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This article reports on the identification of phytoplasmas associated with Papaya Bunchy Top in Colima, Mexico. Samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants, as well as from weeds and insects associated with the crop in four producing municipalities of the state. Through PCR techniques, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, phytoplasmas from groups 16SrI, 16SrX, and 16SrXIII were identified in the analyzed papaya plants, weeds, and insects. These results represent the first records of 16SrX and 16SrXIII phytoplasmas in papaya worldwide and in Mexico, respectively. Additionally, it is suggested that weeds and insects could act as natural reservoirs and potential vectors of these bacteria. [Extracted from the article]

Papaya is a tropical fruit crop renowned for its rich nutrition, particularly pro-vitamin A. Aroma substances are a major component of fruit quality. While extensive research has been conducted on papaya aroma, there has been a notable lack of in-depth research into a specific class of substances. To bridge this gap, our study focused on analyzing the aroma components of various papaya varieties and their biosynthesis pathways. We compared the volatile components of three papaya varieties with distinct flavors at various ripeness stages. A continuous accumulation of linalool, a volatile compound, in the 'AU9' fruit was detected as it matured. The linalool content reached 56% of the total volatile components upon full ripening. Notably, this percentage was significantly higher than that observed in the other two varieties, 'ZhongBai' and 'Malaysian 7', indicating that linalool serves as the primary component influencing the papaya's odor. Subsequently, we identified CpTPS18, a gene associated with linalool biosynthesis, and demonstrated its ability to catalyze linalool production from GPP and enhance its accumulation through overexpression in papaya fruits, both in vivo and in vitro. Based on transcriptomic analysis, it was predicted that CpMYB56 and CpNAC56 may transcriptionally activate the expression of CpTPS18. Subsequent yeast one-hybrid assay and dual luciferase analysis revealed that CpNAC56 activates the transcription of CpTPS18. Transient overexpression in vivo demonstrated that this gene could upregulate the expression of CpTPS18 and promote linalool accumulation. These results uncovered the primary volatile molecule responsible for papaya fruit odor and identified two major genes influencing its biosynthesis. The genomic resources and information obtained from this study will expedite papaya improvement for fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the condition represented by persistent hyperglycaemia, owing to the altered glucose metabolism. The current research aims to assess the capabilities of strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that were obtained from fermented Ananas comosus (A. comosus) and Carica papaya (C. papaya) (non-dairy sources) as probiotics for the prevention of DM. The capacity of the strains to endure or survive extreme conditions was evaluated using bile tolerance using oxgall at varying concentrations, hydrophobicity, coaggregation ability, adhesion ability, and hemolytic activity, and their survival rate in gastric and intestinal juices. The LAB strains demonstrated the following results: phenol (>7 Log CFU/mL), acid-bile conditions (6.53–7.11 Log CFU/mL), gastric and intestinal juice tolerance (6.18–7.33 Log CFU/mL), thereby fulfilling the requirements to be a prospective probiotic agent. The LAB strains showed characteristics of cell surface hydrophobicity (≥ 40 %), autoaggregation (≥ 70 %), and coaggregation (≤ 48 %). Furthermore, they demonstrated antioxidant activity (≥ 59 %) as well as the ability to lower blood sugar levels by inhibiting α-glucosidase (≤ 57 %) and α-amylase (≤ 64 %). The development of antidiabetic probiotics from fermented papaya and pineapple has several potential uses. These probiotics may be used as functional foods or supplements to improve glycemic control in individuals with DM. They may also be used as adjunct therapies to conventional diabetes treatments to enhance their efficacy. The results of this research may pave way for creating probiotic products that function as food additives or supplements, with the aim of enhancing health and preventing long-term illnesses like diabetes. Additionally, probiotics have been proven to boost intestinal health, regulate the immune system, and decrease inflammation. [Display omitted] • LAB from fermented pineapple and papaya show antidiabetic potential. • LAB exhibit resilience to gastrointestinal conditions, meeting probiotic norms. • Strains display notable probiotic traits like hydrophobicity and adhesion. • Antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase & α-amylase inhibition suggest blood sugar reduction. • Pineapple and papaya offer promising non-dairy sources for functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) using Papaya (Carica papaya) leaves extract was demonstrated in this study. The main components of Carica papaya leaves extracts were investigated through different phytochemical tests. These tests have been indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterols, terpenoids, glycosides, and saponins in the extract. These secondary metabolites assist in the capping, stabilization, and reduction of metal oxide-based nanoparticles. Different analytical techniques were used to characterize CeO2 NPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of O-H, C = O, C-O, Ce-O, Ce-C, etc. on the surface of green synthesized CeO2 NPs. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of biologically synthesized CeO2 NPs were investigated using well diffusion method. For Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger, the zones of inhibition around the CeO2 NPs were 34, 28, 38, 44, 36, and 34 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In growing plant population, effect of stress is a perturb issue affecting its physiological, biochemical, yield loss and developmental growth. Protein-L-isoaspartate-O-methyltransferase (PIMT) is a broadly distributed protein repair enzyme which actuate under stressful environment or aging. Stress can mediate damage converting protein bound aspartate (Asp) residues to isoaspartate (iso-Asp). This spontaneous and deleterious conversion occurs at an elevated state of stress and aging. Iso-Asp formation is associated with protein inactivation and compromised cellular survival. PIMT can convert iso-Asp back to Asp, thus repairing and contributing to cellular survival. The present work describes the isolation, cloning, sequencing and expression of PIMT genes of Carica papaya (Cp pimt) and Ricinus communis (Rc pimt) Using gene specific primers, both the pimts were amplified from their respective cDNAs and subsequently cloned in prokaryotic expression vector pProEXHTa. BL21(DE3) strain of E. coli cells were used as expression host. The expression kinetics of both the PIMTs were studied with various concentrations of IPTG and at different time points. Finally, the PIMT supplemented BL21(DE3) cells were evaluated against different stresses in comparison to their counterparts with the empty vector control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Ag-incorporated TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using Carica papaya leaf extract, intending to evaluate their potential efficacy against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The physio-chemical features of the biogenic-produced Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles are investigated using several analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), Zeta potential analysis, and Particle size analysis. The Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit a spherical morphology and possess an average diameter of 8-12 nm. Additionally, their surface is characterized by a negative charge, which contributes to their rough texture. The results of the in-vitro anticancer experiments demonstrated that the Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) induce vacuolization in cancer cells, alter the shape of the cell nucleus, degrade nucleic acids, and arrest the synthetic phase of cancer cells in the cell cycle. The degradation capacity of pure and Ag-TiO2 NPs was also assessed in relation to the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye when exposed to solar irradiation. The results indicated that 3% Ag-TiO2 shows 63% of dye decolorization within a time frame of 3 hours. Therefore, the synthesized Ag-TiO2 NPs could reduce toxicity, be eco-friendly and have exceptional utility in two