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In recent years, nanomaterials have gained special attention for removing contaminants from wastewater. Nanoparticles (NPs), such as carbon-based materials and metal oxides, exhibit exceptional adsorption capacity and antimicrobial properties for wastewater treatment. Their unique properties, including reactivity, high surface area, and tunable surface functionalities, make them highly effective adsorbents. They can remove contaminants such as organics, inorganics, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and dyes by adsorption mechanisms. In this review, the effectiveness of different types of carbon-based NPs, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene-based nanoparticles (GNPs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and carbon nanospheres (CNSs), and metal oxides, including copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), and silver oxide (Ag2O), in the removal of different contaminants from wastewater has been comprehensively evaluated. In addition, their synthesis methods, such as physical, chemical, and biological, have been described. Based on the findings, CNPs can remove 75 to 90% of pollutants within two hours, while MONPs can remove 60% to 99% of dye in 150 min, except iron oxide NPs. For future studies, the integration of NPs into existing treatment systems and the development of novel nanomaterials are recommended. Hence, the potential of NPs is promising, but challenges related to their environmental impact and their toxicity must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of nanotechnology and forensic science presents a transformative era for criminal investigations. This review article explores how a diverse range of nanomaterials, including carbon-based nanomaterials (like graphene oxide and fluorescent carbon dots), metallic nanoparticles, and polymeric nanofibers, are revolutionizing various forensic disciplines. From the superior performance and non-toxic nature of graphene oxide in latent fingerprint detection to the rapid cocaine analysis enabled by 3D-printed electrodes, nanotechnology is pushing the boundaries of forensic capabilities. Its applications extend beyond these examples, with nanocomposites comprised of various nanomaterials offering practical solutions for heavy metal extraction in environmental forensics. Trace evidence analysis is experiencing a boost through the use of different nanomaterials, including fluorescent carbon dots, enabling enhanced visualization and targeted detection. Furthermore, high-throughput nanotechnology platforms are addressing limitations in DNA sequencing, paving the way for faster and more cost-effective genetic analysis. Even document examination stands to benefit from non-destructive nanoscale sensors, preserving the integrity of evidence. However, integrating nanotechnology into forensic science necessitates navigating regulatory and environmental hurdles, while upholding ethical and procedural standards. This review delves into these advancements, highlighting the anticipated trajectory of nanotechnology in forensics and the ethical considerations that must be addressed for its successful implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, nanomaterials have gained special attention for removing contaminants from wastewater. Nanoparticles (NPs), such as carbon-based materials and metal oxides, exhibit exceptional adsorption capacity and antimicrobial properties for wastewater treatment. Their unique properties, including reactivity, high surface area, and tunable surface functionalities, make them highly effective adsorbents. They can remove contaminants such as organics, inorganics, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and dyes by adsorption mechanisms. In this review, the effectiveness of different types of carbon-based NPs, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene-based nanoparticles (GNPs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and carbon nanospheres (CNSs), and metal oxides, including copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), and silver oxide (Ag2O), in the removal of different contaminants from wastewater has been comprehensively evaluated. In addition, their synthesis methods, such as physical, chemical, and biological, have been described. Based on the findings, CNPs can remove 75 to 90% of pollutants within two hours, while MONPs can remove 60% to 99% of dye in 150 min, except iron oxide NPs. For future studies, the integration of NPs into existing treatment systems and the development of novel nanomaterials are recommended. Hence, the potential of NPs is promising, but challenges related to their environmental impact and their toxicity must be considered.

