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Feridas cutâneas lacerantes frequentemente sao observadas na especie equina,onde a perda de massa tecidual e contaminacao impossibilitam o fechamentoprimario, necessitando, portanto, do reparo tecidual por segunda intencao, que porsua vez pode levar a um periodo longo de convalescencia e oneroso, aliado ainda aum potencial de formacao de cicatrizes nao cosmeticas, especialmente em feridasprofundas distais nos membros. Caracteristicas singulares do processo cicatricial naespecie e a aplicacao inadvertida de curativos podem contribuir para este quadro.Avancos na compreensao do processo reparativo foram recentemente obtidos,embora muitos aspectos ainda sejam controversos. Objetiva-se, portanto, fazer umarevisao das importantes consideracoes envolvidas, visando uma maiorcompreensao dos fatores envolvidos na cicatrizacao e opcoes terapeuticas desteprocesso nesta especie.

Background : Cranioschisis is a malformation that occurs during embryological development and results in incomplete closure of the skull, leaving an opening through which the intracranial tissue can project. Meningocele consists of herniation of the meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid through the cranial defect. In cattle, this association usually manifested by the appearance of a floating saccular protrusion of variable size and volume in the frontal or parietal region of the cranium. This manuscript aims to report a case of cranioschisis associated with meningocele and neurological deficit in a newborn calf in the northwestern region of the state of Parana. Case : A 2-day-old crossbred female calf was diagnosed with cranioschisis associated with meningocele in the frontal region of the head. On initial clinical examination, an ovoid mass with floating appearance was observed, extending from the supraorbital curvature of the frontal bone to the end of the nasal bones following the midline. The patient had normal parameters for the species and age and a positive sucking reflex. Neurological examination showed permanent lateral decubitus position, spastic paresis of the thoracic limbs and opisthotonus. Complementary imaging studies, including x-rays and ultrasonography, showed a failure in the frontal bone, approximately 5 cm in diameter. Despite the unfavorable prognosis, surgical reduction was chosen. After drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, excision of the meningeal sac was continuously performed, exposing the subarachnoid space, showing circular failure in the frontal bone with a diameter of 4.5 cm, making it possible to observe part of the right frontal lobe. We opted for occlusion of the bone defect by covering it with the dura mater. Absorbable 0 catgut suture was applied in a simple continuous pattern for coaptation of the meningeal edges. The technique used proved to be viable, but due to lack of therapeutic response and maintenance of the neurological picture, the animal was euthanized three days after surgery. Discussion : The clinical signs of meningocele are generally observed in newborn calves, and the pathology is not reported in aborted animals, which explains the fact that all cases reported in the literature are of calves born at term. Treatment success is variable. In general, it depends on the absence of neurological symptoms, which are invariably linked to morphological alterations in nervous tissue. Thus, animals with neurological symptoms have poor prognosis and may even die spontaneously. In some cases surgical reduction without the use of grafts, as in this report, was successfully performed. The authors reported covering a 7-cm circular gap in the frontal bone thought coaptation of the meningeal edges using a simple continuous pattern of nylon suture, followed by dehorning. In this case, the animal showed no neurological abnormalities and had a good prognosis. We conclude that the surgical treatment of cranioschisis associated with meningocele in bovine species presented in this report had an unfavorable prognosis. As observed in other cases, when the animals have neurological symptoms the prognosis is bleak, probably due to morphological and functional changes of congenital origin in the nervous tissue, as described in the literature. More case studies are needed to elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder in bovines, since the cases described in the literature are not associated with the most commonly reported causes, such as the ingestion of certain plants.

