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Anthropogenic pollution of marine ecosystems is one of the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Marine bivalves are often used as bioindicators of environmental pollution due to their wide distribution and capability of xenobiotic bioaccumulation. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of PAHs in soft tissues of wedge clams Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758), collected from sublittoral sandy habitats at different locations off the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Wedge clams from the different locations showed variations in the content of accumulated PAHs’ compounds. The concentrations of PAHs were measured by gas chromatography system with mass spectrometry detection. The total PAHs content (sum of 13 PAHs’ compounds) measured was in the range from 5.59 to 50.50 ng/g wet weight and was comparable with other European studies. The compounds phenanthrene and fluorene were most abundant in all analyzed samples. The results showed that low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (2 and 3 aromatic rings) were predominant, accounting for 91% of the total PAHs levels, while high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4–5- and 6- rings) presence was 8.9% on average. The ratio LMW/HMWPAHs was higher than one, suggesting predominant pollution of petrogenic origin. The concentrations of benzo (a)pyrene did not exceed the limit set in EC Regulation although it was detected in 20% of the analyzed samples. In conclusion, maximum overall PAHs content was found in clams from Arkutino, while minimum PAHs content was present in samples from Elenite. The Sum PAH4 (sum of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo[a]pyrene, chrisene, benzo[a]anthracene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) in the wedge clams for all localities studied was below legislation limits. Data from the present research can be used for assessing pollution levels in the marine environment and also risk of human exposure to PAHs using D. trunculus as bioindicator species.

The main goal of the present study was to investigate the impact of the state of the environment on the microbiota of the wedge clam Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the region of Arkutino (Bulgarian Black Sea aquatory). The species Enterococcus hirae was isolated during the summer (from May to August). The species P. mendocina prefers the warmer months and the species P. alcaligenes the colder ones. The temperature followed a course of decrease during the period September 2020 to January 2021, followed by a slow increase from February 2021. Comparing May 2020 with May 2021, it became evident that in 2021 the temperature was 1.5 °C lower. We can say that the number of the species P. alcaligenes was twice as high in May 2021. It is likely that this species preferred lower optimum temperatures and constant other parameters. For the species Enterococcus hirae such dependence was not observed - the number remained constant in May, but with increasing temperature the number of microorganisms decreased during the summer months. The species seemed to preferably develop at pH 7.78. The species A. gyllenbergii preferably grows at temperatures between 20.3–25.7 °C and the optimal temperature was 25.7 °C. For C. farmeri the optimum conditions were temperature 26.2 °C and pH 7.3. The species E. vulneris was probably related not only to the increase in water temperature, but also to the anthropogenic factor, as it was found only in July.

New data on 52 non-indigenous mollusks in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is reported. Fossarus sp. (aff. aptus sensu Blatterer 2019), Coriophora lessepsiana Albano, Bakker & Sabelli, sp. nov., Cerithiopsis sp. aff. pulvis, Joculator problematicus Albano & Steger, sp. nov., Cerithiopsis sp., Elachisina sp., Iravadia aff. elongata, Vitrinella aff. Vitrinella sp. 1 (sensu Blatterer 2019), Melanella orientalis, Parvioris aff. dilecta, Odostomia cf. dalli, Oscilla virginiae, Parthenina cossmanni, Parthenina typica, Pyrgulina craticulata, Turbonilla funiculata, Cylichna collyra, Musculus coenobitus, Musculus aff. viridulus, Chavania erythraea, Scintilla cf. violescens, Iacra seychellarum and Corbula erythraeensis are new records for the Mediterranean. An unidentified gastropod, Skeneidae indet., Triphora sp., Hypermastus sp., Sticteulima sp., Vitreolina cf. philippi, Odostomia (s.l.) sp. 1, Henrya (?) sp., and Semelidae sp. are further potential new non-indigenous species although their status should be confirmed upon final taxonomic assessment. Additionally, the status of Dikoleps micalii, Hemiliostraca clandestina comb. nov. and H. athenamariae comb. nov. is changed to non-indigenous, range extensions for nine species and the occurrence of living individuals for species previously recorded from empty shells only are reported. Opimaphora blattereri Albano, Bakker & Sabelli, sp. nov. is described from the Red Sea for comparison with the morphologically similar C. lessepsiana Albano, Bakker & Sabelli, sp. nov. The taxonomic part is followed by a discussion on how intensive fieldwork and cooperation among institutions and individuals enabled such a massive report, and how the poor taxonomic knowledge of the Indo-Pacific fauna hampers non-indigenous species detection and identification. Finally, the hypothesis that the simultaneous analysis of quantitative benthic death assemblages can support the assignment of non-indigenous status to taxonomically undetermined species is discussed.

A new tellinid species, Pharaonella amanyu sp. n., is described from sand banks around Amami Islands, the Ryukyu Archipelago, in southern Japan. A molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that this new species is closely related to P. sieboldii. This species has long siphons and lives buried deep in well-sorted white sand syntopically with Tonganaella tongana. These rare, large tellinid species are indicators of unspoiled tidal/subtidal sand flats, which should receive the highest priority conservation in the Ryukyu Archipelago.

A new tellinid species, Pharaonella amanyu sp. n., is described from sand banks around Amami Islands, the Ryukyu Archipelago, in southern Japan. A molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that this new species is closely related to P. sieboldii. This species has long siphons and lives buried deep in well-sorted white sand syntopically with Tonganaella tongana. These rare, large tellinid species are indicators of unspoiled tidal/subtidal sand flats, which should receive the highest priority conservation in the Ryukyu Archipelago.

Pratulum quinarium (Marwick, 1944) (Fig. 6) Nemocardium (Pratulum) quinarium Marwick, 1944: 266; pl. 36, figs. 10, 16. Material. Sixteen specimens, 12 numbered: two from Moonlight North (Y16/f0694), L4653 (Fig. 6 A), L4654 (Fig. 6 D); 14 from Tauwhareparae (Y16/f0539), L4655 (Fig. 6 C), L4656���4663, L4664 (Fig. 6 B), UOA. Remarks. Details of the muscle scars of Pratulum quinarium (Marwick, 1944) remained unobserved or unreported before this study, and are described here from a single small specimen (Fig. 6 A). The anterior adductor scar is elongate dorsoventrally, rather thin anteroposteriorly; posterior adductor scar arcuate, about twice as wide (anteroposteriorly) as anterior adductor scar, ca. 50% longer dorsoventrally, situated slightly lower than anterior adductor scar; pallial line entire, parallel to (antero- and postero-) ventral margin and rather distant from it (ca. 60��� 70% towards margin from shell centre). The occurrence of P. quinarium at two Lillburnian-age New Zealand fossil seep sites extends the stratigraphic range of this species back from its previous earliest report in the Tongaporutuan. In fact, none of the species currently assigned to Pratulum have ever been recorded from the Lillburnian, but the genus is known throughout the Cenozoic from Danian to Recent (Beu & Maxwell 1990). P. quinarium is morphologically close to Pratulum pulchellum (Gray, 1843), distinguished from it by the finer and more numerous ribs, and by the narrow interstices, well developed transverse bars and absence of tubercles on the posterior area (Marwick 1944). At 11���13 mm in length, P. quinarium is among the smallest of New Zealand cardiids. The specimens were predominantly found in a single aggregation at Tauwhareparae, reflecting a gregarious habit that is typical for the genus., Published as part of Saether, Kristian P., Jingeng, Sha, Little, Crispin T. S. & Campbell, Kathleen A., 2016, New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 4154 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4154.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272151, {"references":["Marwick, J. (1944) New Zealand fossil and Recent Cardiidae (Mollusca). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 74, 255 - 272.","Beu, A. & Maxwell, P. A. (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 58, 1 - 518.","Gray, J. E. (1843) Catalogue of the species of Mollusca and their shells, which have hitherto been recorded as found at New Zealand, with the description of some lately discovered species. In: Dieffenbach, E. (Ed.), Travels in New Zealand; with contributions to the geography, geology, botany, and natural history of that country. Vol. II. Fauna of New Zealand. Murray, London, pp. 228 - 265."]}

Genus Pratulum Iredale, 1924 Type species. Cardium thetidis Hedley, 1902 Remarks. This genus has never been reported from modern New Zealand seeps or from fossil seep deposits globally. Traditionally, it has been regarded as a subgenus of Nemocardium Meek, 1876. However, Poorten (2013) recently reviewed Nemocardium and argued that Pratulum Iredale, 1924, should be elevated to genus level. This opinion is followed here., Published as part of Saether, Kristian P., Jingeng, Sha, Little, Crispin T. S. & Campbell, Kathleen A., 2016, New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 4154 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4154.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272151, {"references":["Iredale, T. (1924) Results from Roy Bell's molluscan collections. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 49, 179 - 279.","Hedley, C. (1902) Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H. M. O. S. \" Thetis \". Brachiopoda and Pelecypoda. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 4, 287 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.4.1902.1501","Meek, F. B. (1876) A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the Upper Missouri Country. Reports of the United States Geology and Geography Surveys of the Territories, 9, 1 - 629.","Poorten, J. J. ter (2013) Revision of the Recent species of the genus Nemocardium Meek, 1876 (Bivalvia, Cardiidae), with the descriptions of three new species. Basteria, 77, 45 - 73."]}