Different carbon-based nanomaterials (fullerenes, graphene, SWCNTs, and SWCNT-COOH) were tested as additives in a base mineral oil, SN150; rapeseed oil (RSO); and a 50/50 by volume blend of the two using an HFRR (high-frequency reciprocating rig) tester for coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) determinations and a four-ball tester for welding point determinations. The concentrations considered for the HFRR tests were 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt.%, while the concentration considered for the welding point tests was 0.5 wt.%. The results of the welding point tests showed that the addition of different nanoparticles made it so that welding occurred at much lower pressures compared to the pure oils. This is due to the hardness of the nanoparticles, which increases the local temperature and pressure at the contact points between them and the surfaces, causing welding to occur much sooner. The results of the HFRR tests showed a possible synergistic effect between the fullerenes and SWCNT-COOH and the oil blend, which may be attributed to possible interactions that occurred at a molecular level between the nanoparticles and the different molecules of the oil blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based nanoparticles (CNPs) have gained recognition because of their good biocompatibility, easy preparation, and excellent phototherapy properties. In biomedicine applications, CNPs are widely applied as photodynamic agents for antibacterial purposes. Photodynamic therapy has been considered a candidate for antibacterial agents because of its noninvasiveness and minimal side effects, especially in the improvement in antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, compared with conventional antibiotic medicines. Here, we developed CNPs from an active polyhydroxy phenolic compound, namely, gallic acid, which has abundant hydroxyl groups that can yield photodynamic effects. Gallic acid CNPs (GACNPs) were rapidly fabricated via a microwave-assisted technique at 200 °C for 20 min. GACNPs revealed notable antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of GACNPs in S. aureus and E. coli were equal at approximately 0.29 mg/mL and considerably lower than those in gallic acid solution. Furthermore, the GACNP-loaded hydrogel patches demonstrated an attractive photodynamic effect against S. aureus, and it was superior to that of Ag hydrofiber®, a commercial material. Therefore, the photodynamic properties of GACNPs can be potentially used in the development of antibacterial hydrogels for wound healing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While urbanisation has numerous advantages, it causes greater risks to the environment and human health because of the release of heavy metals, various organic and inorganic contaminants, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Though several actions are being taken daily to lessen the release of harmful substances, there is still an immediate need to find a suitable solution to protect the environment. Nanotechnology has multifaceted applications, and there is extensive evidence of the emerging applications of nanoremediation, especially for soil and water pollution. Iron nanoparticles showed outstanding removal efficiency towards hexavalent chromium (100 %). Likewise, several publications on soil and water remediation employ nanomaterials based on metals, carbon, and polymers. However, most of the previously conducted works present the key nanoremediation results without depicting each nanomaterial's advantages and disadvantages. Hence, this work critically reviews the pros and cons of each nanomaterial with a special focus towards novel approaches using green synthesised nanomaterials that are completely eco-friendly and hence preferred for the removal of various contaminants without producing harmful effects. However, some bottlenecks exist in fully implementing the green nanoparticles for Nanoremediation. Thus, the review discusses the limitations of green nanomaterials that need to be addressed soon to maintain environmental sustainability. Finally, this review presents opportunities for future work in assessing the eco-safety of each nanomaterial that boosts the further utilisation of nanotechnology in the sustainable remediation of contaminated soil and water.

[Display omitted] While urbanisation has numerous advantages, it causes greater risks to the environment and human health because of the release of heavy metals, various organic and inorganic contaminants, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Though several actions are being taken daily to lessen the release of harmful substances, there is still an immediate need to find a suitable solution to protect the environment. Nanotechnology has multifaceted applications, and there is extensive evidence of the emerging applications of nanoremediation, especially for soil and water pollution. Iron nanoparticles showed outstanding removal efficiency towards hexavalent chromium (100 %). Likewise, several publications on soil and water remediation employ nanomaterials based on metals, carbon, and polymers. However, most of the previously conducted works present the key nanoremediation results without depicting each nanomaterial's advantages and disadvantages. Hence, this work critically reviews the pros and cons of each nanomaterial with a special focus towards novel approaches using green synthesised nanomaterials that are completely eco-friendly and hence preferred for the removal of various contaminants without producing harmful effects. However, some bottlenecks exist in fully implementing the green nanoparticles for Nanoremediation. Thus, the review discusses the limitations of green nanomaterials that need to be addressed soon to maintain environmental sustainability. Finally, this review presents opportunities for future work in assessing the eco-safety of each nanomaterial that boosts the further utilisation of nanotechnology in the sustainable remediation of contaminated soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the growing demand for eco-friendly lubricating additives, this work investigated 1,3-diketone fluid (EPND) as a novel surface-active additive, together with nanodiamonds (D), cellulose nanocrystals (C) and graphene (G) as the nanoadditives in polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil. In the ball-on-disk friction tests, EPND and nanoparticles synergistically co-worked through the running-in process of two stages. During the initial running-in stage, the tribochemical reaction between EPND and steel surface decreased the solid asperities and reduced the contact pressure. Afterward, nanoparticles gradually entered the frictional interface during the secondary running-in stage and further enhanced the lubrication through the polishing effect by D, the mending effect by C or interlaminar shearing by G, respectively. Among the tested hybrid additives, EPND/G induced the lowest friction because the tribochemical reaction of EPND could proceed more thoroughly than in the cases of EPND/D and EPND/C. Moreover, as the tribochemical wear induced by EPND was self-limited with the continuous decrease of asperity contacts, EPND/G also led to the smallest wear in the long-term operation. The result of this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the surface-active and nanoparticle additives at different operation stages, which is helpful for the design of novel hybrid eco-friendly additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based nanoparticles (CNPs) are a new type of interesting nanomaterials applied in various pharmaceutical fields due to their outstanding biocompatible properties. Novel pH-sensitive CNPs were rapidly synthesized within 1 min by microwave-assisted technique for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery into five cancer cell lines, including breast cancer (BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines), colon cancer (HCT and HT29 cell lines), and cervical cancer (HeLa cell lines). CNPs and DOX-loaded CNPs (CNPs-DOX) had nano-size of 11.66 ± 2.32 nm and 43.24 ± 13.25 nm, respectively. DOX could be self-assembled with CNPs in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 through electrostatic interaction, exhibiting high loading efficiency at 85.82%. The release of DOX from CNPs-DOX at pH 5.0, often observed in the tumor, was nearly two times greater than the release at physiological condition pH 7.4. