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Background: ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) is considered a key indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemiological surveillance in animal, human and environment compartments. There is likelihood of ESBL-Ec animal–human transmission but proof of cross-compartment transmission is still unclear. Objectives: To characterize ESBL-Ec genetic similarity in various compartments (humans, animals and environment) from a rural area of Madagascar. Methods: We collected ESBL-Ec isolates prospectively from humans, animals and the environment (water) between April and October 2018. These isolates were subject to WGS and analysed with cutting-edge phylogenomic methods to characterize population genetic structure and infer putative transmission events among compartments. Results: Of the 1454 samples collected, 512 tested positive for ESBL-Ec. We successfully sequenced 510 samples, and a phylogenomic tree based on 179 365 SNPs was produced. Phylogenetic distances between and amongst compartments were indistinguishable, and 104 clusters of recent transmission events between compartments were highlighted. Amongst a large diversity of ESBL-Ec genotypes, no lineage host specificity was observed, indicating the regular occurrence of ESBL-Ec transfer among compartments in rural Madagascar. Conclusions: Our findings stress the importance of using a phylogenomic approach on ESBL-Ec samples in various putative compartments to obtain a clear baseline of AMR transmissions in rural settings, where one wants to identify risk factors associated with transmission or to measure the effect of 'One Health' interventions in low- and middle-income countries.

In November 2020, a Baseline study was conducted among 342 participants, followed by an awareness campaign.Then an Endline study was carried out with 337 other participants in January 2021, to assess communitiesknowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to rabies in the same study areas. The same questionnaires were used to assess communities KAP. A significant improvement in participants KAP related to rabies was observed. The good knowledge average score increased from 36% to 61%, positive attitudes improved from 39% to 55%, and good practices increased from 7% to 81%. The participants mean KAP score increases from 27% at Baseline to 66% at Endline. Multivariable logistic regressions performed after both phasesrevealed that participants who heard or saw information about rabies during an awareness campaign had higher KAP levels compared to others. This study demonstrated the awareness campaign importance, and the need to continue and intensify efforts to raise rural communities awareness, by using mass communication methods such as radio broadcasts, video spots and flyers in local language to reach morepeople.

Our understanding of the drivers of the temporal dynamics of livestock mobility networks is currently limited, despite their significant implications for the surveillance and control of infectious diseases. We analyzed the effect of time-varying environmental and economic variables—biomass production, rainfall, livestock market prices, and religious calendar on long-distance movements of cattle and small ruminant herds in Senegal in the years 2014 and 2019. We used principal component analysis to explore the variation of the hypothesized explanatory variables in space and time and a generalized additive modelling approach to assess the effect of those variables on the likelihood of herd movement between pairs of administrative units. Contrary to environmental variables, the patterns of variation of market prices show significant differences across locations. The explanatory variables at origin had the highest contribution to the model deviance reduction. Biomass production and rainfall were found to affect the likelihood of herd movement for both species on at least 1 year. Market price at origin had a strong and consistent effect on the departure of small ruminant herds. Our study shows the potential benefits of regular monitoring of market prices for future efforts at forecasting livestock movements and associated sanitary risks.

Cette note présente une revue de littérature non exhaustive des données de piégeage de Culicoides en Europe afin de caractériser la diversité et les abondances des populations en zone de faune sauvage.

Neurocysticercosis is recognized as an important health issue in the Malagasy population. To date, investigations into prevalence of infection with the causative agent, Taenia solium, in the parasite's natural animal intermediate hosts, have relied on serological methods which have been found to be non-specific. We determined the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis among pigs from a contiguous area of the Betafo and Mandoto administrative districts, Vakinankaratra Region, Madagascar. One hundred and four slaughter-weight pigs were examined by detailed necropsy examination including slicing of the heart, tongue, masseter muscles, diaphragm and carcase musculature. Thirty-seven animals (35.6%) were found infected with T. solium, representing one of the highest rates of infection ever reported, worldwide. These findings highlight the importance of T. solium in Madagascar and support the need for increased efforts to prevent the parasite's transmission to reduce its burden on the health of the Malagasy population.