Su, Y., Hung, J.-H., Kubo, H., Liu, L.-L. (2014): Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 124-135, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353462, {"references":["Benzie JAH & Williams ST (1998) Phylogenetic relationships among giant clam species (Mollusca: Tridacnidae) determined by protein electrophoresis. Marine Biology, 132: 123-133.","Brown JH & Muskanofola MR (1985) An investigation of stocks of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in Java and their utilization and potential.Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 1: 25-39","Canapa A, Barucca M, Marinelli A & Olmo E (2001) A molecular phylogeny of heterodonta (bivalvia) based on small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 21: 156-161","Chemnitz JH (1784) Neues systematiches Conchylien Cabinet. Band 7. G.N. Raspe, Nurnberg, pp. 111-124.","Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limit on phylogenies: an approach using the Bootstrap. Evolution, 39: 783-791.","Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R & Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primer for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrate. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3: 294-299.","Hall TA (2001) Bioedit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis. Version 5.09. Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.","Huber M & Eschner A (2011) Tridacna (Chametrachea) costata Roa-Quiaoit, Kochzius, Jantzen, Al-Zibdah & Richter from the Red Sea, a junior synonym of Tridacna squamosina Sturany, 1899 (Bivalvia, Tridacnidae). Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Series B, 112: 153-162.","Juinio MAR, Menez LAB, Villanoy CL & Gomez ED (1989) Status of giant clam resources of the Philippines. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 55: 431-440.","Kessing B, Croom H, Martin A, Mcintosh C, Mcmillan WO & Palumbi S (1989) The Simple Fool's Guide to PCR. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 45 pp.","Kimura M (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequence. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16: 111-120.","Kubo H & Iwai K (2007) On sympatric two species within Tridacna \"maxima\". Annual Report of Okinawa Fishery and Ocean Research Center, 68: 205-210.","Kumar S, Tamura K & Nei M (2004) Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetic analysis and sequences alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 5: 150-163.","Lucas JS, Ledua E & Braley RD (1991) Tridacna tevoroa Lucas, Ledua and Braley: a recently-described species of giant clam (Tridacnidae) from Fiji and Tonga. Nautilus, 105: 92-103.","Maruyama R, Ishikura M, Yamazaki S & Kanai S (1998) Molecular phylogeny of zooxanthellate bivalves. The Biological Bulletin, 195: 70-77.","McLean RA (1947) A revision of the pelecypod family Tridacnidae. Notulae Naturae, Number 195: 1-7.","Olson PD, Cribb TH, Tkach VV, Bray RA & Littlewood DTJ (2003) Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda). International Journal for Parasitology, 33: 733-755.","Othman ASB, Goh GHS & Todd PA (2010) The distribution and status of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) - a short review. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 58: 103-111.","Richter C, Roa-Quiaoit H, Jantzen C, Al-Zibdah M & Kochzius M (2008) Collapse of a new living species of giant clam in the Red Sea. Current Biology, 18: 1349-1354.","Rosewater J (1965) The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1: 347-396.","Rosewater J (1982) A new species of Hippopus (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Nautilus, 96: 3-6.","Saitou N & Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4: 406-425.","Sambrook J, Fritsch EG & Manitatais T (1989) Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Second Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, 1,626 pp.","Schneider JA & O'Foighil D (1999) Phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) based on partial mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13: 59-66.","Su BW, Zhang GL, Zhen HR, Liao ZH, Su Y & Liu LL (2013) The comparison of larval development of the giant clams Tridacna noae and Tridacna maxima (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). The Omics in the Ocean-The Fifth International Symposium for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, September 17-18, Kenting, Taiwan.","Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M & Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24: 1596-1599.","Tang YC (2005) The systematic status of Tridacna maxima (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Unpublished MSc thesis, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 114 pp.","Thompson JD, Higgins DG & Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL X: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22: 4673-4680.","Williams ST, Reid DG & Littlewood DTJ (2003) A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism and biogeography of the Southern Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 60-86.","Winnepenninckx BMH, Reid DG & Backeljau T (1998) Performance of 18S rRNA in Littorinid phylogeny (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda). Journal of Molecular Evolution, 47: 586-596.","WoRMS Editorial Board (2013) Cardiidae. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. php?p=taxdetails&id=229. (Accessed 15 September 2013)."]}

Acrosterigma triangulare sp. nov. Figures 36 A–D Type Material. Holotype: LACM 3163, 1 single LV 16.5 mm, 48 ribs. Paratype 1: LACM 3164, 1 single LV ca. 13 mm, 43 ribs, from the type locality. Paratypes 2–9: LACM 3165, 8 fragments, partly colored, 7.1–20.2 mm, dredged at 100 m, sand and rubble off Orongo, Easter Island, 27°11’58” S, 109°29’28“ W. Type Locality. Dredged at 30–50 m in fine sand, off the western coastline near Tahai, Easter Island, 27°07’20” S, 109°26’30” W. Description. A rather fragile and thin-shelled Acrosterigma species with a discriminating sculpture of 6–8 triangular ribs on the medio-posterior quarter of the shell. The largest complete valve, selected as holotype, measures 16.5 mm, but paratype fragments indicate a much larger size exceeding 30 mm; ovoid and nearly equilateral in shape, moderately higher than long, without a posterior truncation; umbones pointed, orthogyrate. Prodissoconch unknown, worn. The thin adult shells of the studied material are often fragmented. Complete valves are moderately inflated. Whitish in color, with irregular yellow-rose blotches; these are correspondingly found on the glossy white interior. Lunule virtually absent, ribbing almost reaching the margin; periostracum not observed. Sculpture of regular, rather broad ribs anteriorly and centrally. This regular sculpture changes into 6–8 acutely triangular ribs in the medio-posterior quarter, with the strongest sculpture expressed ventrally; the posteriormost 8–9 weakly but regularly spined ribs are again rather regular and broad. The sculpture on the anteriormost ribs is scaly; these scales are nearly commarginally placed and fade towards the central portion of the valve. Interstices are narrow, much narrower than the ribs, rounded and smooth. Rib count in the holotype: 48 (16.5 mm), and in the paratype 1: 43 ribs (13 mm). Hinge line weak and thin, asymmetrical with a closer posterior and a remote and stronger anterior lateral, ligament on a small, quadrangular nymph. Pallial line continuous; scars small, ovate, starting near the end of the laterals and extending ventrally. Comparative diagnosis. The late Jacques Vidal considered this species to be in the genus Acrosterigma, and likely new to science. J.J. ter Poorten, (pers. comm., 2010) studied the material, comparing it with other described species and considered it a new Acrosterigma species as well. He noted that A. triangulare falls into Vidal’s (1999: 285) species-group of A. variegatum (G.B. Sowerby II, 1840), and is related to A. discus Vidal, 1999, and A. mauritianum (Deshayes 1854). Acrosterigma discus is mainly an Indian Ocean species extending to the Philippines, but is not known from Australia or other tropical Pacific Islands. Its shape is more circular and the rib count appears to be from 53–63, with a mean of 56.3, which are more pronounced than in the EI species. The internal stains in the new species are yellowish-rose, instead of purplish found in A. discus. Finally, the rib sculpture in A. triangulare is characteristically acutely triangular in the medio-posterior quarter, whereas in A. discus this trait is less pronounced and the ribs are more rounded. Acrosterigma mauritianum is currently only known from a very restricted area within the Western Indian Ocean, Mauritius (type locality) through Seychelles to Sri Lanka. Here, the rib count (41–47 and a mean of 44.1) as well as the coloring is comparable. However, the shape of A. mauritianum is distinctly angular posteriorly and straight ventrally. The ribs in the medio-posterior quarter of the valves are strongly broader and less acutely triangular than in the new species. Acrosterigma variegatum, which ranges from Queensland, Australia to Melanesia, and as far north as Japan, is easily distinguished from A. triangulare. Similar sized specimens are very distinct by having a more quadrangular shape, fewer number of stronger ribs and more vivid colors, externally and internally. The hinge line is stronger and the anterior lateral tooth is closer to the cardinals. Remarks. Here, the quality and number of specimens available is at the limit for a new description. Nonetheless it was ventured, as the two most eminent experts on cardiids independently came to the same conclusion. Furthermore, there is nothing similar known from the Hawaiian Islands. And in French Polynesia only the generically distinct Vasticardium mendanaense (G.B. Sowerby III, 1897), is readily found. Distribution. Acrosterigma triangulare is occasionally found sublittoral, from ca. 30–100 m, and only known from a few locations around Easter Island— E1. Etymology. The name refers to the characteristic rib sculpture on the medio-posterior quarter., Published as part of Raines, Bret & Huber, Markus, 2012, 3217, pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3217 on pages 69-71, {"references":["Pilsbry, H. A. (1921) Marine Mollusca of Hawaii VIII - XIII. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 72, 296 - 326.","Vidal, J. (1999) Taxonomic review of the elongated cockles: genera Trachycardium, Vasticardium and Acrosterigma (Mollusca, Cardiidae). Zoosystema, 21 (2), 259 - 335.","Sowerby II, G. B. (1840) Descriptions of shells collected by Mr. Cuming in the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 8, 105 - 111.","Deshayes, G. P. (1854) Descriptions of new shells from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 8, 317 - 371.","Sowerby III, G. B. (1897) On three new shells from the collection of Mr. B. C. Thomas, of Brest. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, (2) 4, 137 - 138."]}

Moerella laperousea sp. nov. Figures 39 A–F Type Material. Holotype: LACM 3169, 1 articulated specimen, 10.5 mm. Paratypes 1–4: LACM 3170, 4 single valves from the type locality. Paratypes 5–6: LACM 3171, 2 articulated specimens, 4.5 mm from Tahai, 30–50 m. Paratypes 7–12: LACM 3172, 1 articulated specimen and 5 single valves, up to 12.5 mm from Tahai, 50–100 m. Paratypes 13–18: Coll. MHU, 1 articulated specimen and 5 single valves from Tahai, 50–100 m. Type Locality. Dredged at 50–150 m in sand, La Perouse Bay, Easter Island, 27°04’26” S, 109°16’50” W. Description. A finely commarginally sculptured, radially orange-red colored Moerella with the characteristic short and strong anterior lateral tooth in the RV and an opisthogyrate position of the umbones. Shell moderately small, not exceeding 13 mm, elongate-ovate, posteriorly with a weak flexure and obscurely rostrate; rather thin; white with 5–6 broad orange-red radial streaks, emanating from the umbones; internal posteriorly and in the nymphal area rose red in some, otherwise white; no lunule; umbones very low, small, opisthogyrate, situated at the posterior third of the valve. Prodissoconch round, moderately elevated, P1 somewhat pitted, ca. 118 µm length by 93 µm height, P2 with faint to weak commarginal lines, ca. 228 µm length by 185 µm height. Adult valves compressed. Sculpture of dense, regular, commarginal threads. Hinge line rather thin, in RV with a strong, bifid posterior and a weak anterior cardinal, a short, strong anterior lateral and a nymphal posterior lateral. LV with a single strong bifid cardinal, laterals thin and vanishing. Pallial sinus very deep, ventrally surpassing anterior adductor scar, confluent; both muscle scars are comparatively large. External ligament rather short and strong, resting on a nymph, yellowish-brown. Margins smooth. Comparative diagnosis. With regard to placement of this new species, the commarginal sculpture and lateral dentition exclude Loxoglypta Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938, and the finer sculpture and lateral dentition exclude Nitidotellina Scarlato, 1965, as well. The hinge with a pronounced anterior lateral in the RV, vanishing laterals in the LV and the deep, confluent pallial sinus, together with shape, size and sculpture match the European type species of Moerella quite well. This assessment was shared by A. Langleit, (pers. comm., 2010). None of the illustrated Moerella species from Australia, New Zealand or Japan are particularly close. Remarks. There is nothing similar known from the Hawaiian Islands. Distribution. Moerella laperousea is commonly found from 30–200 m in fine sand, at various Easter Island locations, notably off the western coastline near Tahai— E1. Etymology. The name reflects the type locality.

