setting is vital. The use of an electronic pain scale enables data to be collected, analyzed, and utilized much faster compared with traditional paper-based scales. The advancement of smart technology in pediatric and adult pain evaluation may offer opportunities to introduce easy-to-use and reliable pain assessment methods within different clinical settings. If promptly introduced within different pediatric and adult pain clinic services, validated and easily accessible mobile health pain apps may lead to early pain detection, promoting improvement in patient’s quality of life and leading to potentially less time off from school or work. Objective This cross-sectional observational study aimed to investigate the interchangeability of an electronic visual analog scale (eVAS) app with a traditional paper visual analog scale (pVAS) among Australian children, adolescents, and adults for pain evaluation. Methods Healthy participants (age range 10-75 years) were recruited from a sporting club and a secondary school in Melbourne (Australia). The data collection process involved application of pressure (8.5 kg/cm2) from a Wagner Force Dial FDK 20 to the midpoint of the thumb. The pressure was applied twice with a 5-minute interval. At each pressure application, participants were asked to randomly record their pain perception using the “eVAS” accessible via the “Interactive Clinics” app and the traditional pVAS. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine intermethod and intramethod reliabilities. Results Overall, 109 healthy participants were recruited. Adults (mean age 42.43 years, SD 14.50 years) had excellent reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.96). Children and adolescents (mean age 13.91 years, SD 2.89 years) had moderate-to-good intermethod and intramethod reliabilities, with an ICC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.70-0.87) and average ICC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.69-0.87), respectively. Conclusions The eVAS app appears to be interchangeable compared with the traditional pVAS among children, adolescents, and adults. This pain evaluation method may offer new opportunities to introduce user-friendly and validated pain assessment apps for patients, clinicians, and allied health professionals.

BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of pain is required to improve its management and in research. The visual analog scale (VAS) on paper format has been shown to be an accurate, valid, reliable, and reproducible way to measure pain intensity. However, some limitations should be considered, some of which can be implemented with the introduction of an electronic VAS version, suitable to be used both in a tablet and a smartphone. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to validate a new method of recording pain level by comparing the traditional paper VAS with the pain level module on the newly designed Interactive Clinics app. METHODS A prospective observational cross-sectional study was designed. The sample consisted of 102 participants aged 18 to 65 years. A Force Dial FDK 20 algometer (Wagner Instruments) was employed to induce mild pressure symptoms on the participants’ thumbs. Pain was measured using a paper VAS (10 cm line) and the app. RESULTS Intermethod reliability estimated by ICC(3,1) was 0.86 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.81 to 0.90, indicating good reliability. Intramethod reliability estimated by ICCa(3,1) was 0.86 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.81 to 0.90, also indicating good reliability. Bland-Altman analysis showed a difference of 0.175 (0.49), and limits of agreement ranged from –0.79 to 1.14. CONCLUSIONS The pain level module on the app is highly reliable and interchangeable with the paper VAS version. This tool could potentially help clinicians and researchers precisely assess pain in a simple, economic way with the use of a ubiquitous technology.

espanolIntroduccion: La entorsis de tobillo es la lesion musculoesqueletica mas comun en personas que practican actividades fisicas deportivas y de ocio. El objetivo principal de esta revision de la literatura es enumerar las maniobras clinicas de interes para el diagnostico de la entorsis de tobillo. Material y metodos: Busqueda bibliografica en cuatro bases de datos (PubMed, Cochrane, Dialnet y Medline). Se tuvieron en cuenta los estudios de los ultimos 10 anos (desde 2008 hasta 2018) que hablaran de maniobras clinicas y pruebas funcionales. Los terminos de busqueda fueron: “Ankle Sprain“, “clinical test“, “instability“, “biomechanics“ y “treatment“. Resultados: Se revisaron un total de 16 articulos a texto completo. Las maniobras clinicas son fiables a la hora de diagnosticar cada tipo de lesion, pudiendo anadir alguna prueba complementaria especifica si fuera necesario. Discusion: La entorsis de tobillo es una lesion muy extensa y que necesita un tratamiento prolongado. Las maniobras clinicas son utiles para valorar el diagnostico de las estructuras afectadas de la entorsis de tobillo. EnglishIntroduction: Ankle sprains are among the most frequent musculoskeletal injuries in people who partake in sporting and leisure activities. The primary objective of this systematic review is to describe the clinical tests used in the evaluation of ankle sprains. Material and methods: Four databases were used to carry out a bibliography search (PubMed, Cochrane, Dialnet y Medline). Studies from the previous 10 years, which dealt with clinical and functional tests, were taken into account. The following search terms were used; ‘Ankle Sprain’, ‘clinical test’, ‘instability’, ‘biomechanics’ and ‘treatment’. Results: There were reviewed 16 full-text articles. The clinical practices are reliable when diagnosing each type of injury, and allow for the addition of specific complementary tests if necessary. Discussion: The clinical tests are useful when assessing the diagnosis of the affected structures in ankle sprains. The experience and the technique of the clinician and the design of a standardized protocol are essential for the reliability.

