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This pilot study is part of a larger "Decolonization of Digital Learning Spaces" project, which aims to develop research tools for communities that are remote and/or excluded geographically, politically, economically, socially, culturally, and linguistically. The project's ultimate goal is to work alongside these communities to design their own digital learning tools, networks, and online educational environments by accessing and leveraging their knowledge and skills. Testing the single-criterion card sorting method is the first step toward this goal. Card sorting is an easy, enjoyable, and cost-effective method for data collection and analysis, particularly for researchers working in remote areas with limited access to electricity or the Internet. The pilot explored singlecriterion card sorting as a method to elicit knowledge from two diverse cultural and linguistic groups engaged in learning activities within their communities. These groups were from a Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) community in Canada (engaged in a bowmaking workshop) and a rural Kabyle community in Algeria (engaged in a traditional cooking lesson). Despite low participant numbers, distinct patterns emerged, indicating the method's effectiveness. The results, though anticipated, were non-random, demonstrating the potential of card sorting in producing patterns indicative of how individuals and/or communities categorize their world(s). Kabyle sortings focused on ingredients, highlighting older individuals as teachers passing along knowledge, while the DHH sortings emphasized face-to-face contact and hand movements in communication. The findings, though modest, established relationships, provided insights into the research context and offered logistical understanding, paving the way for further work with DHH and Kabyle communities towards the design of digital learning spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle (OSP) is the property of Institut National d'Etude du Travail et d'Orientation Professionnelle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perspective of school personnel regarding the impact of social–ecological factors and to identify salient ways to support school personnel in sustaining Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs. Methods: In this mixed-methods longitudinal study, stakeholders were surveyed at two points in time (n = 67) and interviewed in semistructured interviews (n = 41) using card sorting to understand the influence of social–ecological factors on Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs sustainability. Results: Across time, the perceived influence of social–ecological levels varied considerably: individual, t(78.86) = −4.22, p <.001, d = 0.52, interpersonal, t(88.20) = −2.32, p =.023, d = 0.09, organizational, t(80.56) = −2.38, p =.02, d = 0.29, and the community factor, t(83.24) = −3.05, p =.003, d = 0.30. Stakeholders rated ecological levels from greatest to least influential as individual, organizational, interpersonal, community, and policy. Themes within levels provided a deeper understanding of these influences. Conclusion: To successfully sustain Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs in schools, balanced support from all social–ecological levels may be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The necessity of studying perceptions of creativity in psychology cadets is conditioned by the fact that the “soft” skill of creativity is associated with the ability to go beyond the given conditions and to act effectively in uncertain situations, and also by the fact that the successful adaptation of a young specialist to work depends on whether his perceptions of his activity coincide with its real content. Objectives. The research is meant to identify the peculiarities of representations of creativity in psychology cadets at the adept stage. Study Participants. A total of 201 people (122 men and 79 women) participated in the study, including representatives of different professions: working professionals and trainees, students and cadets. The average age of the sample was 31 years. Methods. Psychosemantic methods were used in the study: group associative experiment and card sorting method. They allow to construct a subjective semantic space reflecting the peculiarities of perceptions of creativity. Results. As a result of the associative experiment, a list of 86 frequent words describing professional activity was obtained. Sorting of the obtained 86 words by cadet psychologists, psychology students, and psychologists of the scientific platoon revealed significant differences in the content and structure of representations of creativity. Comparison of the semantics of creativity in psychologists at the adept stage shows that university students have a more complex structure of representations in comparison with cadets, connected with the allocation of a separate cluster “hobby, interest, development” and at the same time similar in content to the representations of working psychologists on the proximity of “labor, work” with creativity. At the same time, the similarity of clusters in the description of creativity by students and cadets indicates that the ideas about it are laid down at the early stages of professional training. Conclusions. Reconstruction of subjective semantics of creativity by the method of semantic spaces in psychology cadets is a promising qualitative description method for specific characteristics of professional activity.

