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Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) is a relatively common emergency and a potential cause of sudden death both in children and older people; bystander immediate action will determine the victim’s outcome. Although many school children’s basic life support (BLS) training programs have been implemented in recent years, references to specific training on FBAO are lacking. Therefore, the aim was to assess FBAO-solving knowledge acquisition in 10–13-year-old school children. A quasi-experimental non-controlled simulation study was carried out on 564 ten-to-thirteen-year-old children from 5 schools in Galicia (Spain). Participants received a 60-min training led by their physical education teachers (5 min theory, 15 min demonstration by the teacher, and 30 min hands-on training) on how to help to solve an FBAO event. After the training session, the school children’s skills were assessed in a standardized adult’s progressive FBAO simulation scenario. The assessment was carried out by proficient researchers utilizing a comprehensive checklist specifically designed to address the variables involved in resolving a FBAO event according with current international guidelines. The assessment of school children’s acquired knowledge during the simulated mild FBAO revealed that 62.2% of participants successfully identified the event and promptly encouraged the simulated patient to cough actively. When the obstruction progressed, its severity was recognized by 86.2% and back blows were administered, followed by abdominal thrusts by 90.4%. When the simulated victim became unconscious, 77.1% of children identified the situation and immediately called the emergency medical service and 81.1% initiated chest compressions. No significant differences in performance were detected according to participants’ age. Conclusion: A brief focused training contributes to prepare 10–13-year-old school children to perform the recommended FBAO steps in a standardized simulated patient. We consider th

We aimed to calculate interrater reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition (TGMD-3) after raters reached a consensus regarding measurement criteria. Three raters measured the fundamental movement skills of 25 children on the TGMD-3 at two different times: (a) once when simply following the measurement criteria in the TGMD-3 manual and (b) after a 9-month washout period, following the raters’ consensus building for the measurement criteria for each skill. After calculating and comparing the interrater reliability of these three raters across these two rating times, we found improved interrater reliability after the raters’ consensus-building discussions on ratings of both locomotor skills (moderate-to-good reliability on two of six skills initially and at least moderate-to-excellent on four of six skills following criteria consensus building) and ball skills (moderate-to-good reliability on one of seven skills initially and at least moderate-to-excellent reliability on four of seven skills following criteria consensus building). For subtest scores and overall test scores, raters achieved at least moderate-to-good reliability on their second, postconsensus-building ratings. Based on this improved reliability following consensus building, we recommend that researchers include rater consensus building before assessing children’s fundamental movement skills or guiding curriculum interventions in physical education from TGMD-3 data.