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of CNPs-DOX was significantly enhanced compared to free DOX in five cancer cell lines. CNPs-DOX could induce cell death through apoptosis induction in MDA-MB-231 cells. The findings revealed that CNPs-DOX exhibited a promising pH-sensitive nano-system as a drug delivery carrier for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Sulfur and Nitrogen co-doped carbon nanoparticles (SN-CNPs) were synthesized by hydrothermal method using dried beet powder as the carbon source. TEM and AFM images indicated that these SN-CNPs form a round-shape ball with an approximate diameter of 50 nm. The presence of Sulfur and Nitrogen in these carbon-based nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR and XPS analyses. These SN-CNPs were found to have strong phosphatase-like enzymatic activity. The enzymatic behavior of SN-CNPs follows the Michaelis–Menten mechanism with greater vmax and much lower Km values compared to alkaline phosphatase. Their antimicrobial properties were tested on E. coli and L. lactis, with MIC values of 63 μg mL−1 and 250 μg mL−1, respectively. SEM and AFM images of fixed and live E. coli cells revealed that SN-CNPs strongly interacted with the outer membranes of bacterial cells, significantly increasing the cell surface roughness. The chemical interaction between SN-CNPs and phospholipid modeled using quantum mechanical calculations further support our hypothesis that the phosphatase and antimicrobial properties of SN-CNPs are due to the thiol group on the SN-CNPs, which is a mimic of the cysteine-based protein phosphatase. The present work is the first to report carbon-based nanoparticles with strong phosphatase activity and propose a phosphatase natured antimicrobial mechanism. This novel class of carbon nanozymes has the potential to be used for effective catalytic and antibacterial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different carbon-based nanomaterials (fullerenes, graphene, SWCNTs, and SWCNT-COOH) were tested as additives in a base mineral oil, SN150; rapeseed oil (RSO); and a 50/50 by volume blend of the two using an HFRR (high-frequency reciprocating rig) tester for coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) determinations and a four-ball tester for welding point determinations. The concentrations considered for the HFRR tests were 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt.%, while the concentration considered for the welding point tests was 0.5 wt.%. The results of the welding point tests showed that the addition of different nanoparticles made it so that welding occurred at much lower pressures compared to the pure oils. This is due to the hardness of the nanoparticles, which increases the local temperature and pressure at the contact points between them and the surfaces, causing welding to occur much sooner. The results of the HFRR tests showed a possible synergistic effect between the fullerenes and SWCNT-COOH and the oil blend, which may be attributed to possible interactions that occurred at a molecular level between the nanoparticles and the different molecules of the oil blend.

There are many benefits to drug delivery from drug–carrier nanostructure systems. It might be developed to carefully control drug release rates or to deliver a precise amount of a therapeutic substance to particular body areas. Self-assembling is the process by which molecules and nanoparticles spontaneously organize into organized clusters. For instance, proteins and peptides can interact with one another to create highly organized supramolecular structures with various properties, such as helical ribbons and fibrous scaffolds. Another advantage of self-assembly is that it may be effective with a variety of materials, including metals, oxides, inorganic salts, polymers, semiconductors, and even organic semiconductors. Fullerene, graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), three of the most fundamental classes of three-dimensionally self-assembling nanostructured carbon-based materials, are essential for the development of modern nanotechnologies. Self-assembled nanomaterials are used in a variety of fields, including nanotechnology, imaging, and biosensors. This review study begins with a summary of various major 3D nanomaterials, including graphene oxide, CNTs, and nanodiamond, as well as 3D self-assembled polyfunctionalized nanostructures and adaptable nanocarriers for drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological disorders impact global health by affecting both central and peripheral nervous systems. Understanding the neurogenic processes, i.e., neurogenesis and neuritogenesis, is of paramount importance in the context of nervous system development and regeneration as they hold promising therapeutic implications. Neurogenesis forms functional neurons from precursor cells, while neuritogenesis involves extending neurites for neuron connections. This review discusses how these processes are influenced by genetics, epigenetics, neurotrophic factors, environment, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitters. It also covers gender-specific aspects of neurogenesis and neuritogenesis, their impact on brain plasticity, and susceptibility to neurological disorders. Alterations in these processes, under the influence of cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and aging, are linked to neurological disorders and potential therapeutic targets. Gender-specific effects of pharmacological interventions, like SSRIs, TCAs, atypical antipsychotics, and lithium, are explored in this review. Hormone-mediated effects of BDNF and PPAR-γ agonists, as well as variations in efficacy and tolerability of MAOIs, AEDs, NMDA receptor modulators, and ampakines, are detailed for accurate therapeutic design. The review also discusses nanotechnology's significant contribution to neural tissue regeneration for mending neurodegenerative disorders, enhancing neuronal connectivity, and stem cell differentiation. Gold nanoparticles support hippocampal neurogenesis, while other nanoparticles aid neuron growth and neurite outgrowth. Quantum dots and nanolayered double hydroxides assist neuroregeneration, which improves brain drug delivery. Gender-specific responses to nanomedicines designed to enhance neuroregeneration have not been extensively investigated. However, we have specified certain gender-related variables that should be taken into account during the development of nanomedicines in an aim to improve therapeutic efficacy. Further research on gender-specific responses to nanomedicines in neural processes could enhance personalized treatments for neurological disorders, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches in neuroscience.