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) can efficiently support doctors in coping with ever-increasing amounts of data by providing evidence-based recommendations for medical decisions. To integrate the systems into the medical workflow and provide patient-specific recommendations for action in the context of personalized medicine, it is essential to tailor the systems to the context of use. This study aims to present an overview of factors influencing medical decision-making that CDSS must consider. Our approach involves the systematic identification and categorization of contextual factors relevant to medical decision-making. Through extensive literature research and a structured card-sorting workshop, we systematized 774 context factors and mapped them into a model. This model includes six primary entities: the treating physician, the patient, the patient’s family, disease treatment, the physician’s institution, and professional colleagues, each with their relevant context categories. The developed model could serve as a foundation for communication between developers and physicians, supporting the creation of more context-sensitive CDSS in the future. Ultimately, this could enhance the utilization of CDSS and improve patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and info‐architecture of the web content contribute significantly to achieving better usability and user experience as well as to adopting a website to its intended end‐users. Although several design techniques exist, choosing a suitable one for designing a particular type of website is difficult and needs further investigation. Thus, the objective of this research is to explore the impact of a design technique on web usability and to find out the best suitable design technique for a particular type of website. To achieve these objectives, two separate websites for providing electronic health services named Citizen Health Service portal were developed using the two mostly used design techniques, namely card sorting and interactive dialogue model (IDM). The usability of both websites was evaluated through a laboratory‐based usability testing approach with 20 participants. The study result showed that the IDM performs better in designing such an information‐intensive website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) can be defined as a shift of instructional delivery to a substitute delivery approach during a crisis. Such a shift poses several challenges for students at Higher Education Institutes. This paper presents a taxonomy of such challenges faced by first-year mathematics students in the Pacific region during the ERT dictated by the COVID-19 pandemic. First, a list of 44 challenges was assembled based on a university’s in-house monitoring report, literature review and the authors’ experiences of challenges faced by students. Next, the open card sorting technique involving 32 participants was used to classify these challenges. Open card sorting is a well-established method for discovering how people understand and categorize information. This paper employed a recently proposed algorithm to quantitatively analyze open card sorting data using the Best Merge Method, Category Validity Technique and Multidimensional Scaling. Analysis of the collected card sort data produced the initial taxonomy of challenges. Finally, the participants were asked to answer a questionnaire so that we could validate and further refine the taxonomy. The proposed taxonomy includes seven challenges: i) lack of online learning support; ii) problem with online course delivery; iii) time and workload management; iv) learning management system issues; v) lack of face-to-face interaction; vi) financial hardship; vii) internet challenge. Such a taxonomy might be particularly useful in designing and evaluating an ERT approach.

Copyright of Grafica: Journal of Graphic Design / Documents de Disseny Gràfic is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to understand the epistemic views of history teachers on school history as specialised subject of knowledge. This study adopted the qualitative research approach and interpretivism paradigm. I purposively sampled seven professionally qualified history teachers. For data generation, I used card sorting. What emerged was an unquestionable epistemic certainty to which the teachers steadfastly returned. Broadly speaking, to them school history as the specialised subject of knowledge was about past human actions, promoting human rights, critical thinking, and understanding values. In many ways this spoke of a fixed mindset in which the ideas of what school history should be--namely, procedural historical thinking as part of an analytical approach to the subject as found in the CAPS-History document--had limited to no impact. This could be attributed to the fact that the rural teachers who participated in this study had limited opportunities to be exposed to training related to the CAPS-History curriculum. Hence, their knowledge about school history is rooted in their historical, social, political, educational, and economic reality in which historical knowledge, common or general knowledge, political knowledge, generic skills, and character education are key matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The design and info‐architecture of the web content contribute significantly to achieving better usability and user experience as well as to adopting a website to its intended end‐users. Although several design techniques exist, choosing a suitable one for designing a particular type of website is difficult and needs further investigation. Thus, the objective of this research is to explore the impact of a design technique on web usability and to find out the best suitable design technique for a particular type of website. To achieve these objectives, two separate websites for providing electronic health services named Citizen Health Service portal were developed using the two mostly used design techniques, namely card sorting and interactive dialogue model (IDM). The usability of both websites was evaluated through a laboratory‐based usability testing approach with 20 participants. The study result showed that the IDM performs better in designing such an information‐intensive website.

