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The spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles landing and climbing stems of 12 grown and healthy Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) was examined in detail during a 3‐year trial. The beetles were sampled using sticky traps attached to the tree trunk at three tree parts (i.e., the trunk base, middle part of the trunk, and trunk in crown). Each tree part was sampled using two sticky traps facing opposite cardinal directions (north and south).In total, 4063 individuals representing 169 taxa of saproxylic beetles were yielded in the 1405 obtained samples.Remarkable interstrata diversification of saproxylic beetle assemblages reflecting distribution of breeding substrates in the forest stand was observed. Overall, species richness decreased considerably from the trunk base to the crown, with intermediate values for the middle part of the trunk. However, the abundance of mycetophages and saproxylophages decreased from the trunk base to the crown, with xylophages being the most abundant in the tree crown.The cardinal direction exhibited overall weak effects on abundance, species richness, and composition, but the occurrence of a few particular species was significantly associated with the south (13 species) or north (3 species) facing part of the trunk.Our results suggest that primary attraction and random landing strategies are combined during the substrate selection by many species.High variability in the importance of the studied explanatory variables was observed among taxa, which shows how the species composition recorded in any study might alter its general outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, is an invasive pest in North America. The presence of resin beads as signs of female ovipositor activity has been effectively used in ground surveillance. Improving our understanding of the relationship between resin bead density and the number of emerging S. noctilio, its parasitoid, and native woodwasp strengthens integrated pest management programs. We also investigated the resin bead density associated with the height, diameter, or cardinal direction on red pines. Results indicated resin bead density was significantly associated with only the emergence of S. noctilio, not the emergence of its parasitoid, or native woodwasp. Resin beads were also most abundant on the north, east, and south sides of logs at 4.5 m above the ground. This study supports the use of resin beads as a first visible sign of S. noctilio colonization of host trees in North America. This study examined the relationships of the abundance and distribution of resin beads (signs of Sirex noctilio parent female ovipositor activity) with the abundance and distribution of emerging progeny of S. noctilio, S. nigricornis and their parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides. S. noctilio is native to Europe and is an invasive pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere and North America; S. nigricornis is native to North America and is a secondary pest of dying pines. I. leucospoides is a parasitoid that has been widely deployed for biological control of S. noctilio. This study aimed to determine if the distribution of resin beads is associated with the height, diameter, or cardinal direction on red pines, Pinus resinosa, as well as the distribution of wood wasp and parasitoid emergence. Our results showed that among log sections taken at five heights, resin beads were most abundant on the north, east, and south sides of logs and mid log at 4.5 m above the ground. Emergence of S. noctilio was most abundant only from logs with more than five resin beads per square meter, while diameter and height were not contributing factor. None of variables evaluated (resin bead densities, height, and diameter) had significant effects on the emergence of S. nigricornis and I. leucospoides. These findings help clarify the biological significance of resin beads as indicators of S. noctilio colonization of host trees in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationships of the abundance and distribution of resin beads (signs of Sirex noctilio parent female ovipositor activity) with the abundance and distribution of emerging progeny of S. noctilio, S. nigricornis and their parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides. S. noctilio is native to Europe and is an invasive pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere and North America; S. nigricornis is native to North America and is a secondary pest of dying pines. I. leucospoides is a parasitoid that has been widely deployed for biological control of S. noctilio. This study aimed to determine if the distribution of resin beads is associated with the height, diameter, or cardinal direction on red pines, Pinus resinosa, as well as the distribution of wood wasp and parasitoid emergence. Our results showed that among log sections taken at five heights, resin beads were most abundant on the north, east, and south sides of logs and mid log at 4.5 m above the ground. Emergence of S. noctilio was most abundant only from logs with more than five resin beads per square meter, while diameter and height were not contributing factor. None of variables evaluated (resin bead densities, height, and diameter) had significant effects on the emergence of S. nigricornis and I. leucospoides. These findings help clarify the biological significance of resin beads as indicators of S. noctilio colonization of host trees in North America.

