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Copyright of Kirkuk Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Raman spectra of oxacillin (OXN), carbenicillin (CBC), and azlocillin (AZL) are reported for the first time together with their full assignment of the normal modes, as calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods with the B3LYP exchange-correlation functional coupled to the 6-31G(d) and 6-311+G(2d,p) basis sets. Molecular docking studies were performed on five penicillins, including OXN, CBC, and AZL. Subsequently, their chemical reactivity and correlated efficiency towards specific pathogenic strains were revealed by combining frontier molecular orbital (FMO) data with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces. Their bactericidal activity was tested and confirmed on a couple of species, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, by using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)—principal component analysis (PCA)-based resistogram of A. hydrophila is proposed as a clinically relevant insight resulting from the synergistic cheminformatics and vibrational study on CBC and AZL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of β-lactam antibiotics viz. cefotaxime, carbenicillin and cephalexin was evaluated on shoot organogenesis of potato cultivars 'Kufri Pukhraj' and 'Kufri Chipsona 1'. Leaf and internodal explants from 21-day-old microshoots were cultured on pre-standardized medium for shoot organogenesis (basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 10 μM AgNO3+10 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA)+15 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3)), which was further supplemented with different concentrations (0–500 mg/L) of various β-lactam antibiotics. At lower concentrations, these antibiotics promoted shoot organogenesis in both cultivars, except cephalexin that totally inhibited shoot organogenesis in cv. 'Kufri Chipsona 1'. Cefotaxime (100 mg/L) induced shoot organogenesis in maximum number of explants with maximum number of shoots per explant. Among explants, shoot promotion effect was significantly higher from internodal explants as compared with leaf explants. Cefotaxime at all concentrations (100–500 mg/L) increased shoot organogenesis of all explants and cultivars. The regenerated shoots tested clonally uniform among themselves and also to that of the mother plant by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectra of oxacillin (OXN), carbenicillin (CBC), and azlocillin (AZL) are reported for the first time together with their full assignment of the normal modes, as calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods with the B3LYP exchange-correlation functional coupled to the 6-31G(d) and 6-311+G(2d,p) basis sets. Molecular docking studies were performed on five penicillins, including OXN, CBC, and AZL. Subsequently, their chemical reactivity and correlated efficiency towards specific pathogenic strains were revealed by combining frontier molecular orbital (FMO) data with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces. Their bactericidal activity was tested and confirmed on a couple of species, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, by using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)—principal component analysis (PCA)-based resistogram of A. hydrophila is proposed as a clinically relevant insight resulting from the synergistic cheminformatics and vibrational study on CBC and AZL.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a mainly common infection in kidney transplant recipients. This study decided to investigate UTI, bacterial agents, and antibiotic resistance pattern in kidney transplant recipients from Iran. Materials and Methods: Search process was conducted for UTI, bacterial agents, and antibiotic resistance pattern in kidney transplant recipients from Iran via electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, etc.,) with Mesh terms in either Persian and English languages without limited time to May 31, 2020. Data were analyzed by comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: The combined prevalence of UTI in renal transplant recipients was reported by 31.1%. The combined prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria was 69%. The most common pathogens among Gram negatives were E. coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with frequency 43.4% and 13%, respectively. Subgroup analysis for Gram-positive bacteria showed the combined prevalence of 31%. The most common microorganism among Gram positives belonged to coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Enterococci with a prevalence of 10.2% and 9%, respectively. Subgroup meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance for Gram-negative showed the most resistance to cephalexin followed by carbenicillin with a prevalence of 89.1% and 87.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Our review showed a noticeable rate of UTI (31.1%) among renal transplant recipients in Iran and a high prevalence of Gram-negative (69%) and Gram-positive (13%) microorganisms. A high resistance rate was seen against almost all antibiotics used for the treatment of UTI. Therefore, empirical prescription of antibiotics should be avoided, and it should be based on data obtained from antibiogram tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the prevalence of class 1 integrons, antibiotic resistance pattern in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolated from clinical samples other than burn samples. Methods: The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were searched using keywords based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The cross-sectional studies published from 1st January 2000 until 1st January 2019 were included which addressed the prevalence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic-resistance in P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples other than burn samples. Meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. The random-effects model, Cochran's Q and I2 tests were applied for statistical analyses. Results: Eight articles met the eligibility standards for including in the present meta-analysis. The combined prevalence of class 1 integrons in P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples other than burn samples was reported by 40% (95% CI:26.1-55.8%). The pooled prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa isolates was 70.1%. The highest prevalence of combined antibiotic resistance was related to carbenicillin with a resistance rate of 79.9%. In general, 6 (75%) out of the 8 included studies showed the correlation between the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: Regarding the correlation between the presence of integrons and the high antibiotic resistance reported by studies included in the present review, there is the need for preventive measures to prevent the spread of resistance by integrons and transferring to other micro-organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus iniae, a zoonotic Gram-positive pathogen, poses a threat to finfish aquaculture, causing streptococcosis with an annual economic impact exceeding $150 million globally. As aquaculture trends shift towards recirculating systems, the potential for horizontal transmission of S. iniae among fish intensifies. Current vaccine development provides only short-term protection, driving the widespread use of antibiotics like florfenicol. However, this practice raises environmental concerns and potentially contributes to antibiotic resistance. Thus, alternative strategies are urgently needed. Endolysin therapy, derived from bacteriophages, employs hydrolytic endolysin enzymes that target bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. This study assesses three synthetic endolysins (PlyGBS 90-1, PlyGBS 90-8, and ClyX-2) alongside the antibiotic carbenicillin in treating S. iniae-infected hybrid striped bass (HSB). Results demonstrate that ClyX-2 exhibits remarkable bacteriolytic potency, with lytic activity detected at concentrations as low as ∼15 μg/mL, approximately 8-fold more potent than the PlyGBS derivatives. In therapeutic effectiveness assessments, both carbenicillin and ClyX-2 treatments achieved significantly higher survival rates (85 % and 95 %, respectively) compared to placebo and PlyGBS-based endolysin treatments. Importantly, no statistical differences were observed between ClyX-2 and carbenicillin treatments. This highlights ClyX-2 as a promising alternative for combating S. iniae infections in aquaculture, offering potent bacteriolytic activity and high survival rates., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest D.C.N. is co-inventor of patents related to ClyX-2. The other authors state there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Reducing Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies in the oropharynx is a viable solution to minimize the transmission of this bacterium amongst individuals.Objectives: A strategy involving the electrostatic interaction between a common antiseptic and a discontinued antibiotic (i.e. octenidine and carbenicillin) was evaluated as a potential treatment for gonorrhoea. Octenidine/carbenicillin is a novel group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) with inherent in vitro antibacterial activity that comes from its parent antiseptic and antibacterial ions, octenidine and carbenicillin, respectively.Methods: Antibacterial activities for octenidine dihydrochloride, disodium carbenicillin, octenidine/carbenicillin and stoichiometrically equivalent 1:1 octenidine dihydrochloride to disodium carbenicillin were assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay for N. gonorrhoeae (ATCC 49226) and three clinical isolates. Predictive permeability using the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay and cytotoxicity against HeLa cells was also evaluated.Results: Additive in vitro antibacterial activities against N. gonorrhoeae were observed in this study, which suggests octenidine/carbenicillin could be a useful agent in reducing N. gonorrhoeae transmission and minimizing gonorrhoea infections. Octenidine/carbenicillin also exhibited bioequivalence to azithromycin and doxycycline, two currently prescribed antibiotics. Likewise, octenidine/carbenicillin had improved predicted permeability compared with octenidine dihydrochloride.Conclusions: Antimicrobial GUMBOS synthesized in this study could be used as an adjunctive treatment approach to current drug therapies for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea infection control and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of integrons has been highlighted in antibiotic resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Therefore, we here reviewed the prevalence of class 1 integrons and their correlations with antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa isolated from Iranian burn patients. This review was conducted according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Cross-sectional and cohort studies published from January 1, 2000 until December 31, 2018 were enrolled. Meta-analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software using the random effects model, Cochran's Q, and I2 tests. Publication bias was estimated by Funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. Nine out of 819 studies met the eligibility criteria. The overall combined prevalence of class 1 integrons in P. aeruginosa isolates was 69% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50.5-83%). The highest combined resistance was reported against Cloxacillin (87.7%), followed by Carbenicillin (79.1%) and Ceftriaxone (77.3%). The combined prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 79.3% (95% CI: 31.1-97%). Also, a significant correlation was noted between the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance in 55.5% of the included studies (P < .05). The results showed high prevalence of class 1 integrons, antibiotic resistance, and MDR strains in P. aeruginosa isolated from Iranian burn patients. Also, most of the included studies showed a significant correlation between the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa RsaL is a negative regulator of the quorum sensing signal synthesis gene lasI. The expression of RsaL is directly activated by the LasI cognate regulator LasR. Thus, RsaL and LasI-LasR (LasI/R) form a regulatory loop. Further studies revealed that RsaL is a global regulator which controls the expression of numerous genes through quorum sensing system dependent and independent pathways. However, whether