Pristipagia radians (Deshayes, 1854) comb. nov. Figures 39 G–I Tellina radians Deshayes, 1854: p. 366. Tellina (Tellinella) radians Deshayes, 1854 — Lamprell & Whitehead, 1992: p. 88, pl. 42, fig. 290; Brook & Marshall, 1998: p. 213; Spencer et al., 2011: p. 1. Material examined. Several articulated specimens and single valves (5 to 15.7 mm) (BK). Diagnosis. Shell small (up to 20 mm in length), elongate-ovate, equivalve, inequilateral, not fragile. Umbones elevated. Posterior end obliquely truncate with a narrow ridge from the umbo to the ventral margin; anterior end well rounded. Exterior surface of uniform commarginal ridges. Interior smooth with pallial sinus running from muscle to muscle. Hinge stout, consisting of divergent cardinals and long laterals on the posterior and anterior. Color variable, creamy white to pale yellow background with irregularly spaced red to reddish orange radial rays. Remarks. The pallial sinus of the EI specimens runs from muscle to muscle, thus, juvenile Tellinella staurella (Lamarck, 1818), and Tellinella virgata (Linnaeus, 1758), are excluded. Lamprell and Whitehead (1992) placed P. radians in Tellinella Mörch, 1853, but that does not fit the shape or pallial sinus, and Tellinella is generally more elongate and much larger in size. However, the genus Pristipagia which is related to Serratina Pallary, 1922, does match. This opinion was confirmed by A. Langleit, (pers. comm., 2010). The type is illustrated in Higo et al. (2001: B912). Originally described without location, Pristipagia radians has been recorded from Australia to Japan and also from the Kermadec Islands. The type specimen is moderately larger (21 mm) and higher in shape than the EI material. However, the same shape variability of P. radians was also seen in Pristipagia adamsii (Bertin, 1878), of the Red Sea. Habitat. Occasionally found at several locations around EI, in sand and rubble, from 10–150 m. Live taken at 30 m. Distribution. Pristipagia radians is known from Australia to Japan, including the Kermadec Islands, but not the Hawaiian Islands. Easter Island is now considered a range extension— E5., Published as part of Raines, Bret & Huber, Markus, 2012, 3217, pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3217 on page 78, {"references":["Deshayes, G. P. (1854) Descriptions of new shells from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 8, 317 - 371.","Lamprell, K. L. & Whitehead, T. (1992) Bivalves of Australia, Volume 1. Crawford House Press, Bathurst, NSW Australia, 182 pp.","Brook, F. J. & Marshall, B. A. (1998) Appendix: Checklist of benthic coastal marine chitons, bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods of the northern Kermadec Islands. In. Brook, F. J. (1998) The coastal molluscan fauna of the northern Kermadec Islands, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 28 (2), 185 - 233.","Spencer, H. G., Willan, R. C., Marshall, B. & Murray, T. J. (2011) Checklist of the recent Mollusca recorded from the New Zealand exclusive economic zone. Available from: http: // www. molluscs. otago. ac. nz / index. html (May 2011).","Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de (1818) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Deterville & Verdiere, Paris, 5, 612 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. 1, 1 - 824.","Morch, O. A. L. (1853) Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra et Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, regis Daniae cubiculariorum princeps, ordinis Danebrogici in prima classe et ordinis tertii eques. Acephala. Ludovici Kleini, Copenhagen, 74 pp.","Pallary, P. M. (1922) Mission zoologique. Malacologie (1912). In: Exploration scientifique du Maroc organisee par la Societe de Geographique de Paris et continuee par la Societe des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc. Deuxieme fascicule, Institut Scientifique Cherifien, Rabat, 1 - 109.","Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (2001) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Type figures. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, 208 pp.","Bertin, M. V. (1878) Revision des Tellinides du museum d'histoire naturelle. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Nouvelles Archives, 2 (1), 201 - 361."]}

Abranda lamprelli sp. nov. Figures 40 A–G Type Material. Holotype: LACM 3173, single RV 5.7 mm. Paratypes 1–9: LACM 3174, 9 single valves up to 7 mm from the type locality. Paratypes 10–14: LACM 3175, 5 single valves up to 5.4 mm from Mataveri, 150 m. Paratypes 15–24: LACM 3176, 10 single valves up to 7.1 mm from Tahai, 50–100 m. Paratypes 25–32: Coll. MHU, 8 single valves from Tahai, 50–100 m. Type Locality. Dredged at 50–100 m in fine sand, off the western coastline near Tahai, Easter Island, 27°07’20” S, 109°26’30” W. Description. A small, elongate whitish Abranda species, with a disjunct dentition and an internal ligament portion. Shell small, barely exceeding 7 mm in length, equivalve, elongate-elliptical with a posterior flexure, marked by a weak posterodorsal angle; thin and fragile; whitish with faint radial traces of yellow or orange; no lunule; umbones small, slightly extending the dorsal line, orthogyrate, situated posterior to midline. Prodissoconch pronounced, P1 round, smooth, ca. 88 µm length by 78 µm height, P2 ovate with faint commarginal lines, ca. 155 µm length by 182 µm height. Adult valves weakly inflated. Sculpture of fine commarginal lamellae crossed by microscopic radials; lamellae are easily rubbed off and leave a smooth, glossy surface. Hinge line rather thin, in RV with an anterior and a bifid posterior cardinal, two marked, long laterals extending to dorsal and posterior midline. LV with stronger anterior and a weaker ridge-shaped posterior cardinal, laterals fused to margin and virtually absent. Pallial sinus weakly impressed, in LV broadly rounded, deep and almost reaching anterior scar, halfway confluent with pallial line; in RV shorter, broad, reaching midline, largely confluent. External ligament portion yellowish-brown, moderately extended and narrow; internal portion narrow, obliquely situated behind posterior lateral. Margins rather acute, smooth. Comparative diagnosis. Closest to the new species is the type species of Abranda, Tellina modestina Tate, 1891. This assessment was confirmed by A. Langleit, (pers. comm., 2010). Abranda is an unusual tellinid genus mainly known from Australian waters. It shares an internal ligament portion with semelids, and has a disjunct dentition with weak or absent laterals in the LV. The valves are comparatively small, thin and commarginally sculptured. Compared to Abranda modestina (Tate, 1891), the pallial sinus in A. lamprelli is deeper in the LV, reaching the anterior scar, the two laterals in the RV are wider, more elongate and the shape is even more attenuated. Abranda modestina reaches 14 mm, whereas A. lamprelli is not known above 7 mm. Abranda hypelliptica (Salisbury, 1934), from Australia and the closely related A. radiatolineata (Yokoyama, 1924), share a similar size, but are shorter and higher in shape and often found in reddish colors. Abranda jeanae (Healy & Lamprell, 1992), from Australia is distinct by having a higher shape, stronger sculpture and much larger size. Remarks. There is nothing similar known from the Hawaiian Islands. The genus Abranda seems to be excluded from the Caribbean Tellina species in biogeography, shell morphology, hinge and size. Instead Abranda approaches the genera of Pinguitellina Iredale, 1925, or Arcopagia Brown, 1827, but is here generically separated. Distribution. Abranda lamprelli is commonly found at many locations around Easter Island, in fine sand, from 50–200 m — E1. Etymology. The name given to this species is in honor of the late Kevin Lamprell, who provided the senior author with years of advice prior to his passing 2003.