distinct domains that significantly have a major impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Papaya, a highly nutritious and economically significant fruit, is susceptible to infections caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Cinnamon essential oil, derived from Cinnamomum cassia (CC), shows promise in preserving papaya due to its antifungal properties. However, CC is volatile, sensitive to environmental factors, and carries a strong aroma. γ‐Cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) is known for encapsulating hydrophilic molecules, shielding them from environmental influences, reducing odor, and enabling controlled release due to its unique channel structure. This study aimed to tackle these challenges by preparing and characterizing an inclusion complex of CC with γ‐CD (CC‐γ‐CD), and subsequently evaluating its efficacy in preserving papaya fruits. RESULTS: Analyses, including Fourier‐infrared, powder X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravity analysis, differential scanning calorimeter, and scanning electron microscopy, revealed successful encapsulation of CC components within the γ‐CD cavity. Evaluations of the CC‐γ‐CD complex's impact on papaya fruit shelf life and quality showed notable enhancements. Fruits treated with CC‐γ‐CD inclusion complex at a dose of 10 g kg−1 exhibited a 55% extension in shelf‐life, evidenced by reduced disease severity index compared with untreated fruit in the same storage conditions. Detailed physicochemical and bromatological assessments highlighted significant improvements, particularly in fruit treated with CC‐γ‐CD inclusion complex at a dose of 10 g kg−1. CONCLUSION: The application of CC‐γ‐CD inclusion complex at 10 g kg−1 extended the shelf‐life of papaya fruit, significantly and markedly improved the overall quality. These findings underscore the potential of the CC‐γ‐CD inclusion complex as an effective preservative for papaya, offering a promising solution for its postharvest management and marketability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most diseases has deleterious clinical presentations that are highly discomforting to the patients, often time the treatment and management of these symptoms with known drugs comes with adverse side effects, hence the need for a natural remedy. This study explored the potential therapeutic benefits of a flavonoid-rich extract from Carica papaya (FRECP) on experimental models to study the ant-inflammation, anti-fever and pain relief efficacy. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied using the carrageenan-induced paw oedemamodel. Acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion models were utilised for the test for analgesia, whereas Brewer's yeast-induced and dinitrophenol models were used for the antipyretic study. Each of the 5 investigations involved the random allocation of thirty (30) albino rats into 5 groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Groups 1 and 5 were given distilled water and the conventional medication, whereas groups 2 to 4 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of oral FRECP in each research. The study's results indicated that the observed advantages, especially at the dosage of 400 mg/kg, indicate that the flavonoid content of FRECP hinders crucial enzymes that play a role in inflammation and the production of prostaglandins and decrease discomfort, and pyrexia in a manner that depended on both the dosage and time of administration (p<0.05). We determined that the flavonoid-rich extract of Carica papaya has pharmacological effects on inflammation, pain, and fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya (papaya) leaves has significant nutraceutical properties. However, it is speculated that papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) and papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) can severely affect the therapeutic properties and alter the overall nutraceutical potential of papaya leaves. Therefore, we evaluated the bioactivity of the virus infected papaya leaves extract (PLE) compared to healthy PLE in C. elegans. Viruses infection were confirmed by visual inspection and PCR based detection. Anatomical changes and elemental analysis were analyzed through SEM-EDS. PLE were tested for life span extension and ROS scavenging activity on C. elegans. Infected leaves displayed typical symptoms of curling, distortion and anatomical analysis revealed closed and less number of stomata. Healthy PLE extended (24%) the life span of C. elegans with no significant change in ROS generation while in PaLCuV and PRSV infected PLE, were observed to have significant reduction in the mean life span of 15.4% and 17% with 1.2-fold and 1.9-fold increase in ROS generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carica papaya L. is a dioecious plant with leaves known for their medicinal and nutritional value due to their rich phytochemical content, including flavonoids. Phytochemical variability arising from plant maturity and sex differences may influence the bioactivity of the plant. Objectives: This research aims to investigate the variations of flavonoids in C. papaya leaves across different maturation stages and the impact of sex differences on the accumulation of these compounds. Methods: An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantify 6 flavonoids (manghaslin, clitorin, rutin, nicotiflorin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin) in the leaves simultaneously. The acquired data were further analyzed using chemometric tools. Results: Significantly higher concentrations of flavonoids were observed in shoots and young leaves in comparison to older leaves. Furthermore, distinct variations in flavonoid composition between male and female plants were also observed, especially in young leaves, as evidenced by hierarchical clustering analysis. Further analysis of flavonoid content indicates that clitorin, nicotiflorin, and rutin could serve as chemical markers to differentiate maturation stages and sexes. Conclusion: The study revealed significant variations in flavonoid concentrations during leaf development and between male and female plants, highlighting the importance of understanding these differences for unlocking the full potential of C. papaya leaves in medical and nutritional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the hematinic effect of the aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera (MOAE) and Carica papaya (CPAE). Thirty-six physically fit and disease-free rats in adulthood were partitioned into six groups, consisting of six rats per group. Group 1 acted as the nonanemic control group and was given 5ml/kg of distilled water. Anemia was generated in rats in groups 2 to 6 with the oral administration of chloramphenicol at a dosage of 50 mg/kg. Group 2 acted as the anemic control group and was given 5ml/kg of distilled water. Group 3 was given 100 mg/kg of ferrous gluconate. Groups 4 to 6 were given 500 mg/kg of MOAE, 500 mg/kg of CPAE, and a combination of 500 mg/kg of MOAE and 500 mg/kg of CPAE, respectively. The treatment was administered orally for 28 days, following which the PCV, Hb, and WBC count of the animal models were examined. The results demonstrated that chloramphenicol caused a statistically significant reduction in PVC and Hb, indicating anemia, as well as a significant rise in WBC count. MOAE and CPAE resulted in a statistically significant rise in PCV and Hb levels, along with a reduction in white blood cell (WBC) count. The hematinic impact seen when the extracts were given together was significantly greater (p< 0.05) than when either extract was given alone. The extracts of Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya showed an additional blood-building impact when given together. This observation may be beneficial for managing anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigation intends at investigating the effect of on Sialic acid components in male albino rats of an aqueous extract of seeded papaya fruit pulp and seed extract specified as a combined dose and seedless variety papaya fruit pulp extract. The primary objective of the current research investigation was to evaluate the effects that occurred on male albino Wistar rats of semi-ripe fruit pulp extract from Carica papaya (fruits with and without seeds). The development of spermatozoa's ability to fertilise, the coating of spermatozoa with specific antigens, and changes in their membrane surface are all related to Sialic acid. Less spermatozoa cells in the testicular compartments and fewer of these cells are indicated by the decrease in Sialic acid contents in the testis and epididymis of both experimental groups.