RsaL is involved in antibiotic tolerance remains elusive. In this study, we found that the mutation of rsaL increased bacterial tolerance to ciprofloxacin and carbenicillin. Through motif search, gene expression analyses and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we found that RsaL directly represses the expression of the narK1K2GHJI operon, which is involved in the tolerance to ciprofloxacin. We further demonstrated that the narK1K2GHJI operon is directly regulated by LasR. In combination, our study revealed a novel operon under the control of the RsaL, LasI/R regulatory loop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliable and ultrasensitive detection of antibiotic drug residue is of great interest for environmental protection and human health. Herein, we propose a simple SERS strategy based on Ag nanoparticles (NPs) as substrate with the assistance of aggregation agent (MgSO 4 ) for the SERS investigation and the high sensitive detection of antibiotic drug carbenicillin disodium (CBDM). The density functional theory calculation was performed for the assignment and identification of Raman bands of the CBDM molecule. The results indicate that the CBDM molecule is close to the Ag NP substrate surface through the carboxyl group. The CBDM molecules on Ag NP substrate exhibit the largest SERS enhancement, when the concentration of MgSO 4 is 1 × 10 −2  mol/L and the pH value of CBDM solution is 6. By this SERS method, the limit of detection of CBDM is 0.63 × 10 −8  mol/L, which is lower than the standard of European Union for the maximum residue limit of antibiotic drug (1.2 × 10 −8  mol/L). And, a quantitative detection method of CBDM can be established. There is a good linear relationship (R 2  = 0.9908) in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10 −8 –1.0 × 10 −3  mol/L. It proves that the proposed SERS method is a simple, rapid (within 6 min), reliable and highly sensitive scheme with a good reproducibility for the detection of CBDM. And, the proposed SERS strategy can also be applied for the high sensitive detection and identification of other antibiotic drug (penicillin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: β-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strain JJ1886 is an epidemic clone with high virulence properties. Because this strain can survive in the bloodstream, we aimed here to understand how β-lactam antibiotics and human serum affect the growth and gene expression of this bacterium. Materials and methods: We report the time-dependent growth effect of normal human serum and heat-inactivated serum, together with β-lactam antibiotics (including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and carbenicillin), for E. coli strain JJ1886. Relative gene expression of β-lactamase-related genes (encoding the β-lactamase regulator, CTX-M-15, and peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) and serum survivalassociated genes (encoding lipoprotein NlpI, murein lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, capsule synthesis protein, and phosphate transport system) were investigated by RT-qPCR. Results: Cells proliferated during the exponential growth phase when the bacterium was treated with human serum. However, cefotaxime and ceftazidime together with serum had a bactericidal effect at each of the tested time points. Downregulation was observed in gene-encoding lipoprotein NlpI as a result of treatment with carbenicillin. Conclusion: Serum plus cefotaxime or ceftazidime had bactericidal activities. When the bacterium was treated with human serum and β-lactam antibiotics, there were no significant changes in relative gene expression, except for the nlpI gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics is multi factorial and complex. Whereas efflux pumps such as MexAB-OprM have been thought to predominate, here we show that a novel ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter that mediates influx of carbenicillin from the periplasm to the cytoplasm and away from its cell wall target plays an important role in the resistance of P. aeruginosa to this antibiotic. Treatment of P. aeruginosa with verapamil, an inhibitor of ABC transporters in eukaryotic cells, increases its sensitivity to carbenicillin. Using amino acid sequence homology with known verapamil protein targets as a probe, we determined that the PA1113 gene product, an ABC transporter, mediates carbenicillin uptake into the bacterial cytoplasm. Docking and pharmacological analyses showed that verapamil and carbenicillin compete for the same site on the PA1113 gene protein, explaining the inhibitory effect of verapamil on carbenicillin uptake, and furthermore suggest that the PA1113 ABC transporter accounts for about 30% of P. aeruginosa carbenicillin resistance. Our findings demonstrate that the PA1113 gene product helps mediate carbenicillin resistance by transporting it away from its cell wall target and represents a promising new therapeutic target.

In the present study, an efficient system for the in vitro regeneration of adventitious shoots from the peach rootstock Hansen 536 leaves has been established. Twenty regeneration media containing McCown Woody Plant Medium (WPM) as a basal salt supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were tested. Expanded leaves along with their petiole from 3-week-old elongated in vitro shoot cultures were used as starting explants. The highest regeneration rate (up to 53%) was obtained on WPM basal medium enriched with 15.5 μM N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The influences on leaf regeneration of the ethylene inhibitor silver thiosulphate (STS) and of different combinations of antibiotics added to the optimized regeneration medium were also investigated. The use of 10 μM STS or carbenicillin (238 μM) combined with cefotaxime (210 μM) significantly increased the average number of regenerating shoots per leaf compared to the control. In vitro shoots were finally elongated, rooted and successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. The results achieved in this study advances the knowledge on factors affecting leaf organogenesis in Prunus spp., and the regeneration protocol described looks promising for the optimization of new genetic transformation procedures in Hansen 536 and other peach rootstocks and cultivars.