BACKGROUND: Universal design (UD) is a beneficial concept for better accessible design to improve easy approachability and industry-standard products. Specifically, Indian household products require UD features in domains such as bathroom and toilet, furniture, kitchen utilities, and home appliances. Among household product design in India, a lack of understanding of the product's universality might be a constraint for product designers. Also, there are no studies assessing the UD features of Indian household products. OBJECTIVE: (1) To examine the UD feature of Indian household products against the seven principles of UD; (2) To determine the most lacking UD feature among Indian household products; and (3) To find out the Indian household categories (i.e., bathroom and toilet, furniture, kitchen utilities, and home appliances) which are most lacking in UD performance. METHOD: The UD features were evaluated using a standardized questionnaire, which contains 29 questions on UD principles and general questions (gender, education level, age and house characteristics). Using statistical packages, the data were computed for mean and frequency distribution, as well as analyzed to achieve the objectives. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for comparative analyses. RESULTS: The results indicate that the "flexibility in use" and "perceptible information" principles were lacking among the Indian household products. Also, bathroom and toilet and furniture household products were most lacking in UD performance. CONCLUSION: The findings of this research will enlighten the insights into the usefulness, usability, safety, and marketability of Indian household products. In addition, they will be helpful in promoting UD features and obtaining financial benefits from the Indian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to redesigning the user interface architecture of the digital library website of the National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI( using card-sorting method in order to improve the structure and the desired retrieval. The present study is an applied research. To this end a multifaceted approach and various techniques such as interviewing, think-aloud protocol and card-sorting were used to redesign the user interface architecture of the digital library website of the NLAI. EXCEL and VISIO software were used to analyze the data, and Sort Optimal tool was used to analyze the data obtained from card-sorting. The results were read in the form of similarity matrix and dendrogram algorithm. The statistical population in this study included users of the digital library website of the NLAI, who were selected in two groups of novice users (clients) and advanced users (librarians). In order to validate the qualitative findings, the researcher triangulation method was used. Findings of the research, the model and the results obtained from Card Sorting test, were provided to 7 experts, researchers and professors of library and information science who had necessary experience, for evaluation to give their expert opinion in the field of data analysis. The similarity matrix findings showed that users grouped elements such as "Ask Us", "Legal Considerations", "Resource Registration", "Resource Donation", and "Technical Support" and so on. The findings of the Standardization Network also confirmed that users have included 10 times "Ask Us", 17 times "Resource Registration" and 6 times "Technical Support" in the menu of electronic services. Dendrogram findings also showed that a number of contributors expect to be able to select "source type" if necessary next to the search box, rather than independently reviewing individual digital resources. Cart sorting process analysis showed that in addition to predefined categories, some new categories were suggested. These included "links to other digital libraries", "shared databases" and the "FAQ" category. The data and performance of users in this study showed that the current user interface of the digital library website is not user-friendly and users cannot quickly get what they are looking for. The card-sorting process generally acknowledged inconsistencies in how users perceived the labeling and organization of digital library website content. Interviews and think-aloud protocols with users also confirmed that the language used to name menues and information elements is currently not simple and user-friendly. User categories in the card-sorting process for designing the user interface architecture also showed that there are elements in the website that users do not need, and conversely, there are important elements that are not included in the website. In the simulated information architecture, based on the findings of the interview and the participation of users in the Card Sorting process, an attempt was made to design the proposed user interface somewhat similar to other user interfaces (OPAC and Rasa software). In the proposed model, while paying attention to the demands and expectations of users, the simplicity of the pages, the most important point has been observed.

Teaching algorithmic thinking enables students to use their knowledge in various contexts to reuse existing solutions to algorithmic problems. The aim of this study is to examine how students recognize which algorithmic concepts can be used in a new situation. We developed a card sorting task and investigated the ways in which secondary school students arranged algorithmic problems (Bebras tasks) into groups using algorithm as a criterion. Furthermore, we examined the students’ explanations for their groupings. The results of this qualitative study indicate that students may recognize underlying algorithmic concepts directly or by identifying similarities with a previously solved problem; however, the direct recognition was more successful. Our findings also include the factors that play a role in students’ recognition of algorithmic concepts, such as the degree of similarity to problems discussed during lessons. Our study highlights the significance of teaching students how to recognize the structure of algorithmic problems.