Abstract The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of wastewater treatment by using Carica papaya seeds as bio coagulants to diminish total suspended solids (TSS) and excess phosphate. This method has some advantages because it does not use chemical materials, is simple to apply, and is safe for the environment and human health. The wastewater samples were taken from an active laundry site in Palembang City, South Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The study found that the best dosage of coagulant was 3 g for the wastewater samples. The pH and BOD parameters showed slight changes after treatment, with pH 7.63–7.19 and 33–27 mg/L values, respectively. The TSS removal efficiency ranged from 9.3 to 15.6%, while the COD and phosphate removals were obtained from 11.7 to 39.3% and 56.3 to 68.4%, respectively. The treated TSS, COD, and phosphate concentrations have met the Indonesian domestic wastewater quality standard and environmental protection organization (EPO) guidelines. In addition, the statistical analysis and t-test showed significant differences (p

This study thoroughly examined the proximate composition, bioactive composition, and in vitro biological activities of three different cultivars of papaya leaf extracts (PLEs) as potential functional ingredients and nutraceuticals. The dark green leaves of three papaya cultivars, Khaek Dam (KD), Holland (H), and Thai Local (L), were used in this study. The protein content of the leaves ranged from 25.96 to 32.18%, the fat content ranged from 7.34 to 11.66%, the carbohydrate content ranged from 5.80 to 17.91%, the moisture content ranged from 6.02 to 6.49%, the ash content ranged from 11.23 to 12.40%, and the fiber content ranged from 23.24 to 38.48%. The L cultivar possessed significantly higher protein and carbohydrate contents, whereas the H cultivar had the highest ash content (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 113.94 to 173.69 mg GAE/g extract, with the KD cultivar having the highest TPC (p < 0.05). Several metabolic compounds such as phenolic compounds (particularly kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin), terpenoids (such as eucalyptol), glycosides, and indole were identified. The PLE from the KD cultivar had the highest levels of DPPH• inhibition, metal chelation, reducing power, and antidiabetic activity (p < 0.05), suggesting superior biological activity. All three PLEs reduced the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with low nitric oxide formation. These results indicate that the papaya leaf, particularly from the KD cultivar, could be a promising source of functional food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea capitis (T. capitis), commonly known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair. Among the causative agents, Microsporum canis (M. canis) stands out, often transmitted from cats to humans (zoonotic disease). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Carica papaya (C. papaya), fruit extract against dermatophytes, particularly M. canis, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we aimed to identify the active compounds responsible for suppressing fungal growth and assess the toxicity of C. papaya on human cells. Methodology: It conducted in two parts. First, In Vitro Study include the preparation of C. papaya fruit extract using methanol as the solvent, Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract including Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted, Cytotoxicity assays were performed using HUH-7 cells, employing the MTT assay (1-(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), Antimicrobial activity against M. canis was evaluated, including: Zone of inhibition (ZI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), M. canis cell alterations were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Second, In Vivo, Albino Wistar male rats were included. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract from papaya revealed several functional groups, including hydroxyl, ammonia, alkane, carbonate, and alcohol. Additionally, the GC-MS analysis identified 15 compounds, with xanthosine and decanoic acid being the predominant components. The methanolic extract of papaya fruits demonstrated potent antifungal activity: ZI = 37 mm, MIC = 1,000 µg/mL, MFC = 1900 µg/mL, MTT results indicated lower cytotoxicity of the fruit extract at concentrations of 20 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL, and 200 µg/mL, The IC50 revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with increasing extract concentration. Notably, papaya extract induced considerable alterations in the morphology of M. canis hyphae and spores. In animal tissue, improvements were observed among the group of rats which treated with Papaya extract. This study highlights the potential of C. papaya fruits as a natural antifungal agent, warranting further exploration for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful breeding depends on feeding. The present study aims to evaluate the Carica papaya seed effect on the growth performance of rabbits. The zootechnical parameters studied are weight growth, average daily gain, Feed Conversion Ratio, and carcass characteristics of kits. The experiment was conducted on 48 rabbits, divided into 4 groups, for 6 weeks. Forty-eight rabbits were divided into four (04) groups of 3 repetitions of 4 rabbits. The animals were fed diets containing various levels of papaya seed powder at variable contents: 0% (group T0), 4% (group T1), 6% (group T2), and 8% (group T3). At the end of the experiment, three animals were slaughtered in each animal group to assess the quality of the carcasses and organs. 6% of the seeds of Carica papaya significantly improved (p < 0.05) the average daily gain of the kits: T2 (22.40 g / d) compared to the T0 group (11.32 g / d), T1 (12.20 g / d) and T3 (17.53 g / d). The best Feed Conversion Ratio (0.80) was recorded in the animals of group T2. In contrast, the highest carcass yield was recorded in the rabbits of group T3 (62.70%). In conclusion, 6% was optimal in the feed rations of fattened rabbits to improve production performance. Breeders can consider the benefits of introducing Carica papaya seeds into the rabbits’ diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent increase in the harvesting and industrial processing of tropical fruits such as pineapple and papaya is leading to unavoidable amounts of byproducts rich in valuable compounds. Given the significance of the chemical composition of these byproducts, new research avenues are opening up to exploit them in the food industry. In this sense, the revalorization of pineapple and papaya byproducts is an emerging trend that is encouraging the full harnessing of these tropical fruits, offering the opportunity for developing innovative value-added products. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art of the current valorization applications of pineapple and papaya byproducts in the field of food industry. For that proposal, comprehensive research of valorization applications developed in the last years has been conducted using scientific databases, databases, digital libraries, and scientific search engines. The latest valorization applications of pineapple and papaya byproducts in the food industry have been systematically revised and gathered with the objective of synthesizing and critically analyzing existing scientific literature in order to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of tropical byproduct revalorization providing a solid foundation for further research and highlighting scientific gaps and new challenges that should be addressed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of wastewater treatment by using Carica papaya seeds as bio coagulants to diminish total suspended solids (TSS) and excess phosphate. This method has some advantages because it does not use chemical materials, is simple to apply, and is safe for the environment and human health. The wastewater samples were taken from an active laundry site in Palembang City, South Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The study found that the best dosage of coagulant was 3 g for the wastewater samples. The pH and BOD parameters showed slight changes after treatment, with