Graphical abstract Highlights • SO 4 − and HO reacted with penicillins at (3.90–9.32) × 109 and (6.67–9.86) × 109 M−1·s−1. • Pseudo steady-state model could predict penicillins degradation well in ultrapure water. • SO 4 − was the major contributor to penicillins indirect photolysis. • Derived secondary radicals contributed to penicillins degradation in water matrices. • S atom, benzene and primary amine on the side chain were the reactive sites. Abstract The widespread occurrence of penicillin antibiotics (PENs) in natural environment has raised increasing concerns due to their potential to induce antibiotic-genes. In this study, the degradation of PENs by UV/peroxodisulfate (PDS) process was investigated to determine the reaction kinetics, transformation mechanism and energy efficiency. The second-order rate constants for sulfate radical (SO 4 −) and hydroxyl radical (HO) with PENs, including, pencillin G (PG), amoxicillin (AMX) and carbenicillin (CBN), were determined to be (3.90–9.32) × 109 M−1·s−1 and (6.67–9.86) × 109 M−1·s−1, respectively. A pseudo steady-state kinetic model was employed and successfully predicted the degradation of PENs in ultrapure water. The modeling results revealed that both direct and indirect photolysis contributed to PENs degradation, and the contribution of indirect photolysis increased with the increase of PDS dosage. SO 4 − was the major contributor to PENs indirect photolysis. The effect of pH and water matrices, including HCO 3 −, Cl− and natural organic matter were evaluated and modeled. Combined with the modeling results, the derived radicals and excited species were likely generated and involved in the overall degradation of PENs. Based on the developed model, we gave a roughly calculation of electrical energy per order (EE/O) to evaluate the energy efficiency of PDS treatment processes. Finally, the transformation product analysis indicated that the thioether sulfur on the five-membered ring and the side chain, e.g., benzene ring on PG and CBN were the reactive sites for SO 4 − , while the primary amine was another reactive site for SO 4 − on AMX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter spp. bacteria are one of the leading causes of food borne illness worldwide and has the ability to form biofilms. These biofilms have been reported to confer resistance against antibiotics. In this study, the effect of five different antibiotics has been compared on the planktonic and biofilm forms of Campylobacter isolates by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs). A total of 55 isolates (11 Campylobacter jejuni and 41 Campylobacter coli) were subjected to flaA typing and cluster analysis. On the basis of flaA typing, 23 isolates, comprising 17 C. coli and 6 C. jejuni representing each cluster were chosen and analyzed for their biofilm forming potential at two different temperatures (37°C and 42°C) under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions. The biofilm production was higher at 37°C in comparison to 42°C, and it was enhanced under aerobic conditions compared to microaerobic conditions at both temperatures. MICs of gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and carbenicillin were determined for both planktonic and biofilm forms of campylobacter bacteria grown in 96 well microtitre plates containing Muller Hinton (MH) broth. All the isolates in the planktonic form showed absolute resistance against carbenicillin. The MIC values of gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline and erythromycin for planktonic form were found to be 0.032 μg/ml, 2 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml and 0.0125 μg/ml, respectively; while, for biofilm forms the same were found to be 1.025 μg/ml, 8 μg/ml, 0.8 μg/ml and 0.2 μg/ml, respectively. The findings revealed 32, 16, 8 and 4 fold higher resistance by biofilm associated campylobacter bacteria against gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline and kanamycin, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of effective therapies to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections is challenging because antibiotics can be degraded by the production of certain enzymes, for example, β-lactamases. Additionally, the antibiotics themselves fail to penetrate the full depth of biofilms formed from extracellular polymers. Nanoparticle-based carriers can deliver antibiotics with better biofilm penetration, thus combating bacterial resistance. In this study, we describe a general approach for the construction of β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors co-delivery of nanoantibiotics based on metal–carbenicillin framework-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) to overcome MRSA. Carbenicillin, a β-lactam antibiotic, was used as an organic ligand that coordinates with Fe 3+ to form a metal–carbenicillin framework to block the pores of the MSN. Furthermore, these β-lactamase inhibitor-loaded nanoantibiotics were stable under physiological conditions and could synchronously release antibiotic molecules and inhibitors at the bacterial infection site to achieve a better elimination of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains and biofilms. We confirmed that these β-lactamase inhibitor-loaded nanoantibiotics had better penetration depth into biofilms and an obvious effect on the inhibition of MRSA both in vitro and in vivo . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]