Background : Wounds and lacerations are constant in the clinical routine of horses. The treatment of wounds by the second intention is the most common in the equine clinic; it consists in addition to surgical debridement, the use of allopathic or phytotherapeutic healing. In this context, several phytotherapics used in folk medicine have been used with promising results in the equine species, especially marigold ( Calendula officinalis L.), recognized by the German scientific committee as antiseptic and healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the nonionic cream of Calendula officinalis at 2% in an extensive lacerating wound in an equine. Case : A 6-month-old female Quarter Horse, weighing 160 kg, a lacerating wound in the pectoral region of unknown traumatic origin, was treated in the large animal sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR). Clinical examination revealed an exudative wound in the pectoral region, complicated by the presence of environmental organic matter and myiasis, involving transverse pectoral and descending pectoral muscles, with a large tissue separation and exposure of part of the first sternum. After an initial evaluation, a trichotomy was performed around the wound, removal of myiasis and sanitization of the wound with water and PVP-I, which was filled with sterile dressings and covered with a dressing using a tubular mesh. Antibiotic therapy was instituted, along with anti-inflammatory medication and antitetanic serum (5,000 IU). Due to the need for surgical debridement, after previous fasting and general anesthesia followed by site antisepsis, surgical debridement was performed, followed by reduction of dead space with application of standard "Wolf" sutures, for re-approximation of the wound edges was applied suture in Wolf pattern captonated with segments of equipment. In the post-surgical period, topical treatment with nitrofurazone ointment and crystal sugar was instituted. However, after five days of the surgical procedure, there was dehiscence of the wound, at which time another intervention was chosen. After sedation remaining in standard anatomical position, sutures of the same pattern and wire were applied, but captonated with polyester buds and wound dressing was instituted, followed by the application of nonionic cream of marigold ( C. officinalis ) extract, in the concentration of 2%, twice a day until complete healing of the wound. Discussion : The use of nonionic marigold cream ( C. officinalis ) 2% showed a significant efficacy, in the case reported, corroborating with literature data that marigold presented an advantage in the inflammatory phase of the healing process, when compared to the other two substances, favored epithelization and demonstrated bactericidal action. This activity is reported to the substances present in C. officinalis , especially the flavonoids, which are phenolic compounds derived from the secondary metabolism of plants. In addition to phenolic compounds such as triterpenes, faradiol esters and taraxasterol are considered responsible for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and angiogenic activities, actions that contribute directly or indirectly to the healing process. The present report contributes positively to the use of alternative treatments in wounds as the phytotherapeutic in question, since it proved feasible, besides avoiding the use of allopathic ones with higher associated costs and environmental impact in its production and use, as well as the emergence of bacterial resistance.

Background: Skin wounds are among the most common cases in small animals, highlighting the importance of alternative therapies as an aid to the healing process. These include ozone, which has a bactericidal and immunomodulatory action; the low power laser that determines photodynamic changes triggering metabolism elevation; and the use of medicinal plants, in which several herbal medicines has been mentioned in research relating their benefits to wound healing in humans and animals. Thus, it aims to report the case of a dog submitted to these treatments due to chronic wound due to bite.Case: A 6-year-old canine, female, mixed-breed, 8 kg, with a perforating wound in the left anterior limb in the scapular and humeral region, caused by trauma from the bite of another dog, previously treated, without clinical improvement, has been attended presenting apathy, increased body temperature (40.1°C), difficulty in walking and inability to support the injured limb, which was swollen, hyperemic, with elevated temperature, absence of hair, elevated pain sensitivity and presence of 2 circular lesions, approximately 2 cm in diameter, caused by trauma, and others of size between 0.5 and 1 cm in diameter, which appeared during the course of the disease, characterized as fistulas, through which there was drainage of characteristic fluid exudative and purulent discharge. It was collected blood sample for blood count and purulent material through sterile swab for culture and antibiogram. Systemic treatment with ceftiofur, dipyrone, meloxican and topical cleaning of the wounds with hydrogen peroxide and physiological solution; dimethyl sulfoxide ointment, and hot compresses was chosen. After seven days, the animal showed significant general clinical improvement and in the limb, it was observed: decreased edema, hyperemia, hyperthermia and secretions, with no pus. Only local treatment was recommended, with cleansing of the skin lesions, with physiological solution, chlorhexidine and healing gel made of herbal medicine: chitosan, aloe vera, marigold, sunflower oil and barbatimao. After 21 days of treatment, the injured limb showed consecutive clinical improvement, with epithelialization of the smaller diameter lesions. Low-level laser and ozone therapy was instituted, totaling three initial sessions every five days and one last session 14 days after the third. After the four sessions the animal was discharged, presenting absence of the previously reported alterations, besides the total re-epithelialization of the lesions and hair growth. Discussion: The contamination arising from bite can interfere with healing time due to the action of bacterial toxins and inflammatory infiltrates that cause vascular and cellular damage. According to other reports the use of ozone therapy, local and systemic, promoted rapid healing, related to effective decontamination, in a short period of time. Considering the response and quality of tissue repair, due to wound recovery, verifying therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory action, effective decontamination, stimulation of granulation tissue, epithelialization and repilation of the cutaneous region, it is concluded that topical and systemic ozone therapy, associated with the effect of tissue regeneration by edge revival in chronic lesions, of low power laser and herbal medicine gel, under the conditions of this case, represent satisfactory therapy for the treatment of bite wounds in dogs.

The purpose of this article is to review the use of pharmacopuncture in the Yin Tang acupoint to tranquilize animals, emphasizing its importance as a tool for the veterinary practitioner in his daily routine. The aim of the acupuncture is to achieve a homeostatic effect, restoring the balance of altered organic functions. Pharmacopuncture has been used to produce sedation in dogs. The Yin Tang acupoint is a sedation point located between the eyebrows that produces sedation in humans and animals upon stimulation. Several studies have shown that administration of a subdose of acepromazine and xylazine in this acupoint effectively induces sedation in dogs comparable to that of the therapeutic dose administered by conventional means, without causing serios side effects. We hereby suggest that new drugs should be testes with this technique for the clinical practice in animals.

