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The present study evaluated how the combination of ego- and task-involving climate perceptions related to youth soccer athletes’ perceptions of team cohesion. We hypothesized that athletes would perceive their group to be less cohesive as ego climate perceptions increased in salience relative to task climate perceptions. In addition, the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ)—Portuguese version was also analyzed. A total of 956 national level youth male soccer athletes’ belonging to 49 different teams participated in the study. Using a prospective design with two time points, the polynomial regression with a response surface analysis indicated that the effect of an ego-involving climate on task cohesion varied as a function of task-involving climate perceptions. Specifically, athletes reported lower levels of task cohesion as ego-involving climate perceptions began to predominate over task-involving climate perceptions. Furthermore, a strong taskinvolving climate buffered against the negative effects of ego-involving climate perceptions on task cohesion. Regarding social cohesion, we only observed a positive linear association between task-involving climate perceptions and social cohesion. Our findings support the validity and reliability of two factors underlying the YSEQ and its longitudinal invariance across time in an elite youth sample. Future studies should strive to replicate these results in other sports and with female athletes. Our results provide insight into how task-involving and ego-involving climate perceptions combine to shape how elite youth athletes view their group environment. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introduction Assuming that motivation is the key to initiate and sustain beneficial health behaviors, the aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of school-based physical activity interventions on a variety of motivational outcomes towards PA in school-aged children and adolescents. Methods A comprehensive literature search was carried out in six electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental trials examining the effects of PA interventions implemented during the regular school day, e.g., during physical education lessons or lunch breaks. Primary outcomes of interest were students' motivation, basic psychological needs, goal orientation, enjoyment, and motivational teaching climate in physical education. Meta-analyses were conducted for these outcomes using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software. Secondarily, intervention effects on students' PA behaviors were examined and the findings summarized narratively. Methodological quality of studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias for randomized trials; certainty of evidence on outcome level was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Results In total, 57 studies carried out between 2001 and 2018 were included in this review. Sixteen individual meta-analyses were performed and revealed significant pooled effects for the outcomes enjoyment (g = 0.310), perceived autonomy (g = 0.152), identified regulation (g = 0.378), intrinsic motivation (g = 0.419), self-determination index (g = 0.672), task/mastery climate (g = 0.254), ego/performance climate (g = −0.438), autonomy supportive climate (g = 0.262), task goal orientation (g = 1.370), ego goal orientation (g = −0.188). The narrative data synthesis indicated an increase in students' PA behavior. The overall risk of bias was high across all studies and certainty of evidence of meta-analyzed outcomes ranged from very low to moderate. Moderate certainty of evidence was found for ego/performance climate and ego goal orientation. Conclusions: Meta-analyses suggest that school-based PA interventions may be effective in increasing a variety of motivational outcomes. However, the certainty of evidence was limited in the majority of outcomes. Further research is needed to identify effective intervention strategies that increase students’ motivation towards PA. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale (MCSYSp) and invariance across gender and different sports (swimming, soccer, handball, basketball, futsal). A total of 4,569 athletes (3,053 males, 1,516 females) from soccer (1,098), swimming (1,049), basketball (1,754), futsal (340), and handball (328) participated in this study, with ages between 10 and 20 years (M = 15.13; SD = 1.95). The results show that the original model (two factors/12 items) did not adjust to the data in a satisfactory way; therefore, it was necessary to change the model by removing four items (two from each factor). Subsequently, the model adjusted to the data in a satisfactory way (χ2 = 499.84; df = 19; χ2/df = 26.30; p < .001; SRMR = .037; TLI = .923; CFI = .948; RMSEA = .074; IC90% .069–.080) and was invariant by gender and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (ΔCFK≤.01); however, it was not invariant between swimming and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (ΔCFI ≥ .01). In conclusion, the MCSYSp (two factors/eight items) is a valid and reliable choice that is transversal not only to gender, but also to the different studied team sports to measure the perception of the motivational climate in athletes. Future studies can research more deeply the invariance analysis between individual sports to better understand the invariance of the model between individual and team sports.