Herouvalia rapanui sp. nov. Figures 38 A–H Elliptotellina caelata (A. Adams, 1854) — Raines, 2002: p. 36, fig. 45. Type Material. Holotype: LACM 3166, 1 articulated specimen, 5.9 mm. Paratypes 1–3: LACM 3167, 3 single valves, 5.4 to 11.2 mm from the type locality. Paratypes 4–11: LACM 3168, 8 single valves from La Perouse Bay, Easter Island, 27°04’26” S, 109°16’50” W, 60 m. Paratypes 12–17: Coll. MHU, 6 single valves from Motu Iti, Easter Island, 65 m. Paratypes 18–21: Coll. BR, 1 articulated specimen and 3 single valves from the type locality. Paratypes 22–24: Coll. BR, 3 single valves from Salas y Gómez Island, 22 m. Type Locality. Dredged at 30–50 m in fine sand, off the western coastline near Tahai, Easter Island, 27°07’20” S, 109°26’30” W. Description. A subrectangular, finely lamellate Herouvalia species with a cancellate posterior sculpture and a short, quadrate psammobid nymph. Shell rather large for this group, reaching 11.2 mm; equivalve, subrectangular, slightly broader posteriorly, acutely rounded anteriorly; a very weak posterior flexure present; rather thin but solid; variable in color, from uniform white to red, sometimes with two reddish rays or spots; umbones small, moderately acute, weakly opisthogyrate, subcentral, nearer to the posterior end. Prodissoconch, P1 strongly pronounced, erect, round, ca. 97 µm length and 82 µm height, P2 ovate, smooth with the exception of faint growth striae, ca. 174 µm length and 155 µm height. Nepioconch deeply incised. Adult valves weakly inflated, sculpture of 25–30 fine, regular commarginal lamellae, intercalated by irregular, dense radial threads; on the narrower anterior end the sculpture is comparable to the central portion, with the commarginals slightly thinner and the radials slightly broader; on the broader posterior portion the sculpture is distinctly cancellate caused by stronger expressed radials. Microsculpture consisting of irregular pitting covers the entire surface. Hinge line solid, RV with two cardinals, the posterior stronger and knobby and two strong, elongate laterals; LV with two cardinals, the anterior knobby and two weak, distant marginal laterals. Well visible is the short “psammobid” nymph as identically figured by Keen in Moore (1969: E116 fig. 2c) for the type species H. semitexta. Pallial sinus strongly ascending, broad and rounded, deep and clearly surpassing midline. External ligament brownish on a nymph. Margins solid, posteroventrally and posteriorly weakly fluted due to the strong radial sculpture. Comparative diagnosis. The closest species to H. rapanui are its two described congeners, the widely distributed Gafrarium (Corbis) caelatum A. Adams, 1854, (syn. Tellina euglypta Gould, 1861; Tellina fabrefacta Pilsbry, 1904, and Gari erasmia Melvill, 1898), from the Arabian Peninsula to Japan and Chione pulchella H. Adams, 1870, (syn. Gari granulifera Lamy, 1938), from the Red Sea. Also congeneric and comparable is an undescribed species from the Marquesas Islands (coll. MHU), which has denser and finer anterior sculpture and a stronger pronounced posterior sculpture as similarly found in H. pulchella. Most authors place these species erroneously in the genus Elliptotellina Cossmann, 1887. However, Elliptotellina is based on a Paris Eocene fossil, which has a sculpture of only fine commarginal lirae and has a small pallial sinus, but it lacks the lateral dentition in the LV and the psammobid nymph. Instead the genus Herouvalia, also based on a Paris Eocene fossil, matches this unique group well. Herouvalia fits both in size and by having the characteristic posterior and anterior sculpture, as well as by having the ascending, broad and deep pallial sinus, an external ligament resting on a small nymph, and with lateral dentition, strong in the RV and weak marginal laterals in the LV. In contrast to Keen in Moore (1969), Afshar (1969: 34, pl. 8) well recognized Elliptotellina and Herouvalia species as related tellinid genera. He characterised both and illustrated the Paris Basin material. Herouvalia rapanui differs from the Red Sea H. pulchella by its shorter and higher shape and by having only commarginal anterior sculpture. The holotype of Gafrarium (Corbis) caelatum A. Adams, 1854 (BMNH 1963867) originally described from Luzon, Philippines proved to represent the same species as Gould’s later, well known T. euglypta, often illustrated from Japan. Herouvalia caelata is similar in appearance and widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. However, the EI species has a much finer sculpture with many more and thinner commarginal lamellae. Its shape is subrectangular, less trigonal with a straighter hinge line and less pronounced umbones. Both species, however, share a similar broad, ascending pallial sinus, a comparable maximum size and both occur in reddish and whitish-yellow coloration. Remarks. The Herouvalia group is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea to Easter Island, but is not known from the Hawaiian Islands. The London holotype of the long enigmatic 9.7 mm Gafrarium (Corbis) scitulum A. Adams, 1854, proved to represent an unrelated Philippine lucinid, belonging to the Myrtea Turton, 1822 group, as identified by J. Taylor, (pers. comm., 2010). Distribution. Herouvalia rapanui is commonly found from 20–100 m at many locations around Easter and Salas y Gómez Islands— E1. Etymology. The name reflects Rapa Nui, the indigenous name for Easter Island., Published as part of Raines, Bret & Huber, Markus, 2012, 3217, pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3217 on pages 74-76, {"references":["Adams, A. (1854) Descriptions of new shells from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (21), 69 - 74.","Raines, B. K. (2002) Contributions to the knowledge of Easter Island Mollusca. La Conchiglia, 304, 11 - 40.","Moore, R. C., (Ed) (1969) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N, Volume 1 and 2, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. University of Kansas and Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 1224 pp.","Gould, A. A. (1861) Descriptions of shells collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 14 - 40.","Pilsbry, H. A. (1904). New Japanese marine Mollusca. Pelecypoda. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 56, 550 - 561.","Melvill, J. C. (1898) Further investigations into the molluscan fauna of the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with descriptions of forty species. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 42 (4), 1 - 40.","Adams, H. (1870) Descriptions of a new genus, and of eighteen new species of Mollusks. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 5 - 9.","Lamy, E. (1938) Mollusca testacea, VII, Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Egypte. Memoires presentes a l'Institut d'Egypte, 37, 1 - 89.","Afshar, F. (1969) Taxonomic revision of the superspecific groups of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic Tellinidae. The Geological Society of America, Memoir, 119, 1 - 215.","Turton, W. (1822) Conchylia dithyra insularum britannicarum. The bivalve shells of the British Islands. London, 279 pp."]}

Lonoa aff. hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 Figures 42 A–C Lonoa hawaiensis Dall et al.,1938: p. 179, pl. 46, figs. 5–8. Lonoa hawaiensis Dall et al.,1938 — Kay, 1979: p. 565, fig. 183 I; Paulay, 1987: p. 16; Preece, 1995: p. 351; Tröndlé & Boutet, 2009: p. 9: Severns, 2011: p. 476, pl. 218, fig. 5. Material examined. A single articulated specimen (1.5 mm) (BK). Diagnosis. Shell very small (1.5 mm in height), ovate, translucent, fragile, with posteriorly placed small, pointed umbones. Exterior surface glossy, growth lines with irregularly placed weak radial streaks. Hinge consisting of a strong single and a split cardinal, the cardinals comparatively large, the split cardinal posterior in the RV and anterior in the LV, hinge plate non-indented; no laterals. Remarks. This unique and very strong hinge was not encountered in any other EI species. From the hinge structure galeommatids are excluded. Most of the traits in shape, sculpture and hinge are shared with the genus Lonoa. A very juvenile Lonoa species can at present not be excluded. Habitat. Dredged at 30–80 m in fine sand, off the western coastline near Tahai, EI, 27°07’20” S, 109°26’30” W. Distribution. Lonoa hawaiensis was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands, but has been recorded from the Cook Islands, Society Islands, Austral Islands, Pitcairn Islands and now possibly Easter Island— E5., Published as part of Raines, Bret & Huber, Markus, 2012, 3217, pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3217 on page 83, {"references":["Dall, W. H., Bartsch, P. & Rehder, H. A. (1938) A manual of the recent and fossil marine pelecypod mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 153, 1 - 33.","Kay, E. A. (1979) Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii Sec. 4: Mollusca. Oahu, Hawaii (Bishop Museum Press), 653 pp.","Paulay, G. (1987) Biology of Cook Islands' bivalves. Part 1. Heterodont families. Atoll Research Bulletin, 298, 1 - 30.","Preece, R. C. (1995) The composition and relationships of the marine molluscan fauna of the Pitcairn Islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, 339 - 358.","Trondle, J. & Boutet, M. (2009) Inventory of marine molluscs of French Polynesia. Atoll Research Bulletin, 570, 1 - 87.","Severns, M. (2011) Shells of the Hawaiian Islands. The Sea Shells. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany, 564 pp."]}

Frigidocardium thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1921) Figures 36 F–G Cardium thaanumi Pilsbry, 1921: p. 232, pl. 12, fig. 24. Microcardium thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1921) — Dall et al., 1938: p. 153, pl. 41, figs. 5–8. Nemocardium thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1921) — Kay, 1979: p. 555, pl. 180, figs. H–I. Frigidocardium thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1921) — Tröndlé & Boutet, 2009: p. 9; Huber, 2010: p. 307, fig. 7; Severns, 2011: p. 474, pl. 217, fig. 2. Material examined. One single RV (BK). Diagnosis. Shell small, nearly hemispherical, equivalve, thin and very fragile. Umbo strongly elevated. Sculpture homogenous, exterior surface covered by numerous fine radiating threads which are crossed by even finer commarginal threads. Margins minutely crenulated. Hinge narrow, consisting of subequal erect cardinals and elongated laterals. Color translucent white and irregularly streaked with orange rays. Remarks. A single RV was dredged at 150 m, with a size of 4 mm, but is now largely destroyed. The illustrated, a very juvenile specimen, conforms by its quadrate shape, fragile structure, fine radial sculpture, orangewhite color and by its hinge with that of F. thaanumi. Frigidocardium thaanumi is a small species, reaching 12 mm in the Hawaiian Islands and 18.4 mm in the Marquesas Islands. The depth range is 15– 200 m. J.J. ter Poorten, (pers. comm., 2010) confirmed the identity. Habitat. Dredged at 150 m in fine sand and mud, off the western coastline near Tahai. Distribution. Frigidocardium thaanumi was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands, but is also known from the Marquesas Islands and now Easter Island as well— E4., Published as part of Raines, Bret & Huber, Markus, 2012, 3217, pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3217 on page 72, {"references":["Pilsbry, H. A. (1921) Marine Mollusca of Hawaii VIII - XIII. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 72, 296 - 326.","Dall, W. H., Bartsch, P. & Rehder, H. A. (1938) A manual of the recent and fossil marine pelecypod mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 153, 1 - 33.","Kay, E. A. (1979) Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii Sec. 4: Mollusca. Oahu, Hawaii (Bishop Museum Press), 653 pp.","Trondle, J. & Boutet, M. (2009) Inventory of marine molluscs of French Polynesia. Atoll Research Bulletin, 570, 1 - 87.","Huber, M. (2010) Compendium of Bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany, 901 pp., 1 CD.","Severns, M. (2011) Shells of the Hawaiian Islands. The Sea Shells. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany, 564 pp."]}

Subgenus Acorylus Olsson & Harbison, 1953 Acorylus Olsson & Harbison, 1953. Type species (original designation): Tellina (Moerella) suberis Dall, 1900. Late Pliocene, Florida. Shell small, solid, convex, subovate, with small posterior flexure; two strong lateral teeth equidistant from cardinal teeth; pallial sinus large, deep, reaching to anterior adductor muscle scar and widely confluent with pallial line., Published as part of Coan, Eugene V. & Valentich-Scott, Paul, 2010, Three new species of Tellina (Bivalvia, Tellinidae) from the Panamic Province, pp. 55-58 in Zootaxa 2715 on page 56, {"references":["Olsson, A. A. & Harbison, A. (1953) Pliocene Mollusca of southern Florida with special reference to those from north Saint Petersburg with special chapters on Turridae by William G. Fargo and Vitrinellidae and fresh-water mollusks by Henry A. Pilsbry. Monograph of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8: v + 457 pp. 65 pls. [reprinted: New York (Krieger), 1979; Sanibel, Florida (Shell Museum and Educational Foundation), 1990]."]}

Tellina (Acorylus) rickettsi Coan & Valentich-Scott, new species Figures 1 I–L, 2 B Shell ovate; inequilateral, much longer anteriorly (anterior end about 70% of length); posterior slope set off by weak sulcus in each valve; posterior end rounded; lunule shallow, elongate; escutcheon shallow, narrow; sculpture of dense, flat commarginal ribs that become lamellate and less dense posteriorly; commarginal ribs overlain by faint radial striae; right valve with very strong anterior lateral tooth and narrower posterior lateral tooth, the anterior tooth closer to cardinal teeth; pallial sinus merging with ventral edge of anterior adductor muscle scar in both valves. Length to 12 mm [SBMNH]. Type material. SBMNH 149544, holotype; length, 11.5 mm; height, 8.5 mm. SBMNH 149593, 4 paratypes, paired valves; UNSM 1146208, 1 paratype, paired valves; CAS 184230, 1 paratype, paired valves; LACM 3138, 1 paratype, paired valves. Type locality. Bahía San Carlos, Sonora, México; 27°56’05”N, 111°03’23”W; 15–30 m. Distribution. Isla Danzante, Baja California Sur (25.8°N) [SBMNH], and Bahía San Carlos, Sonora (27.9°N) [SBMNH], México, to Isla Rancheria, Golfo de Chiriquí, Panamá (7.6°N) [SBMNH]; 9–60 m [SBMNH]. Etymology. Named after Ed Ricketts, preeminent 20 th century marine biologist of California and Mexico. Comparisons. The western Atlantic T. (A.) gouldii Hanley, 1846, differs in being more inflated, heavier, in having a still shorter posterior end and less prominent sculpture, and a shinier periostracum. It is well figured in Mikkelsen & Bieler (2007: 338–339).