The assessment of the biodegradability of nanomaterials is of pragmatic importance for understanding the interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems and for the determination of ultimate fate of these materials as well as their potential use. We recently developed carbon-based biconcave nanodisks (CBBNs) serving as a versatile nanocarrier for enhanced accumulation in tumors and combined photothermal-chemotherapy. Here, we investigate both the enzymatic and cellular degradation of CBBNs by monitoring their cellular response with electron microscopy, near-infrared absorbance spectroscopy, and cell viability and oxidative stress assessments. Our results show that CBBNs underwent significant degradation in solutions catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or in the presence of macrophage cells. The ability of CBBNs to be degraded in biological systems provides suitability for their future biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new multifunctional flame retardant carbon nanofiber/glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (GPOSS) epoxy formulation specially designed for lightweight composite materials capable of fulfilling the ever-changing demands of the future aerospace industry. The multifunctional resin was designed to satisfy structural and functional requirements. In particular, this paper explores the advantages deriving from the combined use of GPOSS and CNFs (short carbon nanofibers) to obtain multifunctional resins. The multifunctional material was prepared by incorporating in the epoxy matrix heat-treated carbon nanofibers (CNFs) at the percentage of 0.5 wt% and GPOSS compound at 5 wt% in order to increase the mechanical performance, electrical conductivity, thermal stability and flame resistance property of the resulting nanocomposite. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows that the values of the Storage Modulus (S.M.) of the resin alone and the resin containing solubilized GPOSS nanocages are almost similar in a wide range of temperatures (from 30 °C to 165 °C). The presence of CNFs, in the percentage of 0.5 wt%, determines an enhancement in the S.M. of 700 MPa from −30 °C to 180 °C with respect to the resin matrix and the resin/GPOSS systems. Hence, a value higher than 2700 MPa is detected from 30 °C to 110 °C. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of the sample containing both GPOSS and CNFs reaches the value of 1.35 × 10−1 S/m, which is a very satisfying value to contrast the electrical insulating property of the epoxy systems. For the first time, TUNA tests have been performed on the formulation where the advantages of GPOSS and CNFs are combined. TUNA investigation highlights an electrically conductive network well distributed in the sample. The ignition time of the multifunctional nanocomposite is higher than that of the sample containing GPOSS alone of about 35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based nanoparticles create a huge group with substantial applications in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Herein, the mechanism of their outstanding properties was discussed to form a new insight for handling their issues and developing new applications in medical field. In addition, the strategies to remove the possible toxicity effects were gathered and a complete literature review about their production by economical methods was done. At the end of this article, the future applications of these nanoparticles and their new derivatives were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In‐mold coating (IMC) being 100% solids upon polymerization is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional painting/coating. The standard commercial IMC formulation contains 2.8 wt% carbon black (CB) to achieve the electrical conductivity needed for maximum transfer efficiency during electrostatic painting. This formulation, however, makes the primed surface deep black and significantly increases the viscosity. To address this issue, our previous research evaluated the use of single‐wall carbon nanotubes as an alternative to CB. It was found that IMC with 0.15 wt% SWCNT provides the same level of conductivity as the standard IMC, but a much clear coating. However, the processability of this new formulation was adversely affected. In this research, other carbon‐based materials, that is, carbon nanofiber (CNF), multi‐wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and industrial graphene (grapheneblack [G]), were evaluated. Results indicate that the same level of conductivity can be reached by adding 1.6 wt% CNF, 1.8 wt% MWCNT, or 11.3 wt% G. Results also suggest that IMC with 1.8 wt% MWCNT has the best curing process, IMC with 11.3 wt% G has the highest flowability, and all three new formulations have a slightly better greyscale reading than the standard IMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxypropyl cellulose is regarded distinctive cellulose derivative due to its unique properties and could display a lyotropic cholesteric liquid-crystalline phase in a variety solvents. This work deals with studying the role of cellulose- and carbon-based nanoparticles on liquid crystal performance of modified hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in lyotropic suspension and nanocomposite films in a comparison study. The lyotropic suspension of HPC and HPC-nanocomposites were characterized by rheological study and optical properties. The Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray Diffractometry (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical properties were the techniques used to characterize the nanocomposite films. The results showed that, introducing the cellulose and carbon nanoparticles lowered the critical concentration of lyotropic suspension of HPC from 30 wt.% to 26–28 wt.% and earlier appearance of anisotropic phases was occurred which evidenced by the rheological curves and optical properties. The FTIR, XRD and TGA of nanocomposite films showed no change in backbone chemical structure of HPC but the incorporation of nanoparticles, especially cellulose-based NPs, enhanced the crystallinity, thermal stability behaviour and mechanical properties. The behaviour of carbon-NPs in HPC film was unaccepted, where it deteriorated the mechanical properties. The nanocomposite films displayed good fingerprint texture (especially with cellulose nanocrystals) with moderated defined morphologies that promote the liquid crystal nanocomposite development.