Inactivity is a major issue that causes physical and psychological health problems, especially in people with intellectual disability (ID). This review discusses the beneficial effects of sport intervention programs (SIPs) in people with ID, and aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature in order to identify the main factors influencing the participation of people with ID in SIPs. Twelve papers were analyzed and compared. The results show a large variety in examined SIPs, concerning participants’ age and disability, intervention characteristics and context, as well as measures and findings. The main factors essential for people with ID partaking in SIPs appeared to be suitable places for the SIP development, adequate implementation of physical activity (PA) programs in school and extra-school contexts, education, and the training of teachers and instructors. The literature review highlights the relevance of using SIPs in order to improve physical and psychological health, as well as increase social inclusion in populations with ID. SIPs should be included in multifactor intervention programs. Nevertheless, the need is recognized for stakeholders to adopt specific practice and policy in promoting social inclusion in order to organize intervention strategies which are able to provide quality experiences in sport and physical activity for people with ID.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is amongst motivational frameworks the most popular and contemporary approach to human motivation, being applied in the last decades in several domains, including sport, exercise and physical education (PE). Additionally, Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) has presented evidence of how contextual factors may influence student’s behavior in this particular context. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the motivational climate created by the teacher in the classroom, students’ satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs (BPN), and how their behavioral regulation could explain PE grades and intention to practice sports in the future. Method: A total of 618 students (290 female; 328 male) from the 6th to the 9th school level, aged between 10 and 18 years (M = 13.3; SD = 1.7) participated in this study. The following surveys were used for the proposed variables: Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire (LAPOPECQ); the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp); and the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOCp). Intentions to practice sport/physical activity in the future were assessed through a single item. Students’ PE grade was obtained through his/her teacher final assessment. Structural Equation Analysis was performed via AMOS 23.0. Results: After analyzing modification indices and model adjustment, the final model emerged: learning climate > BPN > autonomous motivation > intentions/PE grade. Results interpretation seems to indicate that i) the satisfaction of BPN are influenced by motivational climate (i.e., learning climate), ii) the individuals’ motivation is influenced by the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs (i.e., particularly competence), and iii) the motivational regulations have direct and significant effects with intention to practice sports outside school in the future and PE grades. Discussion & Conclusion: The main results showed that a climate oriented for learning has a positive impact on basic psychological needs satisfaction of students. However, only competence satisfaction had a significant positive relationship with students’ autonomous motivation, which in turn had a significant positive relation with PE grade, as well as for intentions for leisure-time sport/physical activity practice.

The article presents the reference framework for multidisciplinary research at the Life Quality Research Centre (LQRC). The research paradigm about the citizens&rsquo, quality of life in society imposes a multifaceted and complex analysis. At the LQRC we address this as thematically divided into six scientific areas: education and training, physical activity and healthy lifestyles, food production and technology on food behaviors, organizational dynamics, motor behavior, and individual and community health. These areas are clearly related to the concept of quality of life. They fit the goals and dynamics of the research center. In each section, the authors develop the themes of research projects and the challenges that characterize research in the area of quality of life. It is clear that there is an agreement and understanding that ensures that quality of life research is on the agenda of the world organizations related to scientific research and human development. This is a real challenge for scientific research centers, since multidisciplinary paradigms are the foundation of our collective organization, and the evolution of research on quality of life could fulfil current needs and lead to the improvement of citizen lives.

Background: Recently, Mullen et al. (2011) presented an 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) that provides a valid instrument for assessing enjoyment in physical activity. The present paper investigated the psychometric properties of a Portuguese adaptation of PACES. Methods: After a process of back-to-back translation into Portuguese, 395 members of fitness centers who ranged in age from 18 to 66 years (31.11 ± 8.90, mean ± SD) completed the translated version of the PACES. On average, participants had 3.2 years of experience in fitness group classes and practiced for approximately 3.3 times per week. Results: An initial exploratory factor analysis (n = 139) revealed a unidimensional structure with factor loadings ranging from 0.79 to 0.89. Results also showed acceptable internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample (n = 256) provided additional support for the unidimensional structure of the questionnaire. In addition, moderate positive correlations between enjoyment and intrinsic and identified regulation, and moderate negative correlations between enjoyment and external and amotivation, demonstrate the convergent validity of the instrument. Finally, measurement invariance between 2 independent samples was also found. Conclusion: The 8-item Portuguese version of PACES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring enjoyment of physical activity in Portuguese adult fitness exercisers, and it is therefore suitable to use as a measure of affect in exercise adherence interventions studies. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) Program is an Evidence-based Practice Exercise Program cofounded by the Erasmus + Programme of the European Union (Key action: Sport-579661-EPP-1-2016-2-IT-SPO-SCP). It aims to enhance social inclusion, equal opportunities and psycho-physical wellbeing in children with typical development and special needs. This aim will be pursued through two ways: (1) Children and preadolescents’ participation in Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) Program; (2) Parents’ involvement and education on cognitive, motivational and social benefits of Physical Activities (PA) in their children. Recent research showed that high-level cognitive processes, such as inhibition, shifting, working memory and planning, can be improved by aerobic exercise programs following both single bouts of exercise and longer trainings from moderate to vigorous intensity [1]. Nevertheless, in the developmental age, structured sport activities, such as martial arts, basketball, soccer, rowing and dancing, act by delivering both physical and psychological benefits. The former involve physical fitness such as cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and motor skills such as coordination, whilst the latter concern enjoyment, self-confidence and self-esteem, a sense of belonging and social support [2–4]. The effectiveness of PMA (Programma Motorio Arricchito), a structured motor program on coordination and executive functioning in kindergarten children, has been demonstrated [5].

