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Las garantías de resocialización de la pena deben estar amparadas con el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, de manera que se pueda dar cumplimiento a la sujeción jurídico penal dentro de un Estado Social de Derecho. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo central determinar los alcances de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en los procesos de resocialización de la pena, lo cual se pudo dar a conocer por medio de un enfoque cualitativo con método inductivo, que a través de una revisión documental detallada permitió obtener como resultado principal que las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación son herramientas pertinentes para el logro de la resocialización de la pena, por medio del acercamiento a la educación, el trabajo, el contacto familiar y la atención tanto judicial como penitenciaria y carcelaria, a partir de las cuales se puede facilitar el acceso a la población reclusa a las audiencias de ejecución de pena, transmisión telemática de estas, las reclamaciones de redención de pena, la gestión documental para la descarga de certificados digitales, entre otros. En conclusión, es pertinente incorporar la inteligencia artificial en el sistema carcelario de Colombia.

Circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) are found in most, if not all, biological fluids and are becoming well established biomarkers of many human pathologies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of c-miRNAs as biomarkers of reproductive and metabolic states in fish, a question that has received little attention. Plasma was collected throughout the reproductive cycle from rainbow trout females subjected to two different feeding levels to trigger contrasting metabolic states; ovarian fluid was sample at ovulation. Fluid samples were subjected to small RNA-seq analysis followed by quantitative PCR validation for a subset of promising c-miRNA biomarkers. A comprehensive miRNA repertoire, which was lacking in trout, was first established to allow subsequent analysis. We first showed that biological fluids miRNAomes are complex and encompass a high proportion of the overall species miRNAome. While sharing a high proportion of common miRNAs, plasma and ovarian fluid miRNAomes exhibited strong fluid-specific signatures. We further showed that the plasma miRNAome exhibited major significant changes depending on metabolic and reproductive state. We subsequently identified three (miR-1-1/2-3p, miR-133-a-1/2-3p and miR-206-3p) evolutionarily conserved muscle-specific miRNA that accumulate in the plasma in response to high feeding rates, making these myomiRs strong candidate biomarkers of active myogenesis. We also identified miR-202-5p as a candidate biomarker for reproductive success that could be used to predict ovulation and/or egg quality. These highly promising results reveal the high potential of c-miRNAs as physiologically relevant biomarkers and pave the way for the use of c-miRNAs for non-invasive phenotyping in various fish species.

Many of the resistance mechanisms of enterobacteria to antimicrobial agents are well understood; nevertheless several aspects remain unsolved, particularly with regard to prediction of clinical response. The resistance pattern observed in the antibiogram of a specific organism should be the sum of the natural resistance pattern, characteristic of the species, plus the acquired resistance. In enterobacteria the principal mechanism of resistance to beta lactams and aminoglycosides is enzyme production, Each enzyme recognizes one or more specific beta lactam or aminoglycoside, as a substrate. This translates as a specific resistance phenotype that allows one to infer the enzyme(s) implicated. Enzyme resistance is not, however, the only mechanism of resistance to these agents; often the pattern observed is multifactorial. Resistance to quinolones is due to point and sequence mutations which may be selected by initially active fluoroquinolones and cause a stepwise increase of resistance.

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El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de la PCR en el diagnóstico de la leptospirosis humana, utilizando dos pares de iniciadores específicos para las leptospiras patógenas. Se examinaron por la prueba serológica MAT y la PCR muestras de orina y suero de 73 pacientes con SFIH y epidemiología compatible con leptospirosis. Muestras de 10 pacientes (55,5%) con diagnóstico confirmado de leptospirosis por MAT resultaron positivas por PCR. El 28% de los sueros de pacientes clasificados por serología como casos no confirmados resultó PCR positivo, lo que demuestra el valor de la PCR en el diagnóstico temprano de la leptospirosis humana. La comparación de los resultados de PCR en muestras de orina y suero determinó una mayor sensibilidad de esta técnica en muestras de orina. Considerando las diferentes fases de la leptospirosis en el análisis de los resultados de la PCR, se demostró la utilidad de las muestras de orina en el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad. Se concluye que la PCR es un método sensible y específico que aplicado en muestras clínicas y de manera complementaria a las pruebas serológicas sirve para detectar casos de leptospirosis, especialmente en pacientes graves en los que es necesario hacer diagnóstico diferencial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of PCR for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis using two pairs of specific pathogenic Leptospira initiators. Urine and serum samples from 73 patients with ictohaemorrhagic fever syndrome (IHFS) epidemiologically compatible for leptospirosis were examined by the MAT serologic test and by PCR. Ten (55.5%) samples from patients with MAT confirmed leptospirosis were also PCR positive. Sera from 28% of patients classified as non serologically confirmed cases were PCR positive, which shows the importance of PCR for the early diagnosis of human leptospirosis. A comparison of the PCR results in urine and serum samples determined the greater sensibility of this technique in urine samples. The usefulness of urine samples for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis was demonstrated by considering the different leptospirosis phases in the analysis of the PCR results. It is concluded that PCR is a sensitive and specific method which, applied to clinical samples and as complement to serological tests, if useful to detect leptospirosis cases, especially in patients with severe symptoms, when it is necessary to reach a differential diagnosis.

The combined use of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and invasive coronary procedures reduces ischemic coronary events but also increases bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes. We therefore assessed whether fondaparinux would preserve the anti-ischemic benefits of enoxaparin while reducing bleeding. We randomly assigned 20, 078 patients with acute coronary syndromes to receive either fondaparinux (2.5 mg daily) or enoxaparin (1 mg per kilogram of body weight twice daily) for a mean of six days and evaluated death, myocardial infarction, or refractory ischemia at nine days (the primary outcome) ; major bleeding ; and their combination. Patients were followed for up to six months. The number of patients with primary-outcome events was similar in the two groups (579 with fondaparinux [5.8 percent] vs. 573 with enoxaparin [5.7 percent] ; hazard ratio in the fondaparinux group, 1.01 ; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.13), satisfying the noninferiority criteria. The number of events meeting this combined outcome showed a nonsignificant trend toward a lower value in the fondaparinux group at 30 days (805 vs. 864, P=0.13) and at the end of the study (1222 vs. 1308, P=0.06). The rate of major bleeding at nine days was markedly lower with fondaparinux than with enoxaparin (217 events [2.2 percent] vs. 412 events [4.1 percent] ; hazard ratio, 0.52 ; P

In this paper we deal with the life annuity amortization, classical argument of financial mathematics with applications in banking. We are going to analyze the main characteristics and we give the formulations referred to different choices of fixed, variable and stochastic interest rates.