Electrically conductive polypropylene nanocomposites filled with carbon-based nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon black are widely being used in different applications such as electromagnetic interference shielding, wearable electronics, sensors, soft actuators, structural health monitoring and energy storage capacitors. The electrical conductivity of polypropylene nanocomposites depends on multiple factors, and can be tailored by using different processing and pre/post-processing techniques. There has been a lot of research in the past decade or so to maintain the electrical conductivity of polypropylene nanocomposites at the lowest possible filler concentration. Low percolation threshold is critically important for several technical applications as a key factor to well tailor mechanical properties, maintain optical transparency, and bring cost-effectiveness in manufacturing. This review article presents a comprehensive insight of the methodologies that have been used by different researchers to achieve low/ultralow electrical percolation thresholds in carbon-based polypropylene nanocomposites. Most importantly, different parameters that directly influence the percolation threshold and electrical conductivity such as the type, size, aspect ratio, functionalization and nucleating ability of carbon nanofillers, inter-particle interactions, density, crystallinity, viscosity of matrices, nanocomposite morphology, interaction of nanofillers with the polymer matrix, as well as post-processing techniques like annealing have also been discussed in detail. Percolation threshold and its theory, as well as the conduction phenomena such as the tunneling effects are also mentioned. The research has been characterized based on carbon filler types and critical comparisons have been made between the studies using similar methodologies. [Display omitted] • The review focuses on low/ultralow percolation thresholds in carbon-based polypropylene nanocomposites. • Polypropylene blends are preferred to achieve low percolation thresholds. • Melt-mixing methodology is widely utilized to reduce the percolation thresholds. • Several applications of polypropylene nanocomposites are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of the biodegradability of nanomaterials is of pragmatic importance for understanding the interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems and for the determination of ultimate fate of these materials as well as their potential use. We recently developed carbon-based biconcave nanodisks (CBBNs) serving as a versatile nanocarrier for enhanced accumulation in tumors and combined photothermal-chemotherapy. Here, we investigate both the enzymatic and cellular degradation of CBBNs by monitoring their cellular response with electron microscopy, near-infrared absorbance spectroscopy, and cell viability and oxidative stress assessments. Our results show that CBBNs underwent significant degradation in solutions catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or in the presence of macrophage cells. The ability of CBBNs to be degraded in biological systems provides suitability for their future biomedical applications.