The purpose of this research was to redesigning the user interface architecture of the digital library website of the National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI) using card-sorting method in order to improve the structure and the desired retrieval. The present study is an applied research. To this end a multifaceted approach and various techniques such as interviewing, think-aloud protocol and card-sorting were used to redesign the user interface architecture of the digital library website of the NLAI. EXCEL and VISIO software were used to analyze the data, and Sort Optimal tool was used to analyze the data obtained from card-sorting. The results were read in the form of similarity matrix and dendrogram algorithm. The statistical population in this study included users of the digital library website of the NLAI, who were selected in two groups of novice users (clients) and advanced users (librarians). In order to validate the qualitative findings, the researcher triangulation method was used. Findings of the research, the model and the results obtained from Card Sorting test, were provided to 7 experts, researchers and professors of library and information science who had necessary experience, for evaluation to give their expert opinion in the field of data analysis. The similarity matrix findings showed that users grouped elements such as “Ask Us”, “Legal Considerations”, “Resource Registration”, “Resource Donation”, and “Technical Support” and so on together. The findings of the Standardization Network also confirmed that users have included 10 times “Ask Us”, 17 times “Resource Registration” and 6 times “Technical Support” in the menu of electronic services. Dendrogram findings also showed that a number of contributors expect to be able to select “source type” if necessary next to the search box, rather than independently reviewing individual digital resources. Cart sorting process analysis showed that in addition to predefined categories, some new categories were suggested. These included “links to other digital libraries”, “shared databases” and the “FAQ” category. The data and performance of users in this study showed that the current user interface of the digital library website is not user-friendly and users cannot quickly get what they are looking for. The card-sorting process generally acknowledged inconsistencies in how users perceived the labeling and organization of digital library website content. Interviews and think-aloud protocols with users also confirmed that the language used to name menues and information elements is currently not simple and user-friendly. User categories in the card-sorting process for designing the user interface architecture also showed that there are elements in the website that users do not need, and conversely, there are important elements that are not included in the website. In the simulated information architecture, based on the findings of the interview and the participation of users in the Card Sorting process, an attempt was made to design the proposed user interface somewhat similar to other user interfaces (OPAC and Rasa software). In the proposed model, while paying attention to the demands and expectations of users, the simplicity of the pages, the most important point has been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La evolución del sector editorial demanda un nuevo perfil profesional: el Gestor Creativo. El estudio analiza los tipos de competencias profesionales y propone unas competencias transversales para definir este nuevo perfil editorial. La investigación se basa en una metodología mixta de base cualitativa con una técnica cuantitativa: el card sorting. Este método de clasificación de tarjetas sirve para comprobar la adecuación e importancia de estas competencias con el rol del Gestor Creativo editorial. Por tanto, el objetivo principal es definir las competencias transversales en diferentes áreas de conocimiento como técnico, creativo y de la comunicación.

ABSTRACT Visual literacy, which is the ability to effectively identify, interpret, evaluate, use, and create images and visual media, is an important aspect of science literacy. As molecular processes are not directly observable, researchers and educators rely on visual representations (e.g., drawings) to communicate ideas in biology. How learners interpret and organize those numerous diagrams is related to their underlying knowledge about biology and their skills in visual literacy. Furthermore, it is not always obvious how and why learners interpret diagrams in the way they do (especially if their interpretations are unexpected), as it is not possible to “see” inside the minds of learners and directly observe the inner workings of their brains. Hence, tools that allow for the investigation of visual literacy are needed. Here, we present a novel card-sorting task based on visual literacy skills to investigate how learners interpret and think about DNA-based concepts. We quantified differences in performance between groups of varying expertise and in pre- and postcourse settings using percentages of expected card pairings and edit distance to a perfect sort. Overall, we found that biology experts organized the visual representations based on deep conceptual features, while biology learners (novices) more often organized based on surface features, such as color and style. We also found that students performed better on the task after a course in which molecular biology concepts were taught, suggesting the activity is a useful and valid tool for measuring knowledge. We have provided the cards to the community for use as a classroom activity, as an assessment instrument, and/or as a useful research tool to probe student ideas about molecular biology.