Background: Cutaneous wounds in locomotor limbs represent one of the most frequent disorders in equine medicine. Wounds in equines are distinguished from those in other species by unique characteristics, including different healing rates among breeds, wound location and high propensity to formation of exuberant granulation tissue during the healing process. The wound healing process that cannot be sutured can be accelerated by the use of skin grafts, lowering the treatment cost.The objective of this report was to divulgate the success upon treatment of an extensive lacerated wound in the metatarsal region of a horse using autologous skin grafts.Case: A 3-year-old, female, American quarter horse weighting 450 kg was brought to veterinary hospital with lower limb injury. According to the owner’s report, the animal had one of its limbs stuck in a plain wire fence. A wound was observed in the metatarsal region during physical examination, the lesion caused an extensive skin laceration that showed the dorsal surface of the metatarsal bone and the digital extensor tendon. After injury assessment, wound debridement was carried out by surgery intervention followed by antisepsis and application of autologous plasma every two days as post-surgical care and wound preparation to receive the graft. Forty-five days after the first intervention, grafts were collected from the neck and implanted in the wound. The procedure achieved 70% of success. After approximately 75 days, transplantation was performed in other regions of the wound using the same technique. The duration of treatment at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) was eight months, and then the animal returned home, where dressings were applied for two months to avoid the risk of contamination and until complete recovery.Discussion: The debridement of the wound and edges approximation were of great value in order to begin the process of wound granulation. The established therapy with scarring with gauze and use of antiseptics only in the initial stages of treatment, the frequent exchange of bandages every two days, preventing the accumulation of exudate and the use of autologous plasma favored the formation of the granulation bed and was sufficient to avoid infection and the formation of exuberant granulation tissue. Factors such as excessive movement and local infection were also attributed as responsible for the longer healing period, so the use of the spring coupled to the horseshoe decreased the joint movement, proving tobe effective in patients with severe extensor tendon lacerations. The use of the spring coupled to the horseshoe promoted a correct biomechanical alignment and no walking complication or deficiency was observed. The correct anatomical structural positioning prevents the formation of flexural deformities and fibrosis of the joint capsule. The use of micrografts wasbeneficial and simple to perform and the use of grafts contributed to a better cosmetic result. The main factor contributed to the grafting success was the use of dressing, which was regularly changed, and topical antimicrobial therapy correctly applied to avoid contamination. Based on the clinical result of this patient, it was concluded that the use of small autologous grafts can provide good recovery and healing of extensive wounds in horses when proper care with dressings and antimicrobial medication is provided after surgical interventions.Keywords: equine, surgery, graft, healing.

Background Defects in the abdominal wall of horses have high relapse rate. This is mainly in lateral eventrations and hernias caused by trauma from kicks of other horses or installation structures. The eventration region normally becomes swollen and there may be complications due to intestinal loop incarceration. The surgical treatment, consisting of reconstruction of the abdominal wall, frequently require biological or synthetic materials for the reinforcement of the suture line and tension support. Therefore, several studies have reported new materials for the repair of the abdominal wall, with the aim of improving the integration among adjacent tissues and reducing risks and complications such as rejection and infection. This report describes for the first time the use of a regular polypropylene mesh reinforced with polyester buttons for the herniorrhaphy. Case presentation A male, three-year-old, Appaloosa with 500 Kg presented to our hospital with a 10 days history of an increased volume on the left ventro-lateral region of the abdomen. During the physical examination, a deventration following traumatic rupture of the abdominal wall was diagnosed via ultrasonography. Then, the equine was anesthetized and moved to surgery for correction of the eventration which was performed according to conventional technique described in literature. Two days later, an eventration relapse was observed and confirmed via ultrasonography. After that, a second surgical intervention was performed using polyester buttons and polypropylene mesh. After the second surgical procedure, no complications related to eventration were observed either intra or postoperatively. After that, a recheck was performed thirty days later where satisfactory wound healing and total recovery were observed. Conclusion The use of polypropylene mesh reinforced with polyester buttons is an effective technique for the repair of traumatic eventration in horses. This technique provides effective reinforcement against the abdominal tension and was a good option for reconstruction of lacerated muscles in cases of equine post-traumatic eventration, including relapsing cases.