TiO2/MWCNTs hybrid material was prepared by sol-gel method using mixture of TiCl4 and HCl as source of TiO2. In this method a certain amount of MWCNTs was added to mixture of TiCl4, HCl and socking overnight followed by calcinating at 650 °C for 2 h forming MWCNTs/TiO2 hybrid. The modified MWCNTs with TiO2 nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy which reveals the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles and decorated MWCNTs surface through soaking in mixture of TiCl4 overnight. Besides, the antimicrobial activity of MWCNTs and TiO2/MWCNTs hybrid material was evaluated against Grampositive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria to improve the possibility of samples as a new antibacterial strategy to reduce the rate of infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Facile synthesis of carbon-based nanoparticles modified with various l -amino acids. • Characterization of the surface-modified nanoparticles by spectroscopy and TEM. • Investigation of anti-amyloid activities of surface-modified nanoparticles. • Glycine and amide modified nanoparticles displayed significant anti-amyloid effects. • The bioactive nanoparticles showed low toxicity against mammalian cell line. Abstract Surface functionality of nanoparticles has been pivotal in defining interactions of nanoparticles and biomolecules. To explore various functionalities on the surface of nanoparticle through a facile procedure, various carbon-based nanoparticles, modified with a specific natural amino acid, were synthesized; the amino acids were chosen in order that almost all classes of amino acids were included. After characterizations of the nanoparticles using several spectroscopic methods, the effects of surface modification of nanoparticles were examined against amyloid formation, exploiting insulin as a model amyloidogenic polypeptide. Although most amino acids afforded carbon nanoparticles, only glycine, glutamine, and asparagine containing nanoparticles demonstrated significant inhibition of amyloid formation. These bioactive nanoparticles displayed low toxicity, and they allowed higher cell viability when mixed with the amyloid fibrils. The mechanism of the inhibition was investigated by monitoring conformational changes, and intermediates in the presence of bioactive nanoparticles. All in all, the results indicated that flexibility and the amide functionality can be considered as two main factors that enhance inhibitory roles of the modified nanoparticles likely through making networks of hydrogen bonding via functionalized surface of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Remarkable efforts are currently devoted to the area of nanodiamonds (NDs) research due to their superior properties viz : biocompatibility, minute size, inert core, and tunable surface chemistry. The use of NDs for the delivery of anticancer drugs has been at the forefront of NDs applications owing to their ability to increase chemosensitivity, sustain drug release, and minimize drug side effects. Accelerated steps towards the move of NDs from bench side to bedside have been recently witnessed. In this review, the effects of NDs production and purification techniques on NDs' final properties are discussed. Special concern is given to studies focusing on NDs use for anticancer drug delivery, stability enhancement and mediated targeted delivery. The aim of this review is to put the results of studies oriented towards NDs-mediated anticancer drug delivery side by side such that the reader can assess the potential use of NDs in clinics and follow up the upcoming results of clinical testing of NDs on animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the skin is the first barrier of the body's defense against pathogens, delays in the healing process are affected by infections. Therefore, applying advanced substitute assistance improves the patient's quality of life. Carbon-based nanomaterials show better capabilities than conventional methods for managing skin wound infections. Due to their physicochemical properties such as small size, large surface area, great surface-to-volume ratio, and excellent ability to communicate with the cells and tissue, carbon-based nanoparticles have been considered in regenerative medicine. moreover, the carbon nano family offers attractive potential in wound healing via the improvement of angiogenesis and antibacterial compared to traditional approaches become one of the particular research interests in the field of skin tissue engineering. This review emphasizes the wound-healing process and the role of carbon-based nanoparticles in wound care management interaction with tissue engineering technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change material (PCM)-based thermal management is one of the most promising approaches for the thermal management of energy conversion devices such as electric vehicle batteries and photovoltaic cells. However, most of the PCM present inherently low thermal conductivities, which result in deficient temperature control capacity in these applications. Several types of carbon-based nanoparticle have been explored to enhance the thermal conductivity of pure PCM. Despite the significant improvements in their thermal conductivity, the heat transfer in the liquid phase nano-enhanced PCM is expected to decrease due to the presence of the nanoparticles matrices. In this study, three types of carbon-based nanostructures are embedded in a paraffin to investigate their heat transfer performance for thermal management applications. The experimental results indicate that the addition of nanoadditives can improve the heat conduction of solid phase paraffin with slight latent heat degradation. But it also drastically increases the dynamic viscosity of composites which suppresses the natural convection heat transfer in the melted PCM. The thermal behavior of nanocomposites during the melting process is experimentally and numerically examined. Results reveal that adding carbon nanofibers and graphene platelets deteriorate the thermal performance of the pure paraffin. However, an enhanced thermal response observed when graphite-based nanocomposites at 7.5 and 10 wt% are used due to their 620% and 1100% solid phase thermal conductivity enhancement, respectively. The results of the current work suggest that there is a trade-off between the thermal conductivity enhancement and natural convection suppression of nanocomposites that can be used in the optimal design of PCM-based thermal management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment can act both as contaminants, when they are unintentionally released, and as remediation agents when injected on purpose at contaminated sites. In this work two carbon-based NPs are considered, namely