Plant-based food (PBF) is on the rise as an alternative for animal-based food. Europe is leading in the market size compared with the global market. However, the high failure rate for new food products is challenging the success of new PBF in the market. This paper aims to unravel the key success factors (KSFs) from existing brands, contributing to the knowledge on how to achieve success in PBF market. Two subsequent studies employing online surveys were included, which targeted food expert participants. Study 1 focused on the collection of KSFs related to PBF brands utilizing the card sorting approach. Study 2 employed cluster analysis to further investigate the KSFs among different PBF brands. The findings identified six clusters of KSFs under the external and internal factors supporting the success of the PBF brands. Two ('Consumer' and 'Trend') and four ('Ideology', 'Marketing strategy', 'Innovation management', and 'Management structure') clusters were assigned into external and internal factors, respectively. Furthermore, cluster analysis identified four brand clusters: 'Mature', 'Targeted', 'Newcomer', and 'Established but diversifying' clusters. Each brand cluster utilized different KSFs into their strategies; however, both external and internal factors were applied, suggesting that there is no one-size-fits-all KSF to succeed in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note introduces the use of question cards as a technique that can aid the interviewing process. Question cards provide a dynamic checklist of themes and questions, affording interviewers and interviewees increased flexibility in shaping dialogue. This approach empowers interviewees by allowing them to influence the interview's direction, determine question order, and contribute their own questions. The transparency facilitated by question cards clarifies the interview's purpose and reduces ambiguity. Additionally, question cards act as visual aids, aiding navigation and enabling both interviewer and interviewee to have a clear sight of the topics for discussion. Importantly, this technique levels the information playing field, granting all parties access to the interview's structure, questions and themes. Post-interview, question cards prove invaluable as prompts for coding and analysis, streamlining data extraction. As such, the research note suggests, the use of question cards has many potential benefits for the qualitative researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perception gaps measure the disparity between the current state and the expected or desired state for a particular phenomenon. This research study examined the perception gaps between how undergraduate students at the University of Mississippi prioritized adding prospective services and how librarians at the University of Mississippi thought students prioritize those services. Card sorts completed by students during a prior study were compared to cards sorts completed by librarians to calculate the perception gap for sixty different services and spaces. The perception gaps for technology-related services were analyzed based on findings from the authors' prior study. The perception gaps revealed several services that librarians either notably underestimated (extended hours, natural lighting) or overestimated (3D printing, removing bookshelves to add study space). The perception gaps for items which students had the most and least interest were also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familiar and unfamiliar faces are recognized in fundamentally different ways. One way in which recognition differs is in terms of the features that facilitate recognition: previous studies have shown that familiar face recognition depends more on internal facial features (i.e., eyes, nose and mouth), whereas unfamiliar face recognition depends more on external facial features (i.e., hair, ears and contour). However, very few studies have examined the recognition of faces that vary in both familiarity and race, and the reliance on different facial features, whilst also using faces that incorporate natural within-person variability. In the current study, we used an online version of the card sorting task to assess adults' (n = 258) recognition of faces that varied in familiarity and race when presented with either the whole face, internal features only, or external features only. Adults better recognized familiar faces than unfamiliar faces in both the whole face and the internal features only conditions, but not in the external features only condition. Reasons why adults did not show an own-race advantage in recognition are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software engineers can use various techniques to elicit relevant information from stakeholders to specify the requirements that a software-intensive product must satisfy. However, few are aware of the differences and advantages they have from each other. This article presents an exploratory study of the vision that requirements engineers have on twelve requirements elicitation techniques. An empirical study has been carried out using two classification techniques: card sorting and repertory grid. The perceptions obtained with each technique were compared, showing that there are differences and coincidences in the visions captured by each technique. This study can help guide training objectives on software requirements and conduct future empirical studies that show the adequacy of each elicitation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching algorithmic thinking enables students to use their knowledge in various contexts to reuse existing solutions to algorithmic problems. The aim of this study is to examine how students recognize which algorithmic concepts can be used in a new situation. We developed a card sorting task and investigated the ways in which secondary school students arranged algorithmic problems (Bebras tasks) into groups using algorithm as a criterion. Furthermore, we examined the students' explanations for their groupings. The results of this qualitative study indicate that students may recognize underlying algorithmic concepts directly or by identifying similarities with a previously solved problem; however, the direct recognition was more successful. Our findings also include the factors that play a role in students' recognition of algorithmic concepts, such as the degree of similarity to problems discussed during lessons. Our study highlights the significance of teaching students how to recognize the structure of algorithmic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory Theme Elicitation (PTE) is a new approach to increasing user-involvement in qualitative data analysis. In this five-step method, participants independently identify themes in the data using open card sorting, and are supported in their development of a set of themes that reflect all participant views. We describe and evaluate PTE with a case study, where nine lay researchers identified five core themes in qualitative data from an online intervention with depressed adults. Total participation time was approximately 6 hours. Evaluation data revealed high levels of satisfaction with the PTE process and the themes generated. The strong commitment to public engagement in social science research and limited guidance on methods for effective participatory analysis of qualitative data highlight the value and growing need for robust standardised approaches such as PTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges and opportunities for the next generation of cartographers. it emphasizes the need for diverse competencies and overcoming institutional and professional barriers. It highlights the importance of inter-generational knowledge sharing, continuous learning, and professional networking, and calls for global workshop expansion and increased support for early-career cartographers within the International Cartographic Association (ICA).

