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2. Early Childhood Intervention for the Poor: Long Term Outcomes

Author

Andrew, Alison, primary, Attanasio, Orazio, additional, Augsburg, Britta, additional, Cardona-Sosa, Lina, additional, Day, Monimalika, additional, Giannola, Michele, additional, Grantham-McGregor, Sally, additional, Jervis, Pamela, additional, Meghir, Costas, additional, and Rubio-Codina, Marta, additional

Published
2024
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9. Essays in education and labour economics

Author

Cardona Sosa, Lina Marcela

Subjects
331.12
Abstract

The first two substantive chapters of the thesis estimate the effect of single sex secondary school education on educational achievement and labour market out- comes. The last chapter evaluates the impact of a tax credit aimed to encourage disabled people to work. The analysis is carried out using data from the UK and particular attention is paid to issues of endogeneity. Chapters 2 and 3 explore the association between single sex education and indi- viduals' achievement at school and in the labour market, respectively using data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS). The main findings from Chapter 2 suggest, after accounting for endogeneity, that single sex schooling increases the probability of continuing with education at the age of 16 by 14 percentage points (ppts). However, no effect was found for other educational outcomes. The analysis in Chapter 3 suggests the existence of a positive relationship with fulltime employment at the age of 33, and a positive effect on individuals' wages among those working fulltime at the age of 23. The quantile regression analysis suggested that the effect is mainly observed at the lower-middle part of the wage distribution. Finally, we found evidence that women from single sex schools are more likely to have a professional partner. In Chapter 4, using data from the UK Labour Force Survey, we evaluate the effectiveness of the Disabled Person's Tax Credit (DPTC). Using a difference in differences approach, we find an increase of 6.5 ppts in the employment rates of lone mothers with a disability and an increase of 5 ppts in the looking for a job probability of single men. This thesis contributes to the existing literature on the effects of single sex education by using a different identification strategy from other authors. It also provides evidence of the effectiveness of the DPTC, which has not been studied in a comprehensive way until now.

Published
2012

12. Freeing Financial Education via Tablets: Experimental Evidence from Colombia. NBER Working Paper No. 25929

Author

National Bureau of Economic Research, Attanasio, Orazio, Bird, Matthew, Cardona-Sosa, Lina, and Lavado, Pablo

Abstract

Financial knowledge is critical for making sound decisions that foster financial health and protect consumers from predation. A widely-used tool for building this capability is financial education. Yet evidence suggests that conventional approaches which teach concepts in classroom-style settings are ineffective and expensive at scale, especially for lower-income users. More recent findings indicate that customizing financial education to the needs, interests, and location of participants may increase impact, though doing so in a cost-effective and scalable way remains challenging. This randomized evaluation of a tablet-based financial education program with mostly female recipients of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in Colombia offers evidence for how to design and scale an effective digital-based financial education program. Results indicate that the LISTA Initiative had significant positive impacts on financial knowledge, attitudes, practices, and performance, increasing for poorer, less educated, and more rural populations, with users exhibiting increased financial health over two years later. Critical mechanisms included well-designed content and a social learning component. Yet the longer-term impact on formal financial inclusion was limited, suggesting the possible benefits of combining supply-side solutions with financial education interventions. [This research was funded by Innovations for Poverty Action's Global Financial Inclusion Innovation and Research Fund, which was supported by Citi Foundation. Funding from the USAID-Skoll Innovation Investment Alliance financed the final wave of data collection.]

Published
2019

17. Voluntary Migration in Ethiopia : In Search for Work and Better Opportunities

Author

Wieser, Christina, Mekonnen, Berhe, Cardona-Sosa, Lina, and Abubakar, Aisha

Subjects
LABOR MARKET, MIGRATION, RURAL-TO-URBAN, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS, DESTINATION AREAS, COVID-19, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS
Abstract

People migrate both within and between countries to improve their lives and the lives of families left back home. Evidence is growing on the significant returns to voluntary internal and international migration. Wage differentials incentivize people to cross borders and work abroad. Despite positive welfare effects, internal migration can also strain destination communities, particularly urban areas, which can contribute to negative social externalities. The benefits of internal and international labor migration, especially increasing household incomes and reducing poverty, are likely to outweigh costs. Policies in Ethiopia have focused on the negative aspects of migration, but perceptions are changing. This report expands the understanding of voluntary economic migration in Ethiopia. This report presents a comprehensive picture on migration in Ethiopia by synthesizing previous research and complementing existing evidence with new analysis using more recent data, including the latest available 2021 labor force and migration survey (LMS). This report is structured around two broad sections, which aim to provide a comprehensive picture of voluntary internal and international migration in Ethiopia, as well as a section highlighting broad policy implications. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides an overview of migration in Ethiopia and the latest trends on migration. Chapter three discusses migration motives and effects. Chapter four highlights policy directions to maximize the benefit of migration while minimizing the costs.

Published
2022

28. Poverty and Gender in Malawi : A Background Paper for the 2021 Malawi Poverty Assessment

Author

Gross, Melanie, Muller, Miriam, Caruso, German Daniel, and Cardona Sosa, Lina Marcela

Subjects
GENDER DISPARITY, AGRICULTURAL LAND, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, POVERTY AND GENDER, POVERTY OUTCOME, GENDER BIAS, POVERTY AND EQUITY
Abstract

The paper, which serves as a gender background paper for the 2021 Malawi Poverty Assessment, is structured as follows. It first presents the data and empirical strategy. Chapter two presents poverty data and discusses the intersection of poverty and gender. Poverty by household composition is essential for understanding gendered differences in poverty. From there, chapter three explores gender disparities in economic opportunities, following the analytical framework cited earlier. The authors will then move to potential drivers of economic outcomes: endowments (chapter four) and agency (chapter five). The last section offers conclusions.

Published
2021

31. Monitoring COVID-19 Impacts on Households in Ethiopia, Report No. 8 : COVID-19 and the Rural Economy - Evidence from High Frequency Phone Surveys

Author

Wieser, Christina, Cardona Sosa, Lina Marcela, Ambel, Alemayehu A., Tsegay, Asmelash Haile, and Pimhidzai, Obert

Subjects
PANDEMIC IMPACT, COPING STRATEGY, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, FOOD SECURITY, COVID-19, INCOME LOSS, CORONAVIRUS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, FARMING ACTIVITY
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic and its economic and social effects on households have created an urgent need for timely data to help monitor and mitigate the social and economic impacts of the crisis and protect the welfare of the least well-off Ethiopians. To track how the pandemic is affecting Ethiopia’s economy and its population and to inform interventions and policy responses, the World Bank is conducting a high-frequency phone survey of households (HFPS-HH). The HFPS-HH tracks households with access to a phone, with selected respondents, typically household heads, completing phone-based interviews every month.

Published
2021

41. Preschool quality and child development

Author

Andrew, Alison, Attanasio, Orazio P., Bernal, Raquel, Cardona Sosa, Lina, Krutikova, Sonya, and Rubio-Codina, Marta

Subjects
education, childcare quality, ddc:330, J13, preschool quality, I20, H43, I10, early childhood development
Abstract

Global access to preschool has increased dramatically yet preschool quality is often poor. We use a randomized controlled trial to evaluate two approaches to improving the quality of Colombian preschools. We find that the first, which was rolled out nationwide and provides additional resources for materials and new staff, did not benefit children's development and, unintentionally, led teachers to reduce their involvement in classroom activities. The second approach additionally trains teachers to improve their pedagogical methods. We find this addition offset the negative effects on teacher behavior, improved the quality of teaching and raised children's cognition, language and school readiness.

Published
2019

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