A criopreservação é um método amplamente utilizado para o armazenamento de células espermáticas em longo prazo. Essa técnica facilita a difusão e a disponibilidade de material genético a ser utilizado tanto na produção in vitro (PIV) como na inseminação artificial, biotecnologia aplicada na maioria das espécies domésticas. Pesquisas têm desenvolvido estratégias para otimizar a utilização do sêmen por meio da redução das injúrias ocorridas durante o processo de criopreservação, e vem conseguindo melhorar os parâmetros espermáticos pós-descongelação com a adição de ciclodextrina carregada com colesterol (CCC) ao sêmen puro ou previamente diluído das diferentes espécies estudadas. Apesar dos resultados promissores, melhor fertilidade do sêmen tratado com CCC tem sido demonstrada somente in vitro, enquanto que in vivo os resultados ainda não são compensatórios, necessitando maiores investigações para tornar viável a aplicação comercial dessa técnica. O objetivo dessa revisão foi compilar alguns resultados dos principais pesquisadores na área, expondo o estado atual e as perspectivas para melhorias da fertilidade do sêmen tratado com CCC.

O termo distocia refere-se ao trabalho de parto anormal, e a espécie equina possui baixa incidência em relação às outras espécies. Quando diagnosticada, a correção da estática fetal por meio de manobras obstétricas é o primeiro método sugerido, porém quando não efetiva, a retirada cirúrgica pode ser indicada. A cesariana classifica-se em cesariana de emergência, de semiemergência e semieletiva, sendo que diferentes acessos à cavidade podem ser utilizados para esse procedimento. Descreve-se um caso de cesariana em uma égua de seis anos de idade que apresentava distocia há mais de doze horas e após tentativa sem sucesso de reposicionamento fetal, o animal foi encaminhado à cirurgia. Não houve intercorrências na recuperação anestésica e curativo local foi feito diariamente, juntamente com aplicação de antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais. Devido à hemorragia uterina que o animal passou a apresentar no terceiro dia de pós-operatório foi realizada transfusão sanguínea, administração de antifibrinolítico hemostático e estimulante de células vermelhas. No 17º dia pós-cirúrgico a égua recebeu alta e após cinco meses da data de cirurgia, por meio de ultrassonografia transretal, constatou-se que a égua apresentava um folículo de 37 milímetros no ovário direito. Conclui-se com esse relato que a cesariana em éguas é aplicada com sucesso nos casos de distocia, porém mais trabalhos, maior número de estudos e relatos sobre esse tema precisam ser feitos para que se possa estipular a taxa de sucesso deste procedimento nesta espécie e também a taxa de fertilidade futura das éguas.

Background: Due to the bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, studies on natural products with antibacterial or bactericidal activity are becoming more and more frequent. Among multi-resistant bacteria, Escherichia coli is a producer of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Papain, coming from papaya latex (Carica papaya), stands out for its capacity to degrade the devitalized tissue that delays the healing process. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has been studied, mainly for its diuretic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this work was to report the use of these two phytotherapic agents in an equine presenting abscess infected by multi-resistant ESBL producing E. coli.Case: A four and a half year old male neutered equine weighing 400 kg of undefined race (SRD) was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Paranaense University (UNIPAR), presenting an increased volume on the left side of the middle third of the neck, one year ago, probably due to an intramuscular injection in the splenius muscle performed by the animal’s owner, who did not remember which drug had been applied. Physical examination revealed a characteristic abscess lesion that involved the subcutaneous and muscular tissue of approximately 10 cm in diameter, and presented a fistulous trajectory with purulent content drainage and pain upon palpation. The animal was initially submitted to surgical drainage of the abscess and to systemic treatment with ceftiofur. In view of the failure of the therapy proposed, the lesion was treated with 2% papain cream and, subsequently, in association with lyophilized parsley extract (Petroselinum crispum) after the identification of the presence of multi-resistant ESBL producing E. coli, isolated from the lesion and identified through standard laboratory tests. The use of 2% papain cream reduced the inflammatory process and fibrous tissue. Lyophilized parsley root extract was effective against infection by multi-resistant bacteria.Discussion: The reduction of purulent secretion and the size of the inflammatory process are due to the proteolytic activity of papain, which decreases bacterial adhesion, and the degree of wound contamination, promoting healing. Several studies have indicated the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of papain, but in some trials, this effect was only found in a concentration of 10% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and no effect for E. coli bacteria. In vitro studies have shown that the essential oil of Petroselinum crispum leaves and stems is more effective than the essential oil of seeds against this bacterium. Reports of isolation and bacterial identification of wounds and abscesses of horses present a large amount of microorganisms, but the presence of multi-resistant E. coli is uncommon. In other countries, the presence of this bacterium in wounds and other regions has been described in this species. In the Netherlands and Germany, the presence of ESBL producing E. coli in horses was detected in clinical samples of pus, stomach, uterus, feces and synovial fluid, presenting a real risk of human contamination by these resistant bacteria. In this sense, the study of antimicrobial agents has great scope, being a crucial point in several sectors of the pharmaceutical field. The phytotherapeutic association, used in this case, represents a possible promising, low-cost alternative for the treatment of contaminated wounds, emphasizing the importance of studies involving alternative treatments for bacterial resistance.