pH 7.63–7.19 and 33–27 mg/L values, respectively. The TSS removal efficiency ranged from 9.3 to 15.6%, while the COD and phosphate removals were obtained from 11.7 to 39.3% and 56.3 to 68.4%, respectively. The treated TSS, COD, and phosphate concentrations have met the Indonesian domestic wastewater quality standard and environmental protection organization (EPO) guidelines. In addition, the statistical analysis and t-test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for before and after treatment data of all parameters. The ANOVA test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for all parameters among the three treatments. Overall, the study indicated that C. papaya seeds are promising materials that are eco-friendly and useful to treat laundry wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCuD) is widespread and classified in the genus begomovirus (Geminiviridae), disseminated by the vector whitefly Bemisia tabaci. RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral innate immunity stands as a pivotal defense mechanism and biological process in limiting viral genomes to manage plant diseases. The current study aims to identify and analyze Carica Papaya locus-derived capa-microRNAs with predicted potential for targeting divergent begomovirus species-encoded mRNAs using a 'four integrative in silico algorithms' approach. This research aims to experimentally activate the RNAi catalytic pathway using in silico-predicted endogenous capa-miRNAs and create papaya varieties capable of assessing potential resistance against begomovirus species and monitoring antiviral capabilities. This study identified 48 predicted papaya locus-derived candidates from 23 miRNA families, which were further investigated for targeting begomovirus genes. Premised all the four algorithms combined, capa-miR5021 was the most anticipated miRNA followed by capa-miR482, capa-miR5658, capa-miR530b, capa-miR3441.2, and capamiR414 'effective' papaya locus-derived candidate capa-miRNA and respected putative binding sites for targets at the consensus nucleotide position. It was predicted to bind and target mostly to AC1 gene of the complementary strand and the AV1 gene of the virion strand of different begomovirus isolates, which were associated with replication-associated protein and encapsidation, respectively, during PaLCuD. These miRNAs were also found targeting betaC1 gene of betasatellite which were associated with retardation in leaf growth and developmental abnormalities with severe symptoms during begomovirus infection. To validate target prediction accuracy, we created an integrated Circos plot for comprehensive visualization of host-virus interaction. In silico-predicted papaya genome-wide miRNA-mediated begomovirus target gene regulatory network corroborated interactions that permit in vivo analysis, which could provide biological material and valuable evidence, leading to the development of begomovirus-resistant papaya plants. The integrative nature of our research positions it at the forefront of efforts to ensure the sustainable cultivation of papaya, particularly in the face of evolving pathogenic threats. As we move forward, the knowledge gained from this study provides a solid foundation for continued exploration and innovation in the field of papaya virology, and to the best of our knowledge, this study represents a groundbreaking endeavor, undertaken for the first time in the context of PaLCuD research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of five South Indian medicinal plants Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera and Psidium guajava against nine clinical pathogens (Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes). Plant extracts were prepared using solvents such as acetone, ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and Water at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. Bacteria were cultured in the minimal medium and the colonies characteristic features were studied to ascertain their purity. An agar diffusion methodology was adopted to determine the antibacterial activity of plants extract aginst the test organisms. The mimimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of acetone and ethonal plants extracts was evaluated. All the given pathogens were sensitive to acetone and ethanol extracts of the medicinal plants, followed by choloroform, and pertroluem ether extracts displayed the moderate antibacterial activity. The aqueous extracts of the plant leaves were scored the least antimicrobial action. Except aqueous extract, the Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were significantly sensitive to plants extracts. The MIC values of most of test organsism lie in between 700 µl/ml to 1000 µl/ml of plant extracts. Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Psidium guajava exhibited the board antimicrobial action against the given pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports ethylene production, expression levels of ethylene precursor's genes, as well as carotenoid content and expression levels of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, during postharvest ripening of three different papaya genotypes of contrasting origin (2 creoles and 1 commercial) and pulp color (yellow, orange and red), under conditions that promote ethylene formation and under those inhibiting ethylene. Our study showed that naturally ripened papaya fruits presented relatively high ethylene production levels that was correlated with changes in expression levels of both ethylene precursor's genes (CpACCs1, CpACCs2, CpACCo1 and CpACCo2), and carotenoid biosynthesis genes (CpPSY, CpZDS, CpLCY-β2, CpCHX-β). However, when papaya fruits were treated with an ethylene inducer (Ethephon; 2.5 g L− 1 of 2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) fruits ripened faster (two days earlier than controls), and they also showed a higher ethylene peak and higher expression levels of both ethylene precursors genes and carotenoid biosynthesis genes, than control fruits. In contrast, papaya fruits treated with an ethylene inhibitor (1-MCP; 300 nL L− 1 of 1-methylcyclopropene) never ripened (in fact they did not show changes in fruit firmness, °Brix, pH or acidity), and they showed very low ethylene production and low expression levels of ethylene precursors genes, as well as showing low expression of carotenogenic genes, throughout the postharvest ripening process. Correlation analysis showed that increased ethylene production was highly correlated with increased expression of both ethylene precursors genes and carotenoids biosynthesis genes, but the specific carotenogenic genes induced by ethylene differed among commercial and creole papaya genotypes. Key message: During postharvest ripening of papaya fruits, the expression of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis appears to be regulated by signals from ethylene, but the specific carotenogenic genes induced by ethylene, differed among creole and commercial papaya genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work was to verify if D-limonene in vitro presents inhibitory action on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum spp. and antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia coli, as well as to evaluate the effect of its concentrations on papaya disinfestation in the post-harvest process. For the in vitro tests, fungi were isolated from papaya fruit infected with anthracnose. For this, fruit fragments were disinfected and transferred to Petri dishes. Another test was carried out in vitro, to evaluate bactericidal activity, by for adding D-limonene to the suspension of the tested bacteria. Fruit physicochemical quality and disease incidence were evaluated. The application of D-limonene inhibited the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum spp. in vitro, with an increasing effect at increasing concentrations and a decreasing effect with time of product application. D-limonene was effective in inhibiting E. faecium and E. coli. There was no significant interaction between D-limonene rates and storage time for fruit quality or for disease incidence in ex vitro studies. D-limonene can be applied to papaya at postharvest, as it does not affect fruit quality and controls the growth of phytopathogens in vitro.