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir una intervención, que buscaba modificar el comportamiento de un portero en relación con los errores que cometía, pues tras recibir un gol, se desanimaba y no dejaba de centrarse en el error cometido. Esta atención en el error cometido le hacía tardar de volver a tener un comportamiento adecuado para cumplir su función en el juego. Esta intervención se realizó mediante biofeedback, técnicas de control emocional y técnicas para el manejo de la atención y la concentración. Dado que es una intervención sobre un portero de 18 años de fútbol once, solicitada por el entrenador, se utilizó un estudio de caso único. De acuerdo con los resultados descriptivos se encontró una mejoría en la atención y concentración ya que hubo una cercanía a los 5 μv en ondas beta y hubo un incremento en la puntuación directa de concentración en los datos de la prueba Toulouse-Piéron. También se encontró una mejora del control emocional, mediante biofeedback, ya que hubo un incremento en la respuesta galvánica de la piel. Por último, también se registró un cambio en las conductas del portero tras los errores, ya que hubo una disminución de las conductas de desánimo y un aumento de las conductas adecuadas. The aim of this work is to describe an intervention which sought to modify the behavior of a goalkeeper in relation to the errors he committed, after receiving a goal, he became disheartened, and could not stop concentrating on the error committed. This attention paid to the error committed delayed a return to having adequate behavior in order to fulfil his function in the game. This intervention was carried out through biofeedback, techniques of emotional control and techniques to manage attention and concentration. Given that the intervention was carried out on an eighteen year old goalkeeper, at the request of the trainer, a study of a unique case was used. In accordance with the descriptive results, an improvement in attention and concentration was found as there was a proximity to 5 μv on beta waves and there was an increase in direct punctuation of concentration in the data of the Toulouse-Piéron test. An improvement in emotional control was also found through biofeedback, as there was an increase in the stimulating response to skin. Finally, a change in the goalkeeper's conduct after the errors was registered, as there was a decrease in the discouraging conducts and an increase in the adequate conducts. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma intervenção de modificação de comportamentos de um atleta (guarda redes) após este cometer erros ou sofrer golos. Depois de sofrer um golo, o atleta desmotivava e continuava focado no eventual erro. Esta manutenção do foco atencional no erro fazia com que este tardasse em ter um comportamento adequado à sua função no jogo. Esta intervenção foi realizada utilizando técnicas de biofeedback, técnicas de gestão emocional e técnicas de controlo da atenção e concentração. Dado que se tratou de uma intervenção solicitada pelo treinador, sobre um único atleta de 18 anos, praticante de futebol onze, foi utilizada uma metodologia de caso único. De acordo com os resultados descritos, foi encontrada uma melhoria na atenção e na concentração, verificada através da melhoria de 5 µv nas ondas beta e no aumento da pontuação direta da prova Toulose-Pieron. Também foi registada uma melhoria no controlo emocional através de biofeedback com um aumento dos valores da resposta galvânica da pele. Por fim também foram registadas alterações no comportamento após erro, uma vez que diminuíram os comportamentos de desmotivação e aumentaram os comportamentos adequados.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the motivational climate created by the coach and perceived by a group of young high-performance handball players on their sport motivation, self-determination, sport psychological needs and sport commitment. The study participants were 479 young handball players. The age range was 16&ndash, 17 years old. Players were administered a battery composed of a Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, Sport Motivation Scale, the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale and Sport Commitment Questionnaire to measure the above-mentioned theoretical constructs. Results showed that the handball players showed high levels of a task-involving climate, of basic psychological needs satisfaction and of self-determined motivation and commitment. Higher levels of basic psychological needs such as autonomy and competence were associated with a higher task-involving climate, self-determined index and sport commitment (task-involving climate&ndash, basic psychological needs (&beta, = 0.55, 95% IC 0.387/0.682, p = 0.001), Ego-involving climate&ndash, = 0.06, 95% IC &minus, 0.069/0.181, p = 0.387), Basic psychological needs&ndash, self-determined index (&beta, = 0.48, 95% IC 0.376/0.571, Self-determined index&ndash, commitment (&beta, = 0.58, 95% IC 0.488/0.663, p = 0.001). The obtained model showed that basic psychological needs mediated the association between a task-involving climate and self-determination, and self-determination mediated the association between basic psychological needs satisfaction and commitment.