Tellina (Hertellina) sadeghianae Coan & Valentich-Scott, new species Figures 1 A–E, 2 A Shell ovate-elongate, moderately inflated; subequilateral; exterior color light to dark pink; periostracum adherent, thin, shiny, slightly iridescent; umbonal region smooth; sculpture of commarginal striae that become slightly oblique near posterior end; posterior slope smooth, with only fine commarginal striae; right valve anterior lateral tooth short, thin, moderately close to cardinals; posterior lateral tooth thin, very distant from cardinals; pallial sinuses long, not reaching anterior adductor scars, mostly confluent with pallial line. Type material. SBMNH 352864, holotype; length, 24.5 mm; height, 14.3 mm. SBMNH 352864, 3 paratypes, paired valves; USNM 1146209, 1 paratype, paired valves. Type locality. Bahía Parita, Coclé, Panamá; 81°5’47”N, 80°16’35”W; 11–17 m, in sandy mud. Distribution. Bahía Ballena, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (9.7°N) [CAS], to Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (1.0°N) [UMML, SBMNH]; 11–17 m [SBMNH]; sandy mud. Etymology. This species is named after Patricia Sadeghian of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, who has taken thousands of bivalve images for our research projects and monographs. Comparisons. The only other Recent species in the subgenus, Tellina (Hertellina) nicoyana Hertlein & Strong, 1949, differs from T. (H.) sadeghianae in having a posterodorsal flange, widely spaced commarginal ribs on the umbonal region, being lighter in color, and in being more compressed (Figures 1 F–H). Sanguinolaria (Sanguinolaria) azulensis Olsson, 1942 (p. 194, pl. 18, fig. 8), described from the Pliocene Charco Azul Formation of the Burica Peninsula on the Costa Rica and Panama border, seems to be a synonym of T. nicoyana. “ Sanguinolaria panamensis Dall ms” was listed by Bernard (1983: 43) as a synonym of T. nicoyana, presumably having been spotted on a label in the USNM. The new species differs from the Late Pliocene of Trinidad T. (H.) oligoscissulata Jung, 1969 (pp. 386–387, pl. 33, figs. 1–4), in being slightly more elongate, less high, and with a deeper pallial sinus that is more dorsally directed., Published as part of Coan, Eugene V. & Valentich-Scott, Paul, 2010, Three new species of Tellina (Bivalvia, Tellinidae) from the Panamic Province, pp. 55-58 in Zootaxa 2715 on page 55, {"references":["Hertlein, L. G. & Strong, A. M. (1949) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XL. Mollusks from the west coast of Mexico and Central America. Part VII. New York Zoological Society, Zoologica, 34, 63 - 97, 1 pl.","Olsson, A. A. (1942) Tertiary and Quaternary fossils from the Burica Peninsula of Panama and Costa Rica. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 27 (106), 153 - 258 [1 - 106], pls. 14 - 25 [1 - 12].","Bernard, F. R. (1983) Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, viii + 102 pp.","Jung, P. (1969) Miocene and Pliocene mollusks from Trinidad. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 55 (247), 293 - 697."]}

Tellina (Merisca) steinbecki Coan & Valentich-Scott, new species Figures 1 M–P, 2 C Shell ovate-subtrigonal, inequilateral, longer anteriorly (anterior end about 67% of length); posterior slope set off by moderate sulcus in right valve and shallower sulcus in left valve; posterior end not produced, moderately flexed to right, truncate; escutcheon deep, long, narrow; sculpture of dense, irregular commarginal lamellae, with conspicuous radial ribs in larger specimens that make the commarginal lamellae frilly in some places; right valve with very strong anterior and posterior lateral teeth, both distant and equidistant from the cardinal teeth; pallial sinus deep but stopping well short of anterior adductor muscle scar, merged with pallial line for about 70% of length. Length to 26 mm [CAS]. Type material. SBMNH 149550, holotype; length, 20.5 mm; height, 14.5 mm; SBMNH 149592, 56 paratypes, including both paired valves and separate valves; UNSM 1146207, 1 paratypes, 1 set of paired valves and 2 separate valves; CAS 184229, paratypes, 1 set of paired and two 2 separate valves; LACM 3137, paratypes, 2 separate valves. Type locality. Off the northeast end of Isla Danzante, Baja California, México; 25°48’15”N, 111°14’57”W; 200–300 feet [61–91 m]. Etymology. This species is named after John Steinbeck, noted American author who explored the Gulf of California with Ed Ricketts. Distribution. Bahía Santa Inés, Baja California Sur (27.0°N) [CAS], and Bahía San Carlos, Sonora (27.9°N) [SBMNH], México, to the Golfo de Cupica, Chocó, Colombia (6.4°N) [UMML]; Isla Baltra, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador (0.4°S) [CAS]; 35– 180 m. Comparisons. Tellina steinbecki has a pallial line similar to that of the Caribbean T. juttingae (Regteren Altena, 1965), but that species has a flaring, broadly rounded anterior margin, and has fine commarginal intercalary striae, rather than radial ribs. Of eastern Pacific taxa, it is closest to T. (M.) brevirostris Deshayes, 1855, but in that species the pallial sinus reaches very close to or fuses with anterior adductor muscle scars in both valves, with no area where sinus parallels pallial line (Figures 1Q–T). Tellina brevirostris is also more equilateral, the anterior end representing about 60% of the shell length, and the intercalary spaces between the commarginal lamellae have commarginal striae rather than radial ribs.

Genus Tellina Linnaeus, 1758 Tellina Linnaeus, 1758. Type species (subsequent designation of Children, 1823): Tellina radiata Linnaeus, 1758. Recent, Caribbean. Shell elongate, compressed; hinge plate with two cardinal teeth in each valve and lateral teeth in one or both valves, sometimes overgrown in adults; often brightly colored and elegantly sculptured., Published as part of Coan, Eugene V. & Valentich-Scott, Paul, 2010, Three new species of Tellina (Bivalvia, Tellinidae) from the Panamic Province, pp. 55-58 in Zootaxa 2715 on page 55, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae ... editio decima, reformata, vol. 1 (Regnum animale). Stockholm (Salvii), 824 + iii pp."]}

Subgenus Merisca Dall, 1900 Merisca Dall, 1900. Type species (original designation): Tellina crystallina Spengler, 1798. Recent, western Atlantic. Serratina Pallary, 1922. Type species (original designation): Tellina serrata Brocchi, 1814. Miocene, France. Shell ovate to ovate-trigonal; color white to cream internally and externally; with weak to strong posterior flexure; sculpture predominantly commarginal; escutcheon shallow to deep; pallial sinus extending to or slightly to moderately short of anterior adductor muscle scar. This subgenus was treated in detail by Boss (1966: 260–270)., Published as part of Coan, Eugene V. & Valentich-Scott, Paul, 2010, Three new species of Tellina (Bivalvia, Tellinidae) from the Panamic Province, pp. 55-58 in Zootaxa 2715 on page 56, {"references":["Spengler, L. (1798) Over det toskallede slaegt tellinerne. Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, Kiobenhavn, 4, 67 - 121, pl. 12.","Pallary, P. M. (1922) Malacologie, 1912: deuxieme fascicule. Exploration scientifique du Maroc, organisee par la Societ de Geographie de Paris et continuee par la Societ des Sciences du Maroc. Rabat (Institut Scientifique Cherifien), 107 + [2] pp., 1 leaf pls., 1 leaf maps [as 1920 \"].","Brocchi, G. B. (1814) Conchiologia fossile subapennina con osservazioni sugli geologiche sugle appennini e sul suolo adiacente. Milano (Samperia Reale), 1, pp. 1 - 56 + i - lxxx + 1 - 240; 2, pp. 241 - 712, 16 pls.","Boss, K. J. (1966) The subfamily Tellininae in the western Atlantic. The genus Tellina (Part I). Johnsonia, 4 (45), 217 - 272, incl. pls. 127 - 142."]}

Healy, John M., Mikkelsen, Paula M., Bieler, Rüdiger (2008): Sperm ultrastructure in Hemidonax pictus (Hemidonacidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca): comparison with other heterodonts, especially Cardiidae, Donacidae and Crassatelloidea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 325-347, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00385.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00385.x