Vitamins are a broad group of molecules with unique chemical, biological, and structural characteristics that are necessary for a normal metabolic process. This research evaluated the fat and water-soluble vitamin composition of mature (yellow) Carica papaya leaf using standard analytical techniques. The results obtained from the analyses revealed that mature (yellow) Carica papaya leaf contained the following fat-soluble vitamins: vitamins A (5.08 mg/100g), Vitamin D (3.14 mg/100g), Vitamin E (15.47 mg/100g), and Vitamin K (8.03 mg/100g), while the water-soluble vitamins include Vitamin B1 (0.019 mg/100g), Vitamin B2 (0.018 mg/100g), Vitamin B3 (0.610 mg/100g), Vitamin B6 (0.0231 mg/100g), Vitamin 12 (4.415 mg/100g), and Vitamin C (60.41 mg/100g). The study has shown that the mature (yellow) leaf of Carica papaya is a rich source of both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, which may be used in the formulation of multivitamin food supplements.

Abstract The objective of this work was to adapt and validate a multiresidue method for pesticide analysis, to determine the influence of the current postharvest handling steps on the degradation of pesticide residues in papaya. 'THB' papaya of the Solo group were sampled at each postharvest handling step in the packinghouse. For the validation of the multiresidue analysis in papaya, the technique used for extraction was the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method, with modifications. Pesticide quantification was carried out using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-MS/MS). Fruit were analyzed before and after the handling procedures and were evaluated after ripening. The used methodology was successfully validated to detect the azoxystrobin, carbendazim, carbofuran, difenoconazole, imazalil, imidacloprid, flutriafol, prochloraz, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, and thiacloprid pesticides in papaya. Fruit washing reduces azoxystrobin and difenoconazole residue levels in 78 to 90% and in 47 to 90% on fruit surface, respectively. Although the postharvest handling steps are ineffective in reducing the levels of thiabendazole, if this fungicide is applied at the appropriate rate, the residue levels will remain below the limits permitted by law.

In the current scenario, where demand for food production is constantly increasing with the rise in population, the threat of plant pathogens has also increased. The destruction of crops due to diseases caused by plant pathogens has become difficult to control with conventional physical and chemical methods. Traditional agriculture often depends on use of chemical pesticides, which have had negative impacts on both living organisms and ecosystems. As a fundamental principle of sustainable agriculture, it is important to limit the use of chemical pesticides in order to safeguard the environment and preserve diverse species. Additionally, sustainable agriculture should operate as a low input system, characterised by reduced production costs and increased net returns. Here, nanotechnology stands as a new weapon against rising challenges in agriculture. Nanotechnology may greatly improve the effectiveness of agricultural inputs, making it a valuable tool for promoting sustainable growth in agroecosystems via the use of nanoparticles. Using magnetic nanoparticles for controlling plant pathogenic fungi can be developed as a potent method for disease management in plants. In the present study, the effect of plant (Carica papaya) -based Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was synthesized and studied against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, a chickpea pathogen. The antifungal effect of these nanoparticles and their minimum inhibitory concentration were studied using a soft agar assay and broth assay. Plant-synthesized nanoparticles were able to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris by up to 87 %. It’s in vivo effect was checked with pot trials on chickpeas. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles have shown adequate inhibition of fungus both in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract—Propionibacterium acnes is a bacterium that significantly contributes to the development and progression of acne—the phenomenon of bacterial proliferation. The alkaloid carpain present in papaya leaf extract exhibits antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium associated with the development of acne. The facial wash is a cleansing product that removes bacteria and debris from the skin. This study aims to develop a facial wash gel formulation employing papaya leaf extract to treat and inhibit acne-causing bacteria. The formulation will involve the use of different concentrations of Carbopol 940 polymer, namely FI (1%), FII (1.5%), and FIII (2%), as a gelling agent. The research conducted falls under the category of experimental research. The assessment of facial wash gel formulations encompasses various parameters, such as organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity analysis, pH determination, viscosity measurement, spreadability assessment, and foaming capacity examination. The study's findings indicate that the formulation of the FII facial wash gel successfully fulfils all criteria for preparation evaluation. FI fails to satisfy the criteria for spreadability testing, while FIII needs to fulfil the homogeneity and viscosity testing requirements. The viscosity test was significantly affected by different amounts of Carbopol 940, which was used as a gelling agent. The pH, spreadability, and foamability tests were not significantly affected (p>0.05). Keywords: acne, carbopol 940, carica papaya, facial wash gel Abstrak—Propionibacterium acnes merupakan bakteri yang sangat berperan dalam patogenesis timbulnya jerawat. Pertumbuhan bakteri. Di dalam ekstrak daun pepaya terkandung alkaloid karpain yang berfungsi sebagai antibakteri penyebab jerawat (Propionibacterium acnes). Facial wash menjadi salah satu produk yang dapat digunakan untuk membersihkan kulit dari bakteri dan kotoran yang menempel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan sediaan facial wash gel dari ekstrak daun pepaya untuk mengobati jerawat serta mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri penyebab jerawat dengan variasi konsentrasi polimer Carbopol 940 sebagai gelling agent yaitu FI (1%), FII (1,5%), dan FIII (2%). Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimental. Evaluasi sediaan facial wash gel meliputi pengujian organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya sebar, dan daya busa. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan formulasi sediaan facial wash gel FII memenuhi semua syarat evaluasi sediaan. FI tidak memenuhi syarat uji daya sebar, sedangkan pada FIII tidak memenuhi syarat uji homogenitas dan viskositas. Variasi konsentrasi Carbopol 940 sebagai gelling agent memberikan hasil berpengaruh secara signifikan (p0,05) terhadap uji pH, daya sebar, dan daya busa. Kata kunci: daun papaya, gel sabun muka, jerawat, karbopol 940