Introducción. Las personas con Síndrome de Down (PSD) poseen mayor riesgo que la población general de desarrollar sobrepeso y obesidad durante su vida, lo que justifica la implementación de estrategias de educación y promoción de la salud centradas en la alimentación y los hábitos saludables. Aunque las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación se han señalado como posibles recursos para lograr estilos de vida saludables en esta población, las pruebas científicas al respecto son limitadas. Objetivo. Diseñar, implementar y evaluar la aplicación CHAS-Down, adaptada a las necesidades y características particulares de las personas con Síndrome de Down, para la adquisición de hábitos de alimentación saludable. Metodología. Estudio cuasi-experimental de corte transversal secuenciado en 3 fases: 1) diseño y desarrollo de la aplicación; 2) estudio piloto de validación en el que 4 PSD de la Fundación Down Compostela recibieron una formación teórico-práctica sobre la herramienta, fueron evaluados en su capacidad de desempeño sobre la misma y aportaron retroalimentación para facilitar su utilización; 3) propuesta de mejora de CHAS-Down en base a la retroalimentación y los errores detectados. Resultados. Aunque 3 de los 4 sujetos consideraban que su alimentación era sana, su índice de masa corporal medio fue de 30,95 kg.m-2 (obesidad). Tres de ellos lograron iniciar sesión en la aplicación, planificar sus meriendas y acceder a las recetas autónomamente, refiriendo además que les gustaría emplear CHAS-Down diariamente y que han mejorado sus hábitos de alimentación. Conclusiones. Se ha diseñado una aplicación para teléfonos móviles o tabletas que ha sido bien aceptada por un grupo piloto de PSD, quienes fueron capaces de utilizarla para tratar de mejorar sus hábitos de alimentación. Estos resultados deben constituir la base para analizar la utilidad de CHAS-Down en el colectivo de PSD y su influencia real en sus hábitos de alimentación y su antropometría, Introdución. As persoas con Síndrome de Down (PSD) posúen maior risco que a poboación xeral de desenvolver sobrepeso e obesidade durante a súa vida, o que xustifica a implementación de estratexias de educación e promoción da saúde centradas na alimentación e nos hábitos saudables. Aínda que as tecnoloxías da información e da comunicación señaláronse como posibles recursos para lograr estilos de vida saudables nesta poboación, as probas científicas ao respecto son limitadas. Obxectivo. Deseñar, implementar e avaliar a aplicación CHAS-Down, adaptada ás necesidades e características particulares das persoas con Síndrome de Down, para a adquisición de hábitos de alimentación saudable. Metodoloxía. Estudo cuasi-experimental de corte transversal secuenciado en 3 fases: 1) deseño e desenvolvemento da aplicación; 2) estudo piloto de validación no que 4 PSD da Fundación Down Compostela recibiron unha formación teórico-práctica sobre a ferramenta, foron avaliados na súa capacidade de desempeño sobre a mesma e aportaron retroalimentación para facilitar a súa utilización; 3) proposta de mellora de CHAS-Down en base á retroalimentación e os erros detectados. Resultados. Aínda que 3 dos 4 suxeitos consideraban que a súa alimentación era sa, o seu índice de masa corporal medio foi de 30,95 kg.m-2 (obesidade). Tres de eles lograron iniciar sesión na aplicación, planificar as súas merendas e acceder ás recetas autonomamente, referindo ademais que lles gustaría empregar CHAS-Down diariamente e que melloraron os seus hábitos de alimentación. Conclusións. Deseñouse unha aplicación para teléfonos móbiles ou tabletas que foi ben aceptada por un grupo piloto de PSD, quenes foron capaces de utilizala para tentar mellorar os seus hábitos de alimentación. Estes resultados deben constituír a base para analizar a utilidade de CHAS-Down no colectivo de PSD e a súa influenza real nos seus hábitos de alimentación e na súa antropometría, Introduction. Down Syndrome People (DSP) have a higher risk than general population of suffering overweight and obesity during their lifetime, which justifies the development of health education strategies linked with nutrition habits. Although information and communication technologies have been pointed out as possible resources to achieve healthy lifestyles in this population, scientific evidence regarding this topic is limited. Objective. Design, implement and evaluate the CHAS-Down application (app), adapted to the needs and characteristics of Down Syndrome people, for the acquisition of healthy eating habits. Methods. Quasi-experimental cross-sectional study sequenced in 3 phases: 1) design and application development; 2) pilot validation study, in which 4 DSP from the Down Compostela Foundation received theoretical and practical training, with a corresponding evaluation of their performance with the app management and provided feedback in order to facilitate its use; 3) CHAS-Down improvement proposal based on feedback and detected errors. Results. Although 3 of the 4 subjects considered that their diet was healthy, their average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 30.95 kg.m-2 (obesity). Three of them were able to log in to the application, plan their snacks and access the recipes on their own. These subjects manifest the willing to improve their eating habits while using the app on a daily basis. Conclusions. An app for mobile phones and tablets has been designed and has been well accepted by a DSP pilot group, who were capable to use it to improve their eating habits. These results should form the basis for analyzing the utility of CHAS-Down in DSP and its anthropometry

Schools have been postulated as ideal environments to encourage physical activity (PA). This study aimed to assess the relationship between PA in school hours, motor competence, and screen time in a sample of Spanish preschool children. Fifty-seven 4–5-year-old preschoolers (n = 32 girls) participated. The Garmin Vivofit wristband was used to measure the PA levels during school hours in a week. Sedentary behavior was estimated through screen-time hours reported by preschoolers' families and motor competence was assessed by the Athletic Skills Track. The anthropometry (weight/height) and demographic data were also collected. We found that motor competence was significantly associated with PA both in minutes and in steps. Therefore, increased motor competence was related to higher engagement in PA during school hours. No association was found between screen time and PA or proficiency of motor competence. No gender differences were found in any variable assessed. Based on the relationship between motor competence proficiency and the amount of PA in preschool children, our findings support the need for specific strategies to promote fundamental movement skills and increase PA practice from early childhood