CARBO-IRON®, a new material developed for contaminated site remediation, and single layer graphene oxide (SLGO), a potential contaminant of the next future. Understanding and modeling the transport and deposition of such NPs in aquifer systems is a key aspect in both cases, and numerical models capable to simulate NP transport in groundwater in complex 3D scenarios are necessary. To this aim, this work proposes a modeling approach based on modified advection-dispersion-deposition equations accounting for the coupled influence of flow velocity and ionic strength on particle transport. A new modeling tool (MNM3D - Micro and Nanoparticle transport Model in 3D geometries) is presented for the simulation of NPs injection and transport in 3D scenarios. MNM3D is the result of the integration of the numerical code MNMs (Micro and Nanoparticle transport, filtration and clogging Model - Suite) in the well-known transport model RT3D (Clement et al., 1998). The injection in field-like conditions of CARBO-IRON® (20 g/l) amended by CMC (4 g/l) in a 2D vertical tank (0.7 × 1.0 × 0.12 m) was simulated using MNM3D, and compared to experimental results under the same conditions. Column transport tests of SLGO at a concentration (10 mg/l) representative of a possible spill of SLGO-containing waste water were performed at different values of ionic strength (0.1 to 35 mM), evidencing a strong dependence of SLGO transport on IS, and a reversible blocking deposition. The experimental data were fitted using the numerical code MNMs and the ionic strength-dependent transport was up-scaled for a full scale 3D simulation of SLGO release and long-term transport in a heterogeneous aquifer. MNM3D showed to potentially represent a valid tool for the prediction of the long-term behavior of engineered nanoparticles released in the environment (e.g. from landfills), and the preliminary design of in situ aquifer remediation through injection of suspensions of reactive NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based engineered nanoparticles have been widely used due to their small size and unique physical and chemical properties. At the same time, the toxic effects of these nanoparticles on human and fish cells have also been observed; therefore, their release and distribution into the surface and subsurface environment is a subject of concern. The aim of this research is to evaluate and compare the transports and retentions of two types of engineered nanoparticles (multiwalled carbon nanotubes and C) and the natural carbon nanoparticles collected from a fire accident. Several laboratory experiments were conducted to observe the transport behavior of nanoparticles through a column packed with silica sand. The column experiments were intended to monitor the effect of ionic strength on transport of nanoparticles as a function of their shapes. It was observed that the mobilities of both types of engineered nanoparticles were reduced with the increasing ionic strength from 1.34 to 60 mM. However, at ionic strengths up to 10.89 mM, spherical nanoparticles were more mobile than cylindrical nanoparticles, but the mobility of the cylindrical nanoparticles became significantly higher than spherical nanoparticles at the ionic strength of 60 mM. In comparison with natural fire-born nanoparticles, both types of engineered nanoparticles were much less mobile under the selected experimental condition in this study. Furthermore, inverse modeling was used to calculate parameters such as attachment efficiency, the longitudinal dispersivity, and capacity of the solid phase for the attachment of nanoparticles. The results indicate that the combination of the shape and the solution chemistry of the NPs are responsible for the transport and the retention of nanoparticles in natural environment; however, fire-burned nanoparticles can be highly mobile at the natural groundwater chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death today and a significant public health problem. Currently, there is no proper treatment for major cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI) as the heart has a very limited innate capacity for regeneration. Although available therapeutical procedures, e.g. pharmacological interventions, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and ventricular assistant devices, have significantly improved patients' quality of lives and prolonged their longevities, these ameliorating therapies do not regenerate the injured cardiac tissue. Over the last decade, many studies have been devoted to develop various types of scaffolds for regeneration cardiac tissue especially post-myocardial infarction heart failure. Utilizing injectable conductive hydrogels as a minimally invasive method showed acceptable physicochemical and mechanical properties in vivo; and thus, it turns to a promising approach in field of cardiac tissue engineering (CTE). This review focuses on exploring different electroconductive nanoparticles (i.e. metal- and carbon-based) integrated with natural and synthetic injectable hydrogels. Moreover, the physical effect of these nanostructures in terms of conductivity enhancement and mechanical moduli improvement on hydrogels has been compared and evaluated. Eventually, optimized future injectable conductive hydrogel intended to be used for CTE is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show that concentrations of manufactured carbon-based nanoparticles (MCNPs) in aquatic sediments will be negligible compared to levels of black carbon nanoparticles (BCNPs). This is concluded from model calculations accounting for MCNP sedimentation fluxes, removal rates due to aggregation or degradation, and MCNP burial in deeper sediment layers. The resultant steady state MCNP levels are compared with BCNP levels calculated from soot levels in sediments and weight fractions of nanosized fractions of these soot particles. MCNP/BCNP ratios range from 10−7 to 10−4 (w:w). This suggests that the often acclaimed effect of MCNPs on organic pollutant binding and bioavailability will likely be below the level of detection if natural BCNPs are present, even if binding to MCNP is one to two orders of magnitude stronger than to BCNPs. Furthermore, exposure and toxic effects of MCNPs in sediments and soils will be negligible compared to that of BCNPs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Nucleic acid-mediated therapy holds immense potential in the treatment of recalcitrant human diseases such as cancer. This is underscored by advances in understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation. In particular, the endogenous protective mechanism of gene silencing known as RNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively exploited., Methods: We review here the developments from 