Group cohesion in sport is a widely spread theme today. Research has found cohesion to be influenced byseveral individual and group components. Among the cognitive variables that relate to cohesion we found competitiveanxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between task cohesion (ATG-T, and GI-T) andcompetitive state anxiety (A-state), and also if there would be a relation between cohesion and self-confidence.Participants were 366 football players of both genders male and female, aged between 15 to 23 years old, fromPortugal’s championships. Cohesion was measured using the Portuguese version of the Group EnvironmentQuestionnaire, and to assess competitive anxiety, we used the Portuguese version of the Competition State AnxietyInventory 2. Our results show that female athletes report experiencing more cognitive anxiety and less self-confidencethan male athletes. Only cognitive anxiety relates in a significantly negative way with the perception of cohesion (GI-Te ATG-T) in the total number of participants and in male athletes. Relatively to the somatic anxiety, it only relatesnegatively with the perception of the integration of the group in the total number of participants and in the malegender.

O objectivo do estudo foi examinar as propriedades psicométrica da versão Portuguesa do Questionário de Satisfação do Atleta ([QSA/Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire - ASQ], Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998), através da análise factorial confirmatória, uma vez que as características culturais e de idioma podem afectar a aplicação e interpretação do questionário. O QSA possui 14 dimensões, com 54 itens e visa avaliar a satisfação do atleta com a sua experiência desportiva. O modelo foi testado com uma amostra de 527 atletas de diferentes modalidades: basquetebol, andebol, futebol e voleibol, dos campeonatos nacionais e regionais de Portugal. Todos os factores apresentam elevados coeficientes de consistência interna, com valores de alpha de Cronbach entre a=0,70 e a =0,94. De uma forma geral os valores dos indicadores globais de ajustamento do modelo observado, resultantes da análise factorial confirmatória (robustos TLI/NNFI=0,93, CFI=0,93 e do IFI=0,93, RMSEA=0,042 (0,039 - 0,044 e o índice SRMR=0,05) expressam a sua qualidade. Assim, os resultados sugerem que a avaliação da satisfação do atleta nas diversas facetas consideradas relevantes para a sua experiencia desportiva, parece poder ser realizada em futuras pesquisas, através da utilização do ASQ versão portuguesa The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), developed by Riemer and Chelladurai (1998), through confirmatory factor analysis since cultural and language characteristics can affect the applicability and the interpretation of the multidimensional Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The ASQ has 14 dimensions, with 54 items to evaluate the athletes' satisfaction with their sports experience. The model was tested with a sample of 527 athletes (basketball, handball, soccer and volleyball players) from national and regional championships in Portugal. All factors have good internal reliability coefficients, with Cronbach alpha values ranging from a=0.70 to a =0.94. The results of confirmatory analysis, (robust TLI/NNFI=0.93, CFI=0.93, IFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.042 (0.039 - 0.044) and SRMR=0.05) show that the model has good fit indexes, which express its quality. Therefore, this study points out that the evaluation of athletes satisfaction in different facets which are considered relevant to their sports experience through the use of the ASQ Portuguese version is valid and reliable.

A teoria da autodeterminação é uma a abordagem psicológica sobre a motivação, que se preocupa com as causas e as consequências da forma como o ser humano regula o seu comportamento. Segundo vários autores, este modelo teórico pode fornecer informações importantes sobre o processo motivacional dos alunos para as aulas de Educação Física, no entanto, em Portugal não existe ainda nenhum instrumento de avaliação das necessidades psicológicas básicas neste contexto. Desta forma, o objectivo principal deste estudo é a validação preliminar da adaptação à Educação Física da versão Portuguesa do Basic Psychological Needs Exercise Scale (BPNESp), determinando as suas qualidades psicométricas iniciais através de uma análise factorial exploratória do modelo que a suporta. Para tal, participaram no estudo 150 alunos (n = 150) do 2º e 3º CEB, com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e 16 anos (M = 13.39, DP = 1.44) e com diferentes níveis de prática desportiva. Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma estrutura factorial igual à versão original (12 itens agrupados em 3 factores, com 4 itens em cada factor), que apresentam índices bastante aceitáveis de validade e fiabilidade, o que leva a concluir que este questionário poderá ser utilizado, com um elevado grau de confiança, em futuras investigações que pretendam avaliar as necessidades psicológicas básicas no contexto da Educação Física., Motricidade, Vol 6 No 1 (2010)