Difficulties that paediatricians find when evaluating psychomotor development at an early age result in the possibility that, at the school stage, seemingly healthy children can conceal development disorders, thereby complicating their detection, even within their own family environment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of developmental disorders in children without a prior diagnosis and the consistency between family perception and the real state of development. 187 pupils (51.3% boys) with an average age of 4.3 years (DT = 1.2) took part in the study. The real state of psychomotor development was evaluated using the Battelle-2 Inventory, while family perception was assessed using the Age and Stages Questionnaires. Results revealed an average prevalence of 10% for impaired developmental, while 13.3% displayed delayed motor development. Regarding family perception, families attributed the above-average performance to their children in all aspects. Therefore, the level of correlation between family perception and real development was light in all the dimensions analysed. The results of this study emphasize the excessive number of children with developmental disorders that have gone undetected, as well as the limitations of evaluation tools for parents when used for children with no apparent risk.

Aim: to assess the possible associations between the development level of fundamental movement skills and health-related physical fitness in primary schoolchildren. Methods: in 21 healthy schoolchildren (14 girls) aged 7-12 years, motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, which provide motor competence score and also locomotor and object control skills scores; and health- related physical fitness was evaluated using the ALPHA-Fitness test battery, which includes the assessment of musculoskeletal fitness, body composition, and motor fitness. Results: locomotor skills were positively associated with musculoskeletal fitness (r=0.662; p<0.001) and inversely associated with motor fitness (r=-0.587, p=0.005). In addition, run was inversely related to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (r=-0.550, p=0.010; r=-0.510, p=0.018, respectively). Regarding object control skills, they were also inversely associated with motor fitness (r=-0.532, p=0.013) and, in particular, catch with BMI (r=-0.487, p<0.025). The overhand throw was positively associated with musculoskeletal fitness (r=0.529, p=0.014).Conclusion: motor competence milestones of schoolchildren are associated with their anthropometric measurements and physical fitness indicators (musculoskeletal and motor fitness). These facts support the implementation of strategies to assess and try to improve the motor competence and physical fitness of schoolchildren, from the earliest ages, in order to increase their physical skills and long-term health., Objetivo: analizar las posibles asociaciones entre el grado de desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas y la condición física relacionada con la salud en escolares de Educación Primaria. Métodos: en 21 escolares sanos (14 niñas) de 7-12 años se evaluó la competencia motriz, mediante el Test of Gross Motor Development, que aporta las puntuaciones globales, de las habilidades locomotrices y de control de objetos; y, también la condición física relacionada con la salud, con la batería ALPHA-Fitness que incluye la capacidad músculo-esquelética, composición corporal y capacidad motora. Resultados: las habilidades locomotrices se asociaron positivamente con la capacidad músculo-esquelética (r=0.662; p<0.001) e inversamente con la capacidad motora (r=-0.587, p=0.005). Además, la habilidad de la carrera se relacionó inversamente con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (r=-0.550, p=0.010; r=-0.510, p=0.018, respectivamente). En cuanto a las habilidades de control de objetos, se asociaron también de manera inversa con la capacidad motora (r=-0.532, p=0.013) y, concretamente, la recepción con el IMC (r=-0.487, p<0.025). El lanzamiento por encima de la cabeza se asoció positivamente con la capacidad músculo-esquelética (r=0.529, p=0.014). Conclusiones: los hitos de competencia motriz de los escolares se asocian con sus parámetros antropométricos y con indicadores de la condición física (capacidades músculo-esquelética y motora). Estos hechos apoyan la puesta en marcha de estrategias para evaluar y tratar de mejorar la competencia motriz y la condición física de los/as escolares, desde las primeras etapas, de cara a incrementar sus habilidades físicas y su salud a largo plazo.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a lockdown in Spain due to COVID-19 on the levels of physical activity, exercise and sedentary lifestyle. After declaring state of alarm in Spain, a questionnaire was distributed via social networks with demographic questions, academic and/or employment status, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. Subsequently, another questionnaire was sent by email in relation to the new lockdown measures. 474 participants replied to both questionnaires. An increase in weight and body mass index was recorded during lockdown (p <0.001). The number of days in which physical activity was practiced during leisure time increased (p <0.001), but the total time of weekly practice stayed the same. The time of physical activity during academic and the time spent walking was reduced, as well as was the time spent walking (p <0.001). Longer sleep, naps and sitting time was also recorded (p <0.01). The present study shows the need to create effective strategies aimed to increase the practice of physical activity and promote a healthy lifestyle during the current humanitarian crisis and possible future ones., El presente estudio analizó el efecto del confinamiento en España derivado de la COVID-19 en niveles de actividad física diaria, ejercicio físico y comportamientos sedentarios. Tras la declaración del estado de alarma, se difundió un cuestionario por redes sociales con preguntas sociodemográficas, actividad física y comportamientos sedentarios. Posteriormente, se envió por correo electrónico otro cuestionario en relación con la nueva situación de confinamiento. Respondieron a ambos cuestionarios 474 participantes. Se registró un aumento del peso e índice de masa corporal durante el confinamiento (p < .001). Aumentó el número de días en los que se realizaba ejercicio físico en tiempo de ocio (p < .001), pero no el tiempo de práctica semanal total. Se redujo el tiempo de actividad física durante actividades académicas y/o profesionales y el tiempo destinado a desplazamientos (p < .001). Se registró un mayor tiempo de sueño, siestas y sedestación (p < .01). El presente estudio evidencia la necesidad de crear estrategias eficaces encaminadas a aumentar la práctica actividad física y promover los hábitos de vida saludables, especialmente durante la actual crisis humanitaria y posibles futuras.