2011 to 2021, in the use of nanographene oxide, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanodots and nanodiamonds for the delivery of therapeutic small RNA molecules., Results: Appropriately designed effector molecules such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), can, in theory, silence the expression of any disease-causing gene. Alternatively, siRNA can be generated in vivo through the introduction of plasmid-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vectors. Other small RNAs such as micro RNA (miRNA) also function in post-transcriptional gene regulation and are aberrantly expressed under disease conditions. The miRNA-based therapy involves either restoration of miRNA function through the introduction of miRNA mimics; or the inhibition of miRNA function by delivering anti-miRNA oligomers. However, the large size, hydrophilicity, negative charge and nuclease-sensitivity of nucleic acids necessitate an appropriate carrier for their introduction as medicine into cells., Conclusion: While numerous organic and inorganic materials have been investigated for this purpose, the perfect carrier agent remains elusive. In recent years, carbon-based nanomaterials have received widespread attention in biotechnology due to their tunable surface characteristics, mechanical, electrical, optical and chemical properties., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

[Display omitted] • A carbon nanotube–ultrafiltration composite membrane was investigated. • This composite removed 50–75% of steroid hormones at high permeability. • Short residence times (0.08–7.1 s) were not a limiting factor due to fast kinetics. • Diffusion of steroid hormones to the adsorptive surface area was a limiting factor. • pH affected adsorption because of charge interactions. Ultrafiltration (UF) is an established water treatment solution that operates at relatively low pressures, but cannot remove pollutants with sub-nanometre sizes such as steroid hormones. To tackle this challenge while maintaining a fast flow of water through the membrane, UF can be coupled with a nanoparticle layer that removes micropollutants via adsorption. In this study, a mechanical method of incorporating single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the UF structure is demonstrated. Such an SWCNT–UF composite with a SWCNT loading of 2 g/m2 offered the high UF-range permeability, and partial removal (50–75%) of hormones from a 100 ng/L feed solution at neutral pH. A full breakthrough was not achieved in the three-hour experiments. The diffusion of hormones to the highly accessible SWCNT surface area was a limiting factor. Nevertheless, adsorption kinetics were very fast, and adsorption was independent of residence time in the range of 0.08–7.1 s. Since dynamic adsorption is kinetic-dependent, water quality parameters such as pH could affect the adsorptive interactions. For example, adsorption was poor at pH 11–12. Although more work is needed to accomplish the drinking water guideline of 1 ng/L with such a composite, the adsorbent–membrane concept is promising, because the adsorption efficiency can be further enhanced by increasing the particle loading and/or choosing adsorbents with higher surface areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-spherical metal-based and carbon-based nanostructures have found applications in every facet of scientific endeavors, including engineering and biomedical fields. These nanostructures attract attention because of their biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity. Chemical and physical methods have been used for synthesizing earlier generations of metal-based and carbon-based nanostructures with variable architectures, including nanorods, nanowires, nanodots and nanosheets. However, these synthesis strategies utilize organic passivators which are toxic to the environment and the human body. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is becoming increasing popular because of the necessity to develop eco-friendly and non-toxic strategies. Nanoparticles synthesized by natural compounds have immense potential in the biomedical arena. The present review focuses on plant-mediated synthesis of metal-based and carbon-based non-spherical nanoarchitectures and the role of green synthesis in improving their activities for biomedical applications. Unlabelled Image • Non-spherical nanostructures (NSNs) synthesized by plant-based materials. • NSNs synthesized via green pathways have high biological activities. • Shape and size of nanostructures determine their margination rate and biodistribution. • Non-spherical nanostructures acted as promising materials as antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial microenvironment plays a decisive role in guiding the function and fate of cardiomyocytes, and engineering this extracellular niche holds great promise for cardiac tissue regeneration. Platforms utilizing hybrid hydrogels containing various types of conductive nanoparticles have been a critical tool for constructing engineered cardiac tissues with outstanding mechanical integrity and improved electrophysiological properties. However, there has been no attempt to directly compare the efficacy of these hybrid hydrogels and decipher the mechanisms behind how these platforms differentially regulate cardiomyocyte behavior. Here, we employed gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels containing three different types of carbon-based nanoparticles: carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO (rGO), to investigate the influence of these hybrid scaffolds on the structural organization and functionality of cardiomyocytes. Using immunofluorescent staining for assessing cellular organization and proliferation, we showed that electrically conductive scaffolds (CNT- and rGO-GelMA compared to relatively nonconductive GO-GelMA) played a significant role in promoting desirable morphology of cardiomyocytes and elevated the expression of functional cardiac markers, while maintaining their viability. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that these engineered cardiac tissues showed distinct cardiomyocyte phenotypes and different levels of maturity based on the substrate (CNT-GelMA: ventricular-like, GO-GelMA: atrial-like, and rGO-GelMA: ventricular/atrial mixed phenotypes). Through analysis of gene-expression patterns, we uncovered that the engineered cardiac tissues matured on CNT-GelMA and native cardiac tissues showed comparable expression levels of maturation markers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that engineered cardiac tissues matured on CNT-GelMA have increased functionality through integrin-mediated mechanotransduction ( via YAP/TAZ) in contrast to cardiomyocytes cultured on rGO-GelMA.