Pharmacological studies have shown that Carica papaya possessed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and wound healing properties. The present study was outlined to extract, formulate and evaluate C. papaya transdermal patches. Transdermal patches were made by solvent casting method utilizing HPMC as rate controlling polymer and glycerine as plasticizer. Polysorbate 80 was used as penetration enhancer. It was assessed for various characteristics, such as thickness, surface pH, folding endurance, weight variation, % moisture uptake, % moisture loss and stability studies. The prepared patches showed good folding endurance, hence low chances of patch to break. The thickness, surface pH, weight variation values gave satisfactory results. The % moisture uptake and moisture loss indicated good stability of film. From all evaluation parameters, formulation F2 was finalized as optimized patch. The prepared patches showed satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Many coastal areas of the world will be impacted by seawater intrusion inland exposing crops to increasing levels of soil salinity. Studies of salinity stress in horticultural crops, including papaya, invariably use NaCl as the salt source, which may not be indicative of seawater. Methods This study compared plant growth, physiological, and nutritional responses, including leaf gas exchange, maximal potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence; Fv/Fm), the leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), electrolyte leakage (EL), leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf osmotic potential (Ψo), leaf and root N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl contents, and growth of potted ‘Red Lady’ papaya plants, in a calcined clay substrate, irrigated with NaCl or artificial seawater (Instant Ocean®) at six soil electrical conductivity (EC) levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 dS m−1). Results There were slight significant reductions in Ψw, Ψo, net CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g s ), and transpiration (Tr) with increasing EC regardless of the salt source. Leaf Ca, Mg, Na and Cl contents and root Mg, Na, and Cl increased significantly with increasing EC levels. For both salt sources, there was an indication of osmotic adjustment and tolerance of papaya up to an EC level of 6 dS m−1. A significant difference between the response to NaCl and artificial seawater was observed for plant height, leaf Mg and Cl contents, and root Mg and Na contents. Conclusion The use artificial seawater may be a better source than NaCl for studying papaya responses to increasing soil salinity.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Carica papaya peel meal-based diet on spermiogram and reaction time in rabbit bucks. Ripe pawpaw fruits were harvested during the dry season. The peels were carefully removed from the pulp and sun-dried for a week. Afterward, they were ground and included in the test diets as pawpaw peel meal (PPM) at inclusion rates of 0%, 15%, and 30%. Rabbit bucks (n = 15) were randomly separated into three groups of five bucks and labeled as groups A, B, and C. Group A, the control group (0%), was fed the basal protein diet (BD), group B (PPM 15) was given a PPM-based diet (15%), while C (PPM 30) was given diet composed of PPM (30%). Semen samples were collected and evaluated fortnightly for 14 weeks. The reaction time and mean ejaculate volume were lower (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups than in the control. Sperm motility and concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) across the groups from week 4 to the end of the experiment. Bucks fed PPM 15%, and PPM 30% had significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentages of dead sperm cells and total spermatozoa abnormalities. The control had (86%) normal spermatozoa morphology while those of PPM 15% and PPM 30% were (61%) and (52%), respectively. PPM 30% had the highest abnormal spermatozoa (47%) compared to PPM 15% (38%) and control (13%). The findings indicate that pawpaw peels up to 15% and 30% in the diet have a negative effect on spermiogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya, commonly known as papaya, is a succulent herbaceous plant renowned for its rich natural antioxidant content in various parts including leaves, fruits, seeds, and roots. In this finding, comprehensive research was carried out to estimate the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from aerial components (leaf and stem), rhizosphere components (roots) as well as in vitro regenerated callus of the Red Lady 786 cultivar. The primary objective was to optimize the extraction conditions that yielded the maximum recovery of TPC (total phenolic content), TFC (total flavonoid content), and antioxidant potential, specifically in relation to RSA (radical scavenging activity). The study revealed a range of total phenolics (26.76 to 108.8 mg gallic acid g− 1 dw), flavonoids (13.05 to 47.54 mg rutin g− 1 dw), and radical scavenging activity (8.51 to 48.3%) across different tissue of Red Lady 786. Notably, maximum contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant properties were recorded in leaves of Red Lady 786, extracted using conditions involving 50% ethanol at 50 °C for 30 min. Correlation analysis further unveiled a positive correlation among TPC, TFC, and RSA within the leaves, stem, root, and callus tissues. The results of this study suggest that the leaf, stem, root, and callus tissues of C. papaya have significant potential for the production of bioactive compounds. Research Highlights: Total phenols, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of leaf, stem, and root extracts is compared with callus extracts for the first time in Red Lady 786. Evidence of substantial phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential within callus extracts, with leaves exhibiting the highest efficacy. Established in vitro callus cultures that could be used for mass propagation and production of bioactive compounds using bioresources to catalyze bioeconomy in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess how the application of Limosilactobacillus fermentum BAL-21-ITTG in alginate-based edible coatings to osmodehydrated papaya pieces affects the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of the fruit. The papaya was sliced, and these pieces were osmodehydrated at 40 °C in a sucrose solution (45 °Brix) for 6 h. Subsequently, the osmodehydrated papaya pieces (OPPs) were dried for an additional 6 h at 40 °C. The OPPs were categorized into four groups and subjected to the following treatments: T1 (coated with a sodium alginate solution and L. fermentum, followed by gelation with CaCl2); T2 (coated with a sodium alginate solution and L. fermentum); T3 (coated with L. fermentum); and T4 (uncoated). Subsequently, the OPPs were stored in