LUNULICARDIA HEMICARDIUM (FIG. 4) Acrosomal complex The acrosomal vesicle is short (0.24 ± 0.02 Mm, N = 2) and dome-shaped (maximum diameter, at base, of 0.66 ± 0.01 Mm, N = 2) (Fig. 4A, B). It rests on a shallow, circular groove of the nuclear apex (forming a shallow nuclear hump at the nuclear apex) (Fig. 4B). Contents of the vesicle are differentiated into a somewhat, dense, basal ring that has an angulate profile, and is sheathed by a less dense material that also fills the anterior half of the vesicle (Fig. 4A, B). The basal invagination of the vesicle is deep in comparison with vesicle length and very broad (maximum diameter at base 0.4 ± 0.02 Mm, N = 2) and partially filled with a granular, but well-defined, deposit of subacrosomal material. Nucleus The nucleus is short (length 2.15 ± 0.05 Mm, N = 3), barrel shaped (maximum diameter, at mid-length, of 1.65 ± 0.05 Mm, N = 3) and slightly tapered anteriorly (Fig. 4A, B). Contents are highly electron dense with the exception of electron-lucent lacunae (the latter more pronounced posteriorly) (Fig. 4A). Apically, the nucleus projects slightly into the acrosomal vesicle invagination (Fig. 4A, B). Basally, very shallow indentations contact the surfaces of the midpiece mitochondria and also form an attachment point for the proximal centriole (Fig. 4A). Midpiece The midpiece consists of four or more rarely five spherical mitochondria and a pair of centrioles (Fig. 4A, C, D). The centrioles (proximal and centriole) lie in contact with each other and are arranged orthogonally. A thin layer of dense material connects the proximal centriole to a shallow indentation of the nucleus. Satellite fibres connect the distal centriole to the plasma membrane (Fig. 4A, C). The entire midpiece region has a length of 0.7 ± 0.05 Mm (N = 3) and a maximum diameter (of mitochondrial cluster) of 1.8 ± 0.2 Mm (N = 3). Flagellum The flagellum consists of a 9 + 2 microtubular configuration axoneme, sheathed by the plasma membrane (Fig. 4C, D). From light microscopic observations, flagellar length is 46 ± 3.0 Mm (N = 10)., Published as part of Healy, John M., Mikkelsen, Paula M. & Bieler, Rüdiger, 2008, Sperm ultrastructure in Hemidonax pictus (Hemidonacidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca): comparison with other heterodonts, especially Cardiidae, Donacidae and Crassatelloidea, pp. 325-347 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2) on page 331, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00385.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5447636

Lam, Katherine, Morton, Brian, Leung, K.F. (2008): Shell-bearing Mollusca (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) from submarine caves in Hong Kong. Journal of Natural History 42 (9-12): 927-952, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701862674, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701862674

Subfamily FRAGINAE Stewart, 1930 Genus Ctenocardia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858 REMARKS Before description of new taxa allied to the genus Ctenocardia can occur, a brief discussion concerning the genus and closely similar genera is necessary,as the genus Ctenocardia, like all Fraginae, has never been formally revised.Although the original description by H. Adams & A. Adams (1858) is brief, Ctenocardia was first recognized as distinct from other cardiids due to a heart-shaped form, an abruptly truncate anterior, a carinate beak and spinose ribs, this latter character being the main character differentiating the genus from other subfamily members. Much later, Habe (1951) described the genus Microfragum as having a small, flabelliform shell, with a more or less lobate posterior margin, not noticeably convex and without spikes on the radial ribs. This genus was erected in order to differentiate the type species, Cardium festivum Deshayes, 1855, from other members of the subfamily Fraginae.However, similarities among some members of Ctenocardia and Microfragum were evident and first recognized by Prashad (1932). Although Prashad (1932) did not include M. festivum in the subgenus Ctenocardia, the form and general facies of M. festivum were noted as similar to Cardium (Ctenocardia) fornicatum Sowerby, 1841. After examination of the type specimens of both genera by us, it is clear that these taxa share many shell features in common, yet are still distinct. The rib lamellae though similar to other members of Ctenocardia in being “mosaistracal” (sensu Vokes 1977) in nature, are distinct in being less spinose, thinner and more flattened and serried.Similarly, the somewhat quadrate and keeled gross shell shape,most pronounced in juvenile specimens of M. festivum, is reminiscent of other Ctenocardia members, but adult M. festivum are less keeled and more flabelliform (although see C. translatum (Prashad, 1932)) than Ctenocardia. Finally, the presence of a second posterior lateral on the right valve is present in Microfragum, but less pronounced and less blade-like than in other Ctenocardia species, where it forms a pocket with the anterior lateral.To formally recognize both these similarities and differences, we propose relegating Microfragum to a subgenus of Ctenocardia, with C. (M.) festivum and C. (M.) subfestivum n. sp. the only taxa presently allied to this subgenus. “ Microfragum ” erugatum (Tate, 1889) is not a member of this group and belongs in Fragum, as recognized by Vidal (2001), but in contrast with Schneider (1998a).“ Microfragum ” ebaranum (Yokoyama, 1927) belongs in the genus Afrocardium, and is a synonym of A. richardi (Audouin, 1827) (see Vidal 2000b)., Published as part of Vidal, Jacques & Kirkendale, Lisa, 2007, Ten new species of Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from New Caledonia and the tropical western Pacific, pp. 83-107 in Zoosystema 29 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5401696, {"references":["ADAMS H. & ADAMS A. 1858. - The Genera of Recent Mollusca: Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. II. John van Voorst, London, 661 p.","HABE T. 1951. - [Genera of Japanese Shells. Pelecypoda and Scaphopoda]. Volume 2. Kairui-Bunken-Kankokai, Kyoto, 326 p. (in Japanese).","PRASHAD B. 1932. - The Lamellibranchia of the Siboga Expedition. Systematic Part II. Pelecypoda (exclusive of the Pectinidae). Brill, Leiden, 353 p.","VOKES H. E. 1977. - Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Chipola Formation, Calhoun County, Florida. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 13: 143 - 189.","VIDAL J. 2001. - Siphons and associated tentacles including eyes of Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication 25 (2): 405 - 410.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1998 a. - Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Bivalvia): phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution within the subfamilies Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, and Tridacninae. Malacologia 40 (1 - 2): 321 - 373.","VIDAL J. 2000 b. - Classification of Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication 21 (3): 639 - 644."]}

Vidal, Jacques, Kirkendale, Lisa (2007): Ten new species of Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from New Caledonia and the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 29 (1): 83-107, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401696, {"references":["ADAMS H. & ADAMS A. 1858. - The Genera of Recent Mollusca: Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. II. John van Voorst, London, 661 p.","BARTSCH P.1947. - The little hearts (Corculum) of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Pacific Science 1: 221-228.","2002. - Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 75: 421-436.","CARTER J. G. & SCHNEIDER J. A. 1997. - Condensing lenses and shell microstructure in Corculum (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Journal of Paleontology 71 (1): 56-61.","COX L. R., NUTTALL C. P. & TRUEMAN E. R. 1969. - Mollusca 6: Bivalvia. Part N. Vol. 1/3, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, 1224 p.","FARMER M. A., FITT W. K.& TRENCH R.K.2001. - Morphology of the symbiosis between Corculum cardissa (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Symbiodinium corculum (Dinophyceae). Biological Bulletin 200: 336-343.","HABE T. 1951. - [Genera of Japanese Shells. Pelecypoda and Scaphopoda]. Volume 2. Kairui-Bunken-Kankokai, Kyoto, 326 p. (in Japanese).","HYLLEBERG J. 2004. - Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 29-30: 1-939.","KAFANOV A. I. & POPOV S. V. 1977. - K sisteme kaynozoyskikh kardioidey (Bivalvia) [= On the system of Cenozoic Cardioidea (Bivalvia)]. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal 3: 55-64 (in Russian).","KAWAGUTI S. 1950. - Observations on the heart shell, Corculum cardissa (L.), and its associated zooxanthellae. Pacific Science 4: 43-49.","KAWAGUTI S. 1968. - Electron microscopy on zooxanthellae in the mantle and gill of the heart shell. Biological Journal of Okayama University 14 (1-2): 1-11.","KAWAGUTI S. 1983. - The third record of association between bivalve molluscs and zooxanthellae.P roceedings of Japan Academic Series B 59 (2): 17-20.","KEEN A. M. 1951. - Outline of a proposed classification of the pelecypod family Cardiidae. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California 111: 6-8.","KEEN A. M. 1980. - The pelecypod family Cardiidae: a taxonomic summary. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 16 (1): 1-40.","MEYER C. 2003. - Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and the diversification patterns in the tropics.Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 79: 401-459.","MORTON B. 2000. - The biology and functional morphology of Fragum erugatum (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) from Shark Bay, Western Australia: the significance of its relationship with entrained zooxanthelllae. Journal of Zoology, London 251: 39-52.","NEVESSKAJA L. A., PARAMONOVA N. P. & POPOV S.V. 2001. - History of Lymnocardiinae (Bivalvia, Cardiidae). Paleontological Journal 35 (3): S147-S217.","NORTON J. H., SHEPHERD M. A., LONG H. M. & FITT W. K. 1992. - The zooxanthellal tubular system in giant clams. Biological Bulletin 183: 503-506.","OHNO T., KATOH T. & YAMASU T. 1995. - The origin of algal-bivalve photosymbiosis. Palaeontology 38 (1): 1-21.","POUTIERS J.-M. 1981. - Mollusques : Bivalves, in FOREST J. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM 1, Philippines. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 325-356.","POUTIERS J.-M. 1992. - The Australasian Protocardiinae revisited (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). American Malacological Bulletin 9 (2): 139-144.","PRASHAD B. 1932. - The Lamellibranchia of the Siboga Expedition. Systematic Part II. Pelecypoda (exclusive of the Pectinidae). Brill, Leiden, 353 p.","RICHER DE FORGES B. 1990.- Les campagnes d'exploration de la faune bathyale dans la zone economique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 6. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A) 145: 9-54.","RICHER DE FORGES B. 1993. - Campagnes d'exploration de la faune bathyale faites depuis mai 1989 dans la zone economique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 10. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 156: 27-32.","RICHER DE FORGES B. & CHEVILLON C. 1996. - Les campagnes d'echantillonage du benthos bathyal en Nouvelle-Caledonie, en 1993 et 1994 (BATHUS 1 a 4, SMIB 8 et HALIPRO 1), in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 15. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 168: 33-53.","RICHER DE FORGES B. & MENOU J.-L. 1993. - La campagne MUSORSTOM 7 dans la zone economique des iles Wallis et Futuna. Compte rendu et liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 10. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 156: 9-25.","RICHER DE FORGES B., FALIEX E. & MENOU J.-L. 1996. - La campagne MUSORSTOM 8 dans l'archipel de Vanuatu. Compte rendu et liste des stations,in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 15. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 168: 9-32.","RICHER DE FORGES B., POUPIN J. & LABOUTE P.1999. - La campagne MUSORSTOM 9 dans l'archipel des iles Marquises (Polynesie francaise). Compte rendu et liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 20. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 180: 9-29.","RICHER DE FORGES B., NEWELL P., SCHLACHER- HOEN- LINGER M., SCHLACHER T., NATING D., CESA F. & BOUCHET P.2000a. - La campagne MUSORSTOM 10 dans l'archipel des iles Fidji. Compte rendu et liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 21. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 184: 9-23.","RICHER DE FORGES B., BOUCHET P.,DAYRAT B., WAREN A. & PHILIPPE J.-S. 2000b. - La campagne BORDAU 1","SAVAZZI E. 1985. - Adaptive themes in cardiid bivalves. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 170: 291-321.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1992. - Preliminary cladistic analysis of the bivalve family Cardiidae. American Malacological Bulletin 9 (2): 145-155.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1995. - Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. Zoologica Scripta 24 (4): 321-346.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1998a. - Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Bivalvia): phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution within the subfamilies Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, and Tridacninae. Malacologia 40 (1-2): 321-373.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1998b. - Phylogeny of stem-group \"eucardiids\" (Bivalvia:Cardiidae) and the significance of the transitional fossil Perucardia. Malacologia 40 (1-2): 37-62.","SCHNEIDER J. A. & CARTER J. G. 2001. - Evolution and phylogenetic significance of Cardioidean shell microstructure (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Journal of Paleontology 75 (3): 607-643.","SCHNEIDER J. A. & O'FOIGHIL D. 1999. - Phylogeny of Giant Clams (Cardiidae:Tridacninae) based on partial mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13 (1): 59-66.","VIDAL J. 1993. - Variability of Acrosterigma elongatum, a polytypic species (Mollusca, Cardiidae). Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 14: 41-58.","VIDAL J. 1994. - A review of the genus Fulvia Gray, 1853 (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Apex 9 (4): 93-118.","VIDAL J. 1997a. - Large Trachycardiinae from the Indo-West Pacific: the group of Vasticardium orbita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) (Mollusca, Cardiidae). Molluscan Research 18: 11-32.","VIDAL J. 1997b. -Taxonomic revision of the Indo-Pacific Vasticardium flavum species group. Zoosystema 19 (2-3): 233-253.","VIDAL J. 1999. - Taxonomic review of the elongated cockles: genera Trachycardium, Vasticardium and Acrosterigma (Mollusca, Cardiidae). Zoosystema 21 (2): 259-335.","VIDAL J. 2000a. - Genus Vepricardium Iredale, 1929 (Bivalvia, Cardiidae) with description of a new species from Thailand, Vepricardium albohamatum (Hylleberg & Vidal). Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication 21 (2): 447-464.","VIDAL J. 2000b. - Classification of Cardiidae. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication 21 (3): 639-644.","VIDAL J. 2001. - Siphons and associated tentacles including eyes of Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication 25 (2): 405-410.","VIDAL J. 2003. - Two new species in the species-group of Vasticardium assimile (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). Novapex 4 (2-3): 57-59.","VOKES H. E. 1977. - Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Chipola Formation, Calhoun County, Florida. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 13: 143-189.","YONGE C. M. 1936. - Mode of life, feeding, digestion and symbiosis with zooxanthellae in the Tridacnidae: Great Barrier Reef Expedition, 1928-29. British Museum (Natural History), Scientific Report 1 (11): 283-321.","YONGE C. M. 1981. - Functional morphology and evolution in the Tridacnidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cardiaceae). Records of the Australian Museum 33: 735-777."]}