An accurate measurement of pain is required to improve its management and research. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) on paper format has been shown to be an accurate, valid, reliable and reproducible way to measure pain. However, a few limitations should be considered, some of which can be minimised by replacing the traditional paper version with an electronic version. This study aims to explore new methods of recording pain by comparing the paper VAS with an electronic VAS (eVAS) using the ‘Pain’ Module included in a health App called ‘Interactive Clinics’. A prospective observational cross-sectional studyis proposed. A Force Dial is employed to induce mild pressure symptoms at the participants’ thumbs. Pain is measured using a VAS in paper (10 cm. line) and eVAS. Two statistical approaches are used to evaluate the agreement between the two methods: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis and an exploratory Bland - Altman plot analysis.

Clinical rehabilitation and sports performance analysis both require the objectification of movement. Kinovea© is a free 2D motion analysis software that enables the establishment of kinematics parameters. This low-cost technology has been used in sports sciences, as well as clinical field and research work. Although it has been validated as a tool with which to assess time-related variables, this is not yet the case regarding angular and distance variables. The main objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Kinovea software in obtaining angular and distance data at different perspectives of 90°, 75°, 60° and 45°. For this purpose, a figure with 29 points was designed (in AutoCAD) and 24 frames analysed. Each frame was examined by three observers who each made two attempts. For each export data item, 20 angles and 20 distance variables were calculated, with intra- and inter-observer reliability also analysed. To evaluate Kinovea reliability and validity a multiple approach was applied involving the following analysis: -systematic error with a two-way ANOVA 2x4; -relative reliability with ICC and CV (95% confidence interval); -absolute reliability with Standard Error. The results thus obtained indicate that the Kinovea software is a valid and reliable tool that is able to measure accurately at distances up to 5 m from the object and at an angle range of 90°–45°. Nevertheless, for optimum results an angle of 90° is suggested.

Background Accurate measurement of pain is required to improve its management and in research. The visual analog scale (VAS) on paper format has been shown to be an accurate, valid, reliable, and reproducible way to measure pain intensity. However, some limitations should be considered, some of which can be implemented with the introduction of an electronic VAS version, suitable to be used both in a tablet and a smartphone. Objective This study aimed to validate a new method of recording pain level by comparing the traditional paper VAS with the pain level module on the newly designed Interactive Clinics app. Methods A prospective observational cross-sectional study was designed. The sample consisted of 102 participants aged 18 to 65 years. A Force Dial FDK 20 algometer (Wagner Instruments) was employed to induce mild pressure symptoms on the participants’ thumbs. Pain was measured using a paper VAS (10 cm line) and the app. Results Intermethod reliability estimated by ICC(3,1) was 0.86 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.81 to 0.90, indicating good reliability. Intramethod reliability estimated by ICCa(3,1) was 0.86 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.81 to 0.90, also indicating good reliability. Bland-Altman analysis showed a difference of 0.175 (0.49), and limits of agreement ranged from –0.79 to 1.14. Conclusions The pain level module on the app is highly reliable and interchangeable with the paper VAS version. This tool could potentially help clinicians and researchers precisely assess pain in a simple, economic way with the use of a ubiquitous technology.