Objetivo: analizar las posibles asociaciones entre el grado de desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas y la condición física relacionada con la salud en escolares de Educación Primaria. Métodos: en 21 escolares sanos (14 niñas) de 7-12 años se evaluó la competencia motriz, mediante el Test of Gross Motor Development, que aporta las puntuaciones globales, de las habilidades locomotrices y de control de objetos; y, también la condición física relacionada con la salud, con la batería ALPHA-Fitness que incluye la capacidad músculo-esquelética, composición corporal y capacidad motora. Resultados: las habilidades locomotrices se asociaron positivamente con la capacidad músculo-esquelética (r=0.662; p<0.001) e inversamente con la capacidad motora (r=-0.587, p=0.005). Además, la habilidad de la carrera se relacionó inversamente con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (r=- 0.550, p=0.010; r=-0.510, p=0.018, respectivamente). En cuanto a las habilidades de control de objetos, se asociaron también de manera inversa con la capacidad motora (r=-0.532, p=0.013) y, concretamente, la recepción con el IMC (r=-0.487, p<0.025). El lanzamiento por encima de la cabeza se asoció positivamente con la capacidad músculo-esquelética (r=0.529, p=0.014). Conclusiones: los hitos de competencia motriz de los escolares se asocian con sus parámetros antropométricos y con indicadores de la condición física (capacidades músculo-esquelética y motora). Estos hechos apoyan la puesta en marcha de estrategias para evaluar y tratar de mejorar la competencia motriz y la condición física de los/as escolares, desde las primeras etapas, de cara a incrementar sus habilidades físicas y su salud a largo plazo, To assess the possible associations between the development level of fundamental movement skills and health-related physical fitness in primary schoolchildren. Methods: in 21 healthy schoolchildren (14 girls) aged 7-12 years, motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, which provide motor competence score and also locomotor and object control skills scores; and health- related physical fitness was evaluated using the ALPHA-Fitness test battery, which includes the assessment of musculoskeletal fitness, body composition, and motor fitness. Results: locomotor skills were positively associated with musculoskeletal fitness (r=0.662; p<0.001) and inversely associated with motor fitness (r=-0.587, p=0.005). In addition, run was inversely related to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (r=-0.550, p=0.010; r=-0.510, p=0.018, respectively). Regarding object control skills, they were also inversely associated with motor fitness (r=-0.532, p=0.013) and, in particular, catch with BMI (r=-0.487, p<0.025). The overhand throw was positively associated with musculoskeletal fitness (r=0.529, p=0.014).Conclusion: motor competence milestones of schoolchildren are associated with their anthropometric measurements and physical fitness indicators (musculoskeletal and motor fitness). These facts support the implementation of strategies to assess and try to improve the motor competence and physical fitness of schoolchildren, from the earliest ages, in order to increase their physical skills and long-term health