Genus Pseudofulvia n. gen. DIAGNOSIS. — This new genus shares one important character with Fulvia: stronger ribs on the posterior slope than on the median and anterior shell regions (Vidal 1994). However, it differs from Fulvia in having: 1) very asymmetrical or “fragiform” outline, with a relatively pronounced keel or carina delimiting the posterior shell region (a character also shown by Fulvia fragiformis Vidal, 1994); 2) posterior ribs and interstices that are very strong and triangular; 3) poorly developed anterior ribbing; and 4) no ocular organs on the siphonal tentacles. TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudofulvia caledonica n. sp. by present designation., Published as part of Vidal, Jacques & Kirkendale, Lisa, 2007, Ten new species of Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from New Caledonia and the tropical western Pacific, pp. 83-107 in Zoosystema 29 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5401696, {"references":["VIDAL J. 1994. - A review of the genus Fulvia Gray, 1853 (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Apex 9 (4): 93 - 118."]}

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Pseudofulvia arago n. sp. (Fig. 4 D-F) TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype, live-collected cv, 27.0 × 23.3 × 17.5 mm. TYPE LOCALITY. — BENTHAUS 2002, Austral Ridge, Arago Bank, stn 1985, 23°26.3’S, 150°44.2’W, 100- 107 m. ETYMOLOGY. — In reference to the discovery of this species from the Arago Bank. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — The holotype. DISTRIBUTION. — Presently only known from the Arago Bank, Austral Islands. DESCRIPTION Shell medium, thin but solid, rather fragiform and inequilateral with posterior slope higher, more flattened and truncated than medio-posterior and anterior shell regions; anterior margin well rounded. Lunular area narrow, short, very slightly depressed, smooth, with margins slightly raised but not touching umbo, no sublunule. External colour white to light yellow on the umbonal area; interior white with yellow to yelloworange spots in the umbonal cavity. Cardinals connected in the right valve, unconnected in the left valve. Ribs approximately 80. Ribs on posterior slope divided into two regions (PT1 and PT2, Fig. 2B) of comparable size, separated by a very slight depression on the margin. Posterior zone (PT2) with 9 or 10 flatly triangular ribs, ornamented with serried tubercular scales on rib tops. Anterior zone (PT1) with approximately 9 or 10 ribs, wider and more triangular than ribs of PT2 and without ornaments. Median region with more than 60 narrow, flat to rounded ribs, with no indication of periostracal insertions. Ocular organs absent. ANATOMY Siphonal area with two elongated apertures surrounded with thin, white tentacles. MICROHABITAT The single, live-collected specimen was recovered from 100- 107 m. REMARKS This taxon shares one character with the genus Fulvia, stronger ribs on the posterior slope than on the median and anterior shell regions. However, unlike most other Fulvia studied so far, Pseudofulvia arago n. sp. has a “fragiform” outline, with a relatively pronounced keel or carina, very thin ribs in the median and anterior shell regions, posterior ribs and interstices very strong and triangular, no periostracal insertions on any shell region, no granulations on the exterior shell surface and finally, no ocular organs on siphonal tentacles. Pseudofulvia arago n. sp. is distinguished from P. caledonica n. sp. by its larger adult size, absence of exterior granulations, connected cardinals in the right valve and unconnected cardinals in the left valve, no sublunule and the complete absence of periostracal insertions., Published as part of Vidal, Jacques & Kirkendale, Lisa, 2007, Ten new species of Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from New Caledonia and the tropical western Pacific, pp. 83-107 in Zoosystema 29 (1) on pages 94-96, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5401696

Genus Microcardium Thiele, 1934 TYPE SPECIES. — Cardium (Fulvia) peramabilis Dall, 1881, by subsequent designation (Keen 1937). REMARKS, Published as part of Poutiers, Jean-Maurice, 2006, Two new species of protocardiine cockles (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Cardiidae) from the tropical Southwest Pacific, pp. 635-654 in Zoosystema 28 (3) on page 643, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5390212, {"references":["THIELE J. 1934. - Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Zweiter Band. DritterTeil. Scaphopoda. Bivalvia. Cephalopoda. Fischer, Stuttgart: 779 - 1022.","KEEN A. M. 1937. - Nomenclatural units of the Pelecypod family Cardiidae. Bulletin du Museum royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique 13 (7): 1 - 22."]}