One of the most important issues in cognitive linguistics is Spatial Orientation. Languages use sources such as human body (body-part), landmarks, dynamic concept (typically motion verbs like come, go, etc.) and cardinal direction to conceptualize spatial and geographic directions. Every language uses the whole or some of these sources based on its historical and cultural issues. The present study sought to consider the features and sources of Spatial orientation in Persian language based on of Heine’s (1997) theory. The results of the study indicated that Persian language employs human body and animal body (anthropomorphic and zoomorphic model) as the main source of conceptualization, since the bodily experience in space serves as the basis for the majority of metaphorical expressions. The next source was Landmarks (environment – specific features) such as rivers, mountains and rocky places, sea and trees and other related properties. The third and final sources were motion and cardinal directions respectively

A nondestructive sampling method was developed for Lycorma delicatula egg masses based on fixed-radius plot (100 m2) in 2020. All trees >1.0 cm DBH (diameter at breast height, 1.37 m in height) on each plot were visually inspected from the ground 4 m from the tree with binoculars. Egg masses found on trees were separated into six within-tree positions (lower trunk, middle trunk, upper trunk, first branch, second branch, above second branch) and recorded by cardinal directions, whereas those laid on shrubs/vines and stones were recorded without such separation. In total, 146 trees were inventoried at 28 plots over seven study sites (four plots per site). Egg masses were found on 19 tree species plus summer grape (Vitis aestivalis) and stone. Of the 421 total egg masses recorded, 31.1% were on Norway maple (Acer platanoides), followed by tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima ; 14.7%), black birch (Betula lenta ; 12.6%), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera ; 11.9%), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia ; 10.2%). Egg mass density per tree was positively correlated with tree diameter, and egg mass density per plot was positively correlated with plot basal area. Egg mass density after conversion ranged from 600 to 3,930 eggs masses/ha with no significant difference among study sites. Cardinal direction had no effect; however, significantly more egg masses were found on the first branches and upper trunks than other within-tree positions. Overall, branches were better than trunks in predicting egg mass number for the tree. The role of distance and late season adult aggregation on oviposition substrate selection are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating spatial knowledge acquisition in virtual environments allows studying different sources of information under controlled conditions. Therefore, we built a virtual environment in the style of a European village and investigated spatial knowledge acquisition by experience in the immersive virtual environment and compared it to using an interactive map of the same environment. The environment was well explored, with both exploration sources covering the whole village area. We tested knowledge of cardinal directions, building-to-building orientation, and judgment of direction between buildings in a pointing task. The judgment of directions was more accurate after exploration of the virtual environment than after map exploration. The opposite results were observed for knowledge of cardinal directions and relative orientation between buildings. Time for cognitive reasoning improved task accuracies after both exploration sources. Further, an alignment effect toward the north was only visible after map exploration. Taken together, our results suggest that the source of spatial exploration differentially influenced spatial knowledge acquisition.

The directional relation is regarded as one of the indispensable contents in completely spatial relation expresssing. In view of the deficiency of directional relation matrix in uniform directional qualitatively expressing and reasoning for self directional relation of concave region, according to spatial relativization, this research improves and perfects the algebraic direction relations expressing and reasoning qualitively between target object and concave landmark using global external and local internal directions. Firstly, the global external directional relation for reference concave polygon and target object is achieved based on trisection affine transformation matrix. Secondly, the local internal directional relations between concave polygon and target object are presented through concave adaptive segmentation. Thirdly, the qualitive directional reasoning based on vector triangle rule from two concave reference landmarks is realized via integration logical composing operator, as well as single concave reference landmark by difference logical composing operator identically. Last but not least, through experimental instance comparision and analysis, this method was proved to be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the publication of numerous studies about carbon (C) concentration in various tree components, few have investigated the C variation in spatially restricted tree species. We evaluated differences in C concentrations among four conifer species of High Value Conservation Forests (HVCF) in northern Mexico. Total carbon concentration (TOC) analyses were performed for Cupressus lusitanica Mill, Picea chihuahuana Mtz., Abies durangensis Mtz., and Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Carbon concentration varies within the structural tree component, but no significant difference was found when the aerial samples were classified based on the point of cardinal extraction from where they were taken. The species, P. menziesii, A. durangensis, and P. chihuahuana showed the lowest C concentration in the stems, while C. lusitanica had the highest.