El presente estudio analizó el efecto del confinamiento en España derivado de la COVID-19 en niveles de actividad física diaria, ejercicio físico y comportamientos sedentarios. Tras la declaración del estado de alarma, se difundió un cuestionario por redes sociales con preguntas sociodemográficas, actividad física y comportamientos sedentarios. Posteriormente, se envió por correo electrónico otro cuestionario en relación con la nueva situación de confinamiento. Respondieron a ambos cuestionarios 474 participantes. Se registró un aumento del peso e índice de masa corporal durante el confinamiento (p < .001). Aumentó el número de días en los que se realizaba ejercicio físico en tiempo de ocio (p < .001), pero no el tiempo de práctica semanal total. Se redujo el tiempo de actividad física durante actividades académicas y/o profesionales y el tiempo destinado a desplazamientos (p < .001). Se registró un mayor tiempo de sueño, siestas y sedestación (p < .01). El presente estudio evidencia la necesidad de crear estrategias eficaces encaminadas a aumentar la práctica de actividad física y promover los hábitos de vida saludables, especialmente durante la actual crisis humanitaria y posibles futuras, The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a lockdown in Spain due to COVID-19 on the levels of physical activity, exercise and sedentary lifestyle. After declaring state of alarm in Spain, a questionnaire was distributed via social networks with demographic questions, academic and/or employment status, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. Subsequently, another questionnaire was sent by email in relation to the new lockdown measures. 474 participants replied to both questionnaires. An increase in weight and body mass index was recorded during lockdown (p <0.001). The number of days in which physical activity was practiced during leisure time increased (p <0.001), but the total time of weekly practice stayed the same. The time of physical activity during academic time and the time spent walking was reduced, as well as was the time spent walking (p <0.001). Longer sleep, naps and sitting time was also recorded (p <0.01). The present study shows the need to create effective strategies aimed to increase the practice of physical activity and promote a healthy lifestyle during the current humanitarian crisis and possible future ones

El desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas (HMB) es una fase crucial del desarrollo integral infantil con influencia en la adquisición de un estilo de vida saludable. Sin embargo, la evaluación de las HMB es una tarea pendiente. Esta tesis aporta resultados que podrían servir de base para incrementar y mejorar esta evaluación. Se presenta una revisión sistemática sobre la fiabilidad del Test of Gross Motor Development. Además, se aportan resultados novedosos de fiabilidad entre evaluadores de diferentes perfiles, con varios métodos de evaluación, y tras el acuerdo de los evaluadores sobre los criterios de rendimiento de las HMB previo a la evaluación. En base a estos hallazgos, se ha desarrollado Alfamov, aplicación que permite una evaluación sencilla, fiable y sistematizada de las HMB en la infancia.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of 4-month rolling-refreshers and annual retraining in basic life support (BLS) on a sample of schoolchildren. Design Prospective longitudinal trial. Setting and participants Four hundred and seventy-two schoolchildren (8–12 years old). Interventions Schoolchildren were instructed in BLS and then split into the following three groups: control group (CG), standard group (SG) and rolling-refresher group (RRG). Their BLS skills were assessed within 1 week (T1) and 2 years later (T2). Moreover, CG did not receive any additional training; SG received one 50 min retraining session 1 year later; RRG participated in very brief (5 min) rolling-refreshers that were carried out every 4 months. Primary and secondary outcomes Hands-on skills of BLS sequence and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results BLS sequence performance was similar in all groups at T1, but SG and RRG followed the steps of the protocol in more proportion than CG at T2. When compared at T2, RRG showed higher proficiency than SG in checking safety, checking response, opening the airway and alerting emergency medical services. In addition, although the mean resuscitation quality was low in all groups, RRG participants reached a higher percentage of global quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CG: 16.4±24.1; SG: 25.3±28.8; RRG: 29.9%±29.4%), with a higher percentage of correct chest compressions by depth (CG: 3.9±11.8; SG: 10.8±22.7; RRG: 15.5±26.1 mm). Conclusions In 8-to-12-year-old schoolchildren, although annual 50 min retraining sessions help to maintain BLS performance, 4-month very brief rolling-refreshers were shown to be even more effective. Thus, we recommend implementing baseline BLS training at schools, with subsequently brief rolling-refreshers.