polyethylene containers at 4 °C for a duration of 34 days. The viability of L. fermentum and its survival during gastrointestinal simulation, as well as physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic properties were assessed during storage. The T1 treatment exhibited increased firmness throughout storage and sustained higher L. fermentum viability (8.88 log CFU/g) with a 98% survival rate during gastrointestinal simulation. The sodium alginate coatings, serving as a carrier for L. fermentum addition, enhanced the organoleptic attributes of the OPPs over the 34-day storage period. Sodium alginate sourced from S. fluitans is suitable for food applications. Therefore, this technology, involving the addition of sodium alginate from S. fluitans and L. fermentum, could be employed for functional food production and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as inter-stage between normal cognitive aging and major neurocognitive disorder (MND). This state of decay is a crucial factor in treatment to prevent the progression to MND. In this study, our group developed a virtual screening process to evaluate 2568 phytochemical compounds against 5 key proteins associated with MCI and MND. As a result, two potential candidates were identified: carpaine, found in Carica papaya leaves, and punicalagin, present in Punica granatum. A model of cognitive impairment (CI) was developed in 10-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats by administering aluminum chloride (AlCl3) at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 30 days. After AlCl3 administration period, one of the groups received carpaine and punicalagin in a phytochemical extract (PE) by oral gavage for 30 days. Novel object recognition test (NOR) was assessed at three different time points (T1 — before CI, T2 — after CI, and T3 — after PE treatment). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were identified in the hippocampus of rats at the end of the study period. After administration of AlCl3, a reduction in discrimination index vs control rats (CI = 0.012 ± 0.08 vs Control = 0.076 ± 0.03), was observed. After phytochemical extract treatment, a significant increase in discrimination index values was observed in the PE group 0.4643 ± 0.13 vs CI group 0.012 ± 0.08. Additionally, the evaluation of immunohistochemistry showed an increase in GFAP positivity in the hippocampus of the CI groups, while a slight decrease was observed in the PE group. This work addressed a comprehensive methodology that utilized in silico tools to identify phytochemical compounds (carpaine and punicalagin) as potential candidates for affecting key proteins in CI. The phytochemical extract containing carpaine and punicalagin resulted in a trend in the decrease of GFAP expression in the hippocampus and improved recognition memory in rats with CI induced by age and AlCl3 administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTinea capitis (T. capitis), commonly known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair. Among the causative agents, Microsporum canis (M. canis) stands out, often transmitted from cats to humans (zoonotic disease). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Carica papaya (C. papaya), fruit extract against dermatophytes, particularly M. canis, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we aimed to identify the active compounds responsible for suppressing fungal growth and assess the toxicity of C. papaya on human cells.MethodologyIt conducted in two parts. First, In Vitro Study include the preparation of C. papaya fruit extract using methanol as the solvent, Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract including Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted, Cytotoxicity assays were performed using HUH-7 cells, employing the MTT assay (1-(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), Antimicrobial activity against M. canis was evaluated, including: Zone of inhibition (ZI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), M. canis cell alterations were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Second, In Vivo, Albino Wistar male rats were included.ResultsThe phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract from papaya revealed several functional groups, including hydroxyl, ammonia, alkane, carbonate, and alcohol. Additionally, the GC–MS analysis identified 15 compounds, with xanthosine and decanoic acid being the predominant components. The methanolic extract of papaya fruits demonstrated potent antifungal activity: ZI = 37 mm, MIC = 1,000 μg/mL, MFC = 1900 μg/mL, MTT results indicated lower cytotoxicity of the fruit extract at concentrations of 20 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL, and 200 μg/mL, The IC50 revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with increasing extract concentration. Notably, papaya extract induced considerable alterations in the morphology of M. canis hyphae and spores. In animal tissue, improvements were observed among the group of rats which treated with Papaya extract. This study highlights the potential of C. papaya fruits as a natural antifungal agent, warranting further exploration for clinical applications.

Carica papaya is an important fruit crop in the tropics and is cultivated for consumption in fresh or processed form and for use in the pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries. Unlike the papaya fruits that are useful for the food industry, the shoots, leaves, and seeds were often discarded as they are considered waste products without realizing their nutrition potential. This study was conducted to determine the Carica papaya plant part that yields the highest phenolic compound by the FolinCiocalteu method and to find out which Carica papaya plant part exhibits the highest antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The investigation of antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content of the unused papaya tree parts is significant as the unused parts of the Carica papaya tree like shoots, leaves, and seeds can become potential raw materials for the manufacturing of medicine and drugs. The extraction procedure involved two extraction solvents with different ratios which were methanol, ethanol, and a mixture of methanol and ethanol at 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratio respectively. The methanol-extracted shoots of Carica papaya yielded the highest phenolic compound with 11.70±0.62 mg GAE/g. While methanol-extracted leaves of Carica papaya exhibited the highest antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging assay with 86.78±0.49%. The present study shows that methanol should be used as the extraction solvent as it is the most efficient solvent in extracting phenolic compounds from the Carica papaya plant's part. Extraction using methanol as the solvent could be used for further studies as it can yield maximum phytochemical compounds from the Carica papaya plant as well as other plant samples.