La rage est une zoonose endémique à Madagascar et engendre entre 300 et 700 décès chaque année malgré l'existence d'un vaccin canin efficace. Le risque de transmission et l'impact de la maladie sont mal connus dans ce pays. Plusieurs organisations internationales ont lancé en 2015 un appel pour un monde indemne de rage humaine transmise par les chiens d'ici à 2030. Malheureusement, cette maladie demeure négligée et reste un problème de santé publique à Madagascar, malgré l'existence d'un système de surveillance passif. La méconnaissance de cette maladie et l'influence des facteurs socio-économiques pourraient rendre la rage endémique dans le pays. Pour évaluer les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques (CAP) des populations sur la rage, et identifier des outils de sensibilisation adaptés au contexte local, une enquête communautaire a été menée dans dix Fokontany couvrant trois réserves naturelles Alan'Ankisira, Alan'i Marosolaza et Alan'Andranomena de la région Menabe à l'ouest de Madagascar. L'étude s'est déroulée en deux phases du 5 à 29 Novembre 2020 (Baseline), puis du 5 à 22 Janvier 2021 (Endline). Une population totale de 342 ménages a été enquêtée en Baseline. A la fin de cette phase, des messages de sensibilisation dont des émissions radiophoniques dans deux radios locales couvrant la zone d'étude, des flyers , des affiches et des projections vidéo ont été diffusés. En Endline 337 ménages ont été enquêtés avec les mêmes questionnaires qu'en Baseline. Des scores de CAP sur la rage ont été calculés à partir de questionnaires administrés aux participants. L'étude a montré que les niveaux de CAP des populations ont été améliorés entre les deux phases, passant de 27% (en Baseline) à 66% bonnes réponses (en Endline). La moyenne de l'ensemble sur les Connaissances sur la rage est passée de 36% à 61 % de bonnes réponses en Endline. Pour les bonnes Attitudes face à la rage, elles sont passées de 39% à 55%. Quant aux bonnes Pratiques, elles ont évolué de 7% à 81%. Les

This study was conducted to identify the main risk factors for Salmonella spp. persistence in broiler flocks in Reunion Island. Seventy broiler farms were surveyed from March 2016 to June 2018. Samples of fresh droppings were collected using gauze socks, and a questionnaire was completed with the farmers. Persistence was defined as an infection with the same serovar before and after cleaning and disinfection (C/D) of poultry houses. Salmonella spp. was found to persist on 27% of the farms. Cleaning concrete surrounding areas (OR = 0.23) and disinfecting silos (OR = 0.17) reduced the risk of pathogen persistence. An analysis of infections of pests found in the vicinity of the farms confirmed their role in the persistence of Salmonella spp. Fifteen percent of the pests were infected and the presence of mealworms in poultry litter (OR = 6.69) was found to increase the risk of Salmonella spp. persistence. We conclude that improved cleaning-disinfection, sanitary preventive measures and pest control in the poultry sector are needed to avoid the persistence of Salmonella spp. on broiler farms.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of major animal and public health importance. In 2018–19, it caused an epidemic in both livestock and human populations of the island of Mayotte. Using Bayesian modelling approaches, we assessed the spatio-temporal pattern of RVF virus (RVFV) infection in livestock and human populations across the island, and factors shaping it. First, we assessed if (i) livestock movements, (ii) spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, and (iii) livestock density were associated with the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into Mayotte communes' livestock populations. Second, we assessed whether the rate of human infection was associated with (a) spatial proximity from and (b) livestock density of communes with infected animals. Our analyses showed that the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into communes' livestock populations was associated with livestock movements and spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with livestock movements being associated with the best model fit. Moreover, the pattern of human cases was associated with their spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with the risk of human infection sharply increasing if livestock in the same or close communes were infected. This study highlights the importance of understanding livestock movement networks in informing the design of risk-based RVF surveillance programs.