Training schoolchildren in basic life support (BLS) is strongly recommended to effectively increase bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates. Paediatricians and other health staff members used to be involved in BLS training, but the wide dissemination of BLS skills would need additional support; as a solution, schoolteachers might have enough knowledge necessary to help to achieve this goal. The aim of this cross-sectional survey study, which involved 3423 schoolteachers, was to evaluate the knowledge related to first aid (FA) and BLS of schoolteachers in Spain. In addition, the study aimed to evaluate the content taught to the schoolchildren regarding FA and teachers’ attitudes towards teaching FA. Three-quarters of the surveyed schoolteachers reported knowing FA, and 17% reported teaching it. The emergency medical telephone number and CPR were the subjects taught most often by schoolteachers. However, the schoolteachers demonstrated a lack of knowledge in the identification of cardiac arrest and in CPR. Ninety-eight percent of the respondents agreed with including FA training in schools and as part of university degree programmes and supported the KIDS SAVE LIVES statement. Teaching FA was a positive predictor to be willing to perform CPR (OR: 1.7; 95% CI 1.32–2.31) and to use a defibrillator (OR: 1.4; 95% CI 1.10–1.67). Conclusions: Schoolteachers are willing to teach FA in schools. However, more training and specific curricula are needed to increase the quality of schoolchildren’s CPR training. The training of schoolteachers in CPR might be the foundation for the sustainable transfer of CPR-related knowledge to schoolchildren. Therefore, the inclusion of FA and BLS in university degree programmes seems to be essential.

Previous pilot experience has shown the ability of visually impaired and blind people (BP) to learn basic life support (BLS), but no studies have compared their abilities with blindfolded people (BFP) after participating in the same instructor-led, real-time feedback training. Twenty-nine BP and 30 BFP participated in this quasi-experimental trial. Training consisted of a 1 h theoretical and practical training session with an additional 30 min afterwards, led by nurses with prior experience in BLS training of various collectives. Quantitative quality of chest compressions (CC), AED use and BLS sequence were evaluated by means of a simulation scenario. BP’s median time to start CC was less than 35 s. Global and specific components of CC quality were similar between groups, except for compression rate (BFP: 123.4 + 15.2 vs. BP: 110.8 + 15.3 CC/min; p = 0.002). Mean compression depth was below the recommended target in both groups, and optimal CC depth was achieved by 27.6% of blind and 23.3% of blindfolded people (p = 0.288). Time to discharge was significantly longer in BFP than BP (86.0 + 24.9 vs. 66.0 + 27.0 s; p = 0.004). Thus, after an adapted and short training program, blind people were revealed to have abilities comparable to those of blindfolded people in learning and performing the BLS sequence and CC

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is one of the most common tools for assessing the fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children between 3 and 10 years. This study aimed to examine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the TGMD—3rd Edition (TGMD-3) between expert and novice raters using live and video assessment. Five raters [2 experts and 3 novices (one of them BSc in Physical Education and Sport Science)] assessed and scored the performance of the TGMD-3 of 25 healthy children [Female: 60%; mean (standard deviation) age 9.16 (1.31)]. Schoolchildren were attending at one public elementary school during the academic year 2019–2020 from Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Raters scored each children performance through two viewing moods (live and slow-motion). The ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) was used to determine the agreement between raters. Our results showed moderate-to-excellent intra-rater reliability for overall score and locomotor and ball skills subscales; moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability for overall and ball skills; and poor-to-good for locomotor subscale. Higher intra-rater reliability was achieved by the expert raters and novice rater with physical education background compared to novice raters. However, the inter-rater reliability was more variable in all the raters regardless of their experience or background. No significant differences in reliability were found when comparing live and video assessments. For clinical practice, it would be recommended that raters reach an agreement before the assessment to avoid subjective interpretations that might distort the results