Poutiers, Jean-Maurice (2006): Two new species of protocardiine cockles (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Cardiidae) from the tropical Southwest Pacific. Zoosystema 28 (3): 635-654, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5390212, {"references":["ABBOTT R. T. 1974. - American Seashells. The Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 663 p., 24 pls.","ADAMS A. & REEVE L. 1850. - Mollusca. IV. Lamellibranchiata, in ADAMS A. (ed.), The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang; Under the Command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., During the Years 1843-1846. Reeve & Benham, London: 72-84, pls 20-24.","ALCOCK A. & ANDERSON A. R. S. (eds) 1898. - Illustrations of the Zoology of the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator, Under the Command of Commander T. H. Heming, R.N. - Mollusca. - Part II. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta: pls 7-8.","BERNARD F.R.,CAI Y.-Y.& MORTON B. S. 1993. - Catalogue of the Living Marine Bivalve Molluscs in China. Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, vii + 146 p.","BOUCHET P.1994. - Atelier biodiversite recifale. Expedition MONTROUZIER. Touho-Koumac, 23 aout- 5 novembre 1993. Centre ORSTOM de Noumea, Rapports de Mission, Sciences de la Mer, Biologie marine 24: 1-63 (unpublished report).","BOUCHET P., HEROS V., LE GOFF A., LOZOUET P. & MAESTRATI P. 2001. - Atelier biodiversite LIFOU 2000. Grottes et recifs coralliens. Rapport de mission, 110 p. (unpublished report).","CARTER R. M. 1967. - On the nature and definition of the lunule, escutcheon and corcelet in the Bivalvia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 37 (4): 243-263.","COX L. R. 1969.- General features of Bivalvia, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N. Volume 1 (of 3). Mollusca 6. Bivalvia. Geological Society of America, Boulder; University of Kansas, Lawrence: N2-N129.","DALL W. H. 1901. - Synopsis of the family Cardiidae","New Protocardiinae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from Southwest Pacific and the North American species. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 23 (1214): 381-392.","DALL W. H., BARTSCH P. & REHDER H. A. 1938. - A manual of the recent Pelecypod mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 153: 1-233.","FISCHER- PIETTE E. 1977. - Revision des Cardiidae (Mollusques Lamellibranches).Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A) 101: 1-212, 12 pls.","GRAY J. E. 1843. - Catalogue of the species of Mollusca, in DIEFFENBACH E. (ed.), Travels in New Zealand, with the Description of Some Lately Discovered Species. Volume 2. Murray, London: 228-265.","HABE T. 1951. - Genera of Japanese Shells (1 & 2). Pelecypoda and Scaphopoda.Kairui-bunken-kankokai, Kyoto, 186 p.","HABE T. 1961. - Four new bivalves from Japan. Venus 21 (2): 150-156.","HABE T.1977. - Systematics of Mollusca in Japan.Bivalvia and Scaphopoda. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, xiii + 372 p.","HYLLEBERG J. 2004. - Tropical Marine Molluscs Programme (TMMP). Lexical approach to Cardiacea. Records of taxa. Illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells, with emphasis on the families Cardiidae and Limnocardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Part 3: N-Z. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 30 (2): 645-939.","KEEN A. M. 1937. - Nomenclatural units of the Pelecypod family Cardiidae. Bulletin du Museum royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique 13 (7): 1-22.","KEEN A. M. 1969. - Superfamily Cardiacea Lamarck, 1809, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology. Part N. Volume 2 (of 3). Mollusca 6. Bivalvia. Geological Society of America, Boulder; University of Kansas, Lawrence: N583-N594.","KEEN A. M. 1971. - Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Second edition. Stanford University, Stanford, xiv + 1064 p., 22 pls.","KEEN A. M. 1980. - The Pelecypod family Cardiidae: a taxonomic summary. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 16 (1): 1-40.","NODA H. 1988. - Molluscan fossils from the Ryukyu Islands, Southwest Japan. Part 2. Gastropoda and Pelecypoda from the Shinzato Formation in the middle part of Okinawa-jima. Science Reports of the Institute of Geosciences, University of Tsukuba (B) 9: 29-85.","OLSSON A. A. 1961. - Mollusks of the Tropical Eastern Pacific, Particularly from the Southern Half of the Panamic-Pacific Faunal Province (Panama to Peru). Panamic-Pacific Pelecypoda. Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, 574 p., 86 pls.","POUTIERS J.-M.1981. - Mollusques:Bivalves, in Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. I - Philippines (18-28 mars 1976). Memoires ORSTOM 91: 325-356.","POUTIERS J.-M. 1992. - The Australasian Protocardiinae","REEVE L. A. 1847. - Descriptions of new species of shells collected in the Eastern Archipelago by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher and Mr Adams during the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1847 15: 24-26.","RICHER DE FORGES B. 1990. - Explorations for bathyal fauna in the New Caledonian economic zone, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUS- ORSTOM, volume 6. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A) 145: 9-54.","RICHER DE FORGES B. 1991. - Les fonds meubles de Nouvelle-Caledonie : generalites et echantillonnages par dragages, in RICHER DE FORGES B. (ed.), Le benthos des fonds meubles de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Volume I. ORSTOM, Paris: 7-148.","RICHER DE FORGES B. 1993. - Campagnes d'exploration de la faune bathyale faites depuis mai 1989 dans la zone economique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, volume 10. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 156: 27-32.","RICHER DE FORGES B. & CHEVILLON C. 1996. - Les campagnes d'echantillonnage du benthos bathyal en Nouvelle-Caledonie, en 1993 et 1994 (BATHUS 1 a 4, SMIB 8 et HALIPRO 1), in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, volume 15. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 168: 33-53.","RICHER DE FORGES B. & MENOU J.-L. 1993. - La campagne MUSORSTOM 7 dans la zone economique des iles Wallis et Futuna. Compte rendu et liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, volume 10. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 156: 9-25.","RICHER DE FORGES B., FALIEX E. & CHEVILLON C. 1996. - La campagne MUSORSTOM 8 dans l'Archipel de Vanuatu. Compte rendu et liste des stations,in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, volume 15. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 168: 9-32.","RICHER DE FORGES B., BOUCHET P.,DAYRAT B., WAREN A. & PHILIPPE J.-S. 2000a. - La campagne BORDAU 1 sur la ride de Lau (iles Fidji). Compte rendu et liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, volume 21. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 184: 25-38.","RICHER DE FORGES B., NEWELL P., SCHLACHER- HOEN- LINGER M., SCHLACHER T., NATING T., CESA F. & BOUCHET P.2000b. - La campagne MUSORSTOM 10 dans l'Archipel des iles Fidji. Compte rendu et liste des stations, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, volume 21. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 184: 9-23.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1992. - Preliminary cladistic analysis of the bivalve family Cardiidae. American Malacological Bulletin 9 (2): 145-155.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1995. - Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. Zoologica Scripta 24 (4): 321-346.","SCHNEIDER J. A. 1998. - Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Bivalvia): phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution within the subfamilies Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, Fraginae and Tridacninae. Malacologia 40 (1-2): 321-373.","SMITH E. A. 1885. - Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873-1876.Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (Zool.) 13: 1-341, pls 1-25.","SMITH E. A. 1896. - Natural history notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey steamer Investigator, Commander C. F. Oldham, R. N. Series II., No. 22. Descriptions of new deep-sea Mollusca. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 18: 367-375.","SOWERBY G. B. III 1904. - Mollusca of South Africa (Pelecypoda). Marine Investigations in South Africa 4: 1-19, pls 6-7.","SOWERBY G. B. I & SOWERBY G. B. II 1832-1841. - The Conchological Illustrations, or Coloured Illustrations of all Hitherto Unfigured Recent Shells. Sowerby, London: i-iv, 1-116 (vol. 1, 1832-1833, parts 1-34; vol. 2, 1833-1841, \"parts\" 35-200, actually issued as 83 parts, each of 2 pls).","THIELE J. 1934. - Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Zweiter Band. DritterTeil.Scaphopoda.Bivalvia. Cephalopoda. Fischer, Stuttgart: 779-1022.","VIDAL J. 1994. - A review of the genus Fulvia Gray, 1853 (Mollusca, Cardiidae). Apex 9 (4): 93-118.","VOSKUIL R. P. A. & ONVERWAGT W.J.H.1991. - Studies on Cardiidae. 5. The taxa introduced by E. Fischer- Piette in his \"Revision des Cardiidae\". Basteria 55: 115-122.","WILSON B. R. & STEVENSON S. E. 1977. - Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 9: 1-114."]}

Vasticardium pectiniforme (Born, 1790) Habitat. Living close to the surface on coarse sand among coral debris in the sublittoral. Distribution. Found only once alive between Hermitage and Gombrani but dead shells and disarticulated valves are common in this area and are not infrequent throughout the lagoon. Range. Indo-Pacific [R/M/S]. Figured specimen. 41.7 mm, NMW.Z.20000.086.00048., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice & Wood, Harriet, 2004, Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues, pp. 3229-3272 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on page 3255, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, http://zenodo.org/record/5251926

Azorinus coarctatus (Gmelin, 1791) Habitat (inferred). Burrowing in mud and muddy sand, sublittoral. Distribution. In situ valves were found in sticky mud in Baie du Nord and valves at the sand dredging station at Plaine Corail. Remarks. This species has not been recorded from the Mascarenes but is present around Mauritius and Seychelles (personal observation). Range. Indo-Pacific [M/S]. Figured specimen. 35.6 mm, NMW.Z.1999.073.00033., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice & Wood, Harriet, 2004, Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues, pp. 3229-3272 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on page 3261, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, http://zenodo.org/record/5251926

Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) Habitat. Byssally attached and semi-embedded mostly on the reef crest. Distribution. Giant clams are not infrequent around the lagoon. Remarks. Tridacna remains part of the artisanal fishery and can be found among middens although not in the same numbers as Turbo and Pleuroploca spp. Range. Indo-Pacific [R/M/S]. Figured specimen. Not a Rodrigues shell, 160.0 mm, NMW.Z.1955.158.2465., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice & Wood, Harriet, 2004, Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues, pp. 3229-3272 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on page 3256, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, http://zenodo.org/record/5251926

Scissulina dispar Conrad, 1837 Habitat. Burrowing in coralline sand. Distribution. Passe Grand Bassin, Port Sud-Est. Remarks. The outline of this species is deeper than that of L. clathrata and the scissulate sculpture appears on the right valve only. The Rodrigues shells are white, lacking the colour seen elsewhere in the region. Range. Indo-Pacific [M/S]. Figured specimen. 27.1 mm, NMW.Z.2000.086.00045., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice & Wood, Harriet, 2004, Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues, pp. 3229-3272 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on page 3259, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, http://zenodo.org/record/5251926

Vasticardium cf. assimile Habitat (inferred). Burrowing close to the surface of coral sand in the sublittoral. Distribution. This species has been found as dead shells only with articulated fresh valves from Passe Grand Bassin and Grand Baie. Range. Indian Ocean [M/S]. Figured specimen. 46.1 mm, NMW.Z.20000.086.00049., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice & Wood, Harriet, 2004, Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues, pp. 3229-3272 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on pages 3255-3256, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, http://zenodo.org/record/5251926

Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice, Wood, Harriet (2004): Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues. Journal of Natural History 38 (23): 3229-3272, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, URL: http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/00222930410001695097&magic=crossref||D404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3

Tellina (Scutarcopagia) scobinata Linnaeus, 1758 Habitat (inferred). Burrowing deeply (30 cm) in sand and sand rubble mixtures, sublittoral. Distribution. Despite the frequent occurrence of shells and valves we failed to find living examples. Shells and valves are frequent at scattered locations throughout the lagoon., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice & Wood, Harriet, 2004, Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues, pp. 3229-3272 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on page 3257, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, http://zenodo.org/record/5251926

Tellina (Tellinella) staurella Lamarck, 1818 Habitat (inferred). An active burrower probably to depths of 20 cm in coral sands, sublittoral. Distribution. Infrequent, found only as valves, usually worn, at scattered localities throughout the lagoon., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham, Holmes, Anna, Killeen, Ian, Light, Janice & Wood, Harriet, 2004, Annotated checklist of the marine Bivalvia of Rodrigues, pp. 3229-3272 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on pages 3256-3257, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695097, http://zenodo.org/record/5251926

Genus Rochefortina Dall, 1924 Type species: Ervilia sandwichensis Smith, 1885., Published as part of Oliver, P. Graham & Holmes, Anna, 2004, Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues lagoon, pp. 3175-3227 in Journal of Natural History 38 (23) on page 3216, DOI: 10.1080/00222930410001695123, {"references":["SMITH, E. A., 1885, Report on the Lamellibronchiata. Reports of the Scientific Results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years of 1873 - 76, Zoology, 13, 1 - 341, 25 pls."]}

Schneider, Jay A. (2002): Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (3): 321-369, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00030.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00030.x