We have performed experiments using a EURO 5 light passenger vehicle, operated over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Fuel blends containing 7% (B7) and 20% (B20) of biodiesel (84% soyabean/16% palm) in petroleum-based diesel were tested and compared with a diesel fuel (B0). The exhaust gases emissions were assessed for NO, NO2, SO2and volatile organic compounds (VOC), including a speciation analysis of VOC. The experiment reveals that biodiesel blends improve the combustion efficiency, NO and SO2emissions, and increasing NO2and total VOC emissions. The VOC speciation analysis suggests that the type and fraction of VOC existent in exhausted gases is fuel dependent, changing their presence and concentrations according to the fuel used. Additionally, the concentration of the three main VOC species in exhaust gases from B0 (benzene, toluene and octane) decrease 60-80% if a B20 blend is used. This experimental study contributes to a better characterization of the emission factors of EURO 5 light passenger vehicles using diesel/biodiesel blends and to a better understanding of the impact of the use of biodiesel blends on pollutant emissions.

To measure goal perspective in sport, reflected by Achievement Goal Theory (3), Duda & Nicholls (7) devel- oped the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), that comprises 13 items to assess athletes disposi- tional goal orientations. However, the Portuguese version of TEOSQp, was validated in several contexts of sport: young football players (4), sport athletes, recreational exercisers and physical education students (5), and physical education stu- dents (6). So, the main purpose of this study is to assess the factorial validity of TEOSQp and confirm the two factors model structure in a football referees population. This propose was accomplished using confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) procedures, with data from a sample composed by 200 Portuguese football referees (155 main referees; 45 assis- tant referees), from different categories (69 first category; 131 third category). Adopting the criteria proposed by Hu & Bentler (9), the results of CFA only provided support for two-factor structure and showed an reasonable model fit to the data with a 11-items model (�� =67.42; df=43; p=0.01; �� /df=1.56; SRMR=0.063; CFI=0.955; RMSEA=0.053; RMSEA 90%IC=0.026-0.077). This model also show acceptable reliability in Cronbach's alphas for both factors (ego=.82; task=.74). These findings lead us to the elimination of item 9 and 12. However, good factor validity and reliability charac- teristics of the TEOSQp was obtain with the 11-items model. Nevertheless, perhaps some caution is needed in interpreting these results and more studies are advisable to a strong adaptation of TEOSQp to football referees.

Na área da dinâmica de grupo no contexto de modalidades de coletivas, evidenciaram a importância das variáveis clima motivacional, eficácia coletiva, coesão (e.g. Carron, Wheeler e Stevens, 2002). Desta forma a coesão e a eficácia coletiva são entendidas como cognições sociais resultantes do processo de seleção e integração pessoal da informação proveniente do com o grupo. Por outro lado o clima motivacional proporcionado pelo treinador (ego versus tarefa) irá desenvolver uma atmosfera que se relaciona com as variáveis do grupo. Recentemente Magyar, Feltz, e Simpson, (2004) concluem que a relação entre o clima motivacional e a eficácia coletiva facilitaria a perceção de controlo no ambiente e na eficácia, colocando objetivos mais desafiadores e contribuindo para uma disposição otimista para a construção do bem-estar, nas dificuldades.Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a relação entre o clima motivacional, coesão, eficácia coletiva e otimismo em atletas de formação na modalidade de futsal.

O presente estudo analisa as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa para jovens atletas de basquetebol do Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports (MCSYS). No estudo participaram 441 jogadores de basquetebol (206 masculinos e 235 femininos) com idades compreendidas entre 11 e 16 anos (M=14.40; SD=1.27). Como processo de validação, utilizou- se o método designado de abordagem por comité (committee approach), análise da consistência interna através do coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach, análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC). A análise da confiabilidade do questionário foi considerada adequada, sendo os valores superiores a .70. Quanto aos indicadores de validade de constructo, obtidos por meio da AFC, apresentaram valores aceitáveis para todos os índices. Finalmente, encontrámos um apoio preliminar para a validade de constructo do MCSYS, evidência suficiente para avaliação do clima motivacional em jovens atletas de basquetebol.