Although drowning is a common phenomenon, the behaviour of drowning persons is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of this behaviour. This was an observational study of drowning videos observed by 20 international experts in the field of water safety. For quantitative analysis, each video was analysed with Lince observation software by four participants. A Nominal Group Technique generated input for the qualitative analysis and the two principal investigators conducted a post-hoc analysis. A total of 87.5% of the 23 videos showed drowning in swimming pools, 50% of the drowned persons were male, and 58.3% were children or teenagers. Nineteen persons were rescued before unconsciousness and showed just the beginning of downing behaviour. Another five were rescued after unconsciousness, which allowed the observation of their drowning behaviour from the beginning to the end. Significant differences were found comparing both groups regarding the length of disappearances underwater, number, and length of resurfacing (resp. p = 0.003, 0.016, 0.005) and the interval from the beginning of the incident to the rescue (p = 0.004). All persons drowned within 2 min. The qualitative analysis showed previously suggested behaviour patterns (immediate disappearance n = 5, distress n = 6, instinctive drowning response n = 6, climbing ladder motion n = 3) but also a striking new pattern (backward water milling n = 19). This study confirms previous assumptions of drowning behaviour and provides novel evidence-based information about the large variety of visible behaviours of drowning persons. New behaviours, which mainly include high-frequency resurfacing during a struggle for less than 2 min and backward water milling, have been recognised in this study

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of first aid (FA) of primary and pre-school teachers and the parents of children in these education stages. Methods: A questionnaire already used in previous publications was employed and consisted of 4 sections: (1) general information; (2) assessment of FA knowledge; (3) questions about FA, and (4) attitudes about FA. The questionnaire was sent by e-mail in Google Forms format to different education centres of the Autonomous Community of Galicia. The centres were asked to send them to the school staff and parents of the pupils so that they could be completed. Results: A total of 470 questionnaires were analysed (177 teachers; 242 parents and 51 teachers with children). More than half (268, 57%) of the participants stated to have knowledge of FA. In the case of the school teachers, associations were found between having undertaken some kind of FA training and teaching these contents (P = .008). Only 4 participants were able to put in the correct order the steps of the basic life support sequence, and nobody answered correctly all the questions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation. More than 95% of the sample were in favour to include FA in the school curriculum and in the study plans of university degrees aimed to train school/high school teachers.

Objective To identify, synthesise and evaluate studies that investigated the reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) variants. Methods A systematic search was employed to identify studies that have investigated internal consistency, inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability of the TGMD variants through Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sport Discus and Web of Science databases. Results Of the 265 studies identified, 23 were included. Internal consistency, evaluated in 14 studies, confirming good-to-excellent consistency for the overall score and general motor quotient (GMQ), and acceptable-to-excellent levels in both subscales (locomotor and ball skills). Inter-rater reliability, evaluated in 19 studies, showing good-to-excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values in locomotor skills score, ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ. Intra-rater reliability, evaluated in 13 studies, displaying excellent ICC values in overall score and GMQ, and good-to-excellent ICC values in locomotor skills score and ball skills score. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 15 studies with 100% of the statistics reported above the threshold of acceptable reliability when ICC was not used. Studies with ICC statistic showed good-to-excellent values in ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ; and moderate-to-excellent values in locomotor skills score. Conclusions Overall, the results of this systematic review indicate that, regardless of the variant of the test, the TMGD has moderate-to-excellent internal consistency, good-to-excellent interrater reliability, good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, and moderate-to-excellent test-retest reliability. Considering the few high-quality studies in terms of internal consistency, it would be recommend to carry out further studies in this field to improve their quality. Since there is no gold standard for assessing FMS, TGMD variants could be appropriate when opting for a psychometrical robust t