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that encode a protein that ensures the integrity of DNA and prevents the unregulated cells from proliferating. Mutations in the sequence of these genes are associated with the birth of inherited breast cancers. The research for possible human breast cancer treatment remains a vital step in the drug development process. In this study, in silico investigations involving a computational method for the discovery of active phytochemicals from Carica papaya against the BRCA-1 gene were carried out. The in silico studies for these phytochemicals datasets as BRCA-1 breast cancer therapeutic agents showed promising results through pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies. The Carica papaya compounds were found to follow the rule of five and have good bioavailability. The ADMET and drug-likeness screening score of the identified ligands also recognized their potential as a promising drug candidate against BRCA-1 while the DFT also confirm better biological and chemical reactivity of Carica papaya compounds with excellent intra-molecular charge transfer between electron donor and electron acceptor site. The results of the molecular docking provided useful information on possible target-lead interactions, demonstrating that the newly developed leads showed a high affinity for BRCA-1 targets and might be investigated for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Emerging evidence suggests that consumption of a well-balanced diet containing a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains can prevent the development of, halt, or reverse cancer progression. Carica papaya L. (papaya) has a wide distribution throughout many countries. Although the fruits of C. papaya are primarily consumed as food, various parts of this tree, including the bark, fruits, latex, seeds, and roots, have been used in traditional medicine for health promotion and disease mitigation. While numerous individual studies have investigated anticancer efficacies of various products and constituents of C. papaya, an up-to-date, comprehensive, and critical evaluation of available research data covering its role in the prevention and intervention of various human malignancies has not been conducted according to our knowledge. The purpose of this review is to present a systematic, comprehensive, and critical analysis of the cancer-preventive potential of C. papaya extracts, fractions, and isolated phytochemicals with a special emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Moreover, the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles of individual phytochemicals of C. papaya, as well as current limitations, challenges, and future directions of research, have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex segregation increases the cost of Carica papaya production through seed-based propagation. Therefore, in vitro techniques are an attractive option for clonal propagation, especially of hermaphroditic plants. Here, we performed a temporal analysis of the proteome of C. papaya calli aiming to identify the key players involved in embryogenic callus formation. Mature zygotic embryos used as explants were treated with 20 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to induce embryogenic callus. Total proteins were extracted from explants at 0 (zygotic embryo) and after 7, 14, and 21 days of induction. A total of 1407 proteins were identified using a bottom-up proteomic approach. The clustering analysis revealed four distinct patterns of protein accumulation throughout callus induction. Proteins related to seed maturation and storage are abundant in the explant before induction, decreasing as callus formation progresses. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, aerobic respiration, and protein catabolic processes were enriched throughout days of callus induction. Protein kinases associated with auxin responses, such as SKP1-like proteins 1B, accumulated in response to callus induction. Additionally, regulatory proteins, including histone deacetylase (HD2C) and argonaute 1 (AGO1), were more abundant at 7 days, suggesting their role in the acquisition of embryogenic competence. Predicted protein–protein networks revealed the regulatory role of proteins 14-3-3 accumulated during callus induction and the association of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and hormone response. Our findings emphasize the modulation of the proteome during embryogenic callus initiation and identify regulatory proteins that might be involved in the activation of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the spermicidal activity of papaya seed oil (Carica papaya L) from local Bali varieties against Wistar rat spermatozoa by evaluating sperm quality and the correlation between the percentage of motility and viability spermatozoa to identify its active compounds. Papaya seed oil was obtained by extracting papaya seeds using n-hexane solvent. The study was designed as follows; group of spermatozoa Wistar rat were treated with NaCl 0.9% (control, P0), with Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC) 0.5% (P1), with n-hexane extract 0.1%(b/v) (P2), with n-hexane extract 0.3%(b/v) (P3), and with n-hexane extract 0.5%(b/v) (P4). Column chromatography was used to separate the n-hexane extract into two fractions, A and B. The spermicide test for fractions A and B followed the same design as the test for n-hexane extract but until the P7 group. The result showed that fraction B exhibited higher spermicidal activity, with 23.3% motility and 33.8% of viability sperm at 100 ppm. The identification of fraction B by LCMS showed at least 12 mixture compounds were venoterpine, vitamin K5, 5-phenyl-2-pyridinamine, harmalan, styrylquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-benzoyl-2-methyl-4-phenylamino-quinoline, calcitroic acid, siderol, N-benzyl-linoleamide, (3β)-3-(diisopropylamino)androst-5-en-17-one, pipereicosalidine, and 25-azacholesterol. Spermicidal activity may be a synergistic effect of several compounds that have a cytotoxic activity such as styrylquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-benzoyl-2-methyl-4-phenylamino-quinoline, siderol, and pipereicosalidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To evaluate outstanding and adapted papaya lines derived from selection to conserve desirable characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: 23 lines of the 'Maradol' type were evaluated at Antunez Michoacan, Mexico. Initially, the plants' height, stem circumference, number of leaves, and first fruit height were recorded. During their development, outstanding plants were identified, and their self-pollinating was promoted. In the fruits, their polar and equatorial circumference, shape index, weight, width and pulp firmness, and soluble solids were assessed. Results: The plants' development was different, their variability between lines allowed identifying morphological characteristics of interest. Only 10 lines had this condition. The number of fruits formed over covered flower buds and collected fruits on formed fruits was reduced. The fruits' characterization, except for their soluble solids, showed differences. Multivariate analysis indicated variability associated with each principal component. Limitations on study/implications: Currently in Mexico, there are few papaya varieties, the 'Maradol' variety being dominant, and vulnerable to phytosanitary problems over time. However, developing varieties and seed production is challenging and the pollination control of the plants necessarily intervenes. Findings/conclusions: Out of 23 assessed papaya lines, only 43.48% reported outstanding plants. Inside these lines, between 5 and 10% of the plants were chosen. In the developmental progress from the covered flower buds' stage to formed and collected fruits, only 28% of fruits were obtained. The selected lines showed fruit variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present work, we have used the stem extract of Carica papaya for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were utilized in the decoration of reduced graphene oxide under ultrasonic conditions. The synthesized nanocomposite has been characterized using different analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray. The silver and graphene-based nanocomposite showed the specific capacitance of 254.8, 183, 151.8, 118.9, 97.3 and 81.3  F g−1 at scan rates of 10, 20, 30, 50, 75 and 100 mV s−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]