Older adults are increasingly a target for cyber‐attacks; however, very little research has investigated how they feel about engaging in protective cyber‐security behaviors. We developed and applied a novel card‐sorting task to elicit how older adults feel about protective cyber‐security behaviors and to identify the factors that impact their confidence in executing these behaviors. Nineteen task‐assisted interviews were conducted with UK older adults. A thematic analysis revealed that older adults see protective online behaviors as important, but their reasons for disengagement fell into three categories: I do not want to (essentially, because the costs outweigh the benefits), I do not need to (e.g. because it is not my responsibility), and I am unable to (which includes heightened anxiety about doing something wrong). Underlying confidence around engagement with protective behaviors was a function of three factors: personal competence (related to good computer self‐efficacy and relevant past experience), support (having a good network for information and advice), and demand (the effort of keeping up to date with the latest advice). Ultimately, we found that older adults are keen to protect themselves but are lacking appropriate support and we discuss implications for developers, researchers, and policy makers. This paper explores older adults' perceptions of common cyber‐security behaviors. We introduce an effective card sorting methodology for security elicitation in older adults. We apply this to identify reasons as to why older adults may not engage in security behaviors as well as identifying a number of reasons why older adults actively avoid engaging in security behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate as to whether language influences cognition has been long standing but has yielded conflicting findings across domains such as colour and kinship categories. Fewer studies have investigated systems such as nominal classification (gender, classifiers) across different languages to examine the effects of linguistic categorisation on cognition. Effective categorisation needs to be informative to maximise communicative efficiency but also simple to minimise cognitive load. It therefore seems plausible to suggest that different systems of nominal classification have implications for the way speakers conceptualise relevant entities. A suite of seven experiments was designed to test this; here we focus on our card sorting experiment, which contains two sub-tasks — a free sort and a structured sort. Participants were 119 adults across six Oceanic languages from Vanuatu and New Caledonia, with classifier inventories ranging from two to 23. The results of the card sorting experiment reveal that classifiers appear to provide structure for cognition in tasks where they are explicit and salient. The free sort task did not incite categorisation through classifiers, arguably as it required subjective judgement, rather than explicit instruction. This was evident from our quantitative and qualitative analyses. Furthermore, the languages employing more extreme categorisation systems displayed smaller variation in comparison to more moderate systems. Thus, systems that are more informative or more rigid appear to be more efficient. The study implies that the influence of language on cognition may vary across languages, and that not all nominal classification systems employ this optimal trade-off between simplicity and informativeness. These novel data provide a new perspective on the origin and nature of nominal classification.

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) can efficiently support doctors in coping with ever-increasing amounts of data by providing evidence-based recommendations for medical decisions. To integrate the systems into the medical workflow and provide patient-specific recommendations for action in the context of personalized medicine, it is essential to tailor the systems to the context of use. This study aims to present an overview of factors influencing medical decision-making that CDSS must consider. Our approach involves the systematic identification and categorization of contextual factors relevant to medical decision-making. Through extensive literature research and a structured card-sorting workshop, we systematized 774 context factors and mapped them into a model. This model includes six primary entities: the treating physician, the patient, the patient's family, disease treatment, the physician's institution, and professional colleagues, each with their relevant context categories. The developed model could serve as a foundation for communication between developers and physicians, supporting the creation of more context-sensitive CDSS in the future. Ultimately, this could enhance the utilization of CDSS and improve patient care.