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Objectives : To analyze the number and clinical characteristics of hospital admissions in Spain between 2016 and 2022 in which alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) was coded; to describe and analyze differences in these parameters between men and women; and to identify variables associated with a worse prognosis. Methods : We used a nationwide discharge database to select all admissions featuring an AATD diagnostic code (ICD-10 code E88.01) in any position. Results : We found 5142 hospital admissions with a diagnosis of AATD and detected a significant increase in their number from 2016 to 2022 ( p = 0.034 for trend). Males accounted for 58.21% of the hospitalizations and had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index than women (1.86 vs. 1.33; p < 0.001), were hospitalized more frequently (21.18% of men were hospitalized more than once vs. 17.76% of women, p < 0.001), and had a higher probability of severe disease (OR 1.39; 95%CI 1.10-1.75). Crude in-hospital mortality (IHM) was 6.85% in men and 4.8% in women ( p = 0.007). The variables associated with IHM in both sexes were older age, more hospital admissions, and liver disease or lung cancer. Invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation and admission to the ICU were also associated with IHM in men and women. Multivariable adjustment revealed no association between sex and IHM. Conclusions : The number of hospitalizations for AATD increased in Spain from 2016 to 2022. Men represented almost 60% of hospitalizations, were admitted more frequently and with more comorbidities, and had a higher probability of severe disease than women. There was no association between sex and IHM.

Background: Food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) is a major public health problem resulting in serious clinical complications, emergency department visits, hospitalization, and death., Objective: This study aims to assess the epidemiology and the trends in hospitalizations because of FIA in Spain between 2016 and 2021., Methods: An observational descriptive study was conducted using data from the Spanish National Hospital discharge database. Information was coded based on the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. The study population was analyzed by gender and age group and according to food triggers, clinical characteristics, admission to the intensive care unit, severity, and in-hospital mortality. The annual incidence of hospitalizations because of FIA per 100,000 person-years was estimated and analyzed using Poisson regression models. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify which variables were associated with severe FIA., Results: A total of 2161 hospital admissions for FIA were recorded in Spain from 2016 to 2021. The overall incidence rate was 0.77 cases per 100,000 person-years. The highest incidence was found in those aged <15 years (3.68), with lower figures among those aged 15 to 59 years (0.25) and ≥60 years (0.29). Poisson regression showed a significant increase in incidence from 2016 to 2021 only among children (3.78 per 100,000 person-years vs 5.02 per 100,000 person-years; P=.04). The most frequent food triggers were "milk and dairy products" (419/2161, 19.39% of cases) and "peanuts or tree nuts and seeds" (409/2161, 18.93%). Of the 2161 patients, 256 (11.85%) were hospitalized because FIA required admission to the intensive care unit, and 11 (0.51%) patients died in the hospital. Among children, the most severe cases of FIA appeared in patients aged 0 to 4 years (40/99, 40%). Among adults, 69.4% (111/160) of cases occurred in those aged 15 to 59 years. Multivariable logistic regression showed the variables associated with severe FIA to be age 15 to 59 years (odds ratio 5.1, 95% CI 3.11-8.36), age ≥60 years (odds ratio 3.87, 95% CI 1.99-7.53), and asthma (odds ratio 1.71,95% CI 1.12-2.58)., Conclusions: In Spain, the incidence of hospitalization because of FIA increased slightly, although the only significant increase (P=.04) was among children. Even if in-hospital mortality remains low and stable, the proportion of severe cases is high and has not improved from 2016 to 2021, with older age and asthma being risk factors for severity. Surveillance must be improved, and preventive strategies must be implemented to reduce the burden of FIA., (©Rodrigo Jimenez-Garcia, Ana Lopez-de-Andres, Valentin Hernandez-Barrera, Jose J Zamorano-Leon, Natividad Cuadrado-Corrales, Javier de Miguel-Diez, Jose L del-Barrio, Ana Jimenez-Sierra, David Carabantes-Alarcon. Originally published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance (https://publichealth.jmir.org), 27.08.2024.)

Introduction: The objectives of this study were to examine temporal trends in the incidence of bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG)) in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Outcomes of hospitalization and the impact of T2DM on these outcomes were also analyzed., Research Design and Methods: We performed an observational study with the Spanish national hospital discharge database. Obese patients with and without T2DM who underwent RYGB and SG between 2016 and 2022 were identified. Propensity score matching (PSM) and logistic regression were used to compare patients with and without T2DM and to evaluate the effect of T2DM and other variables on outcomes of surgery. A variable "severity" was created to cover patients who died in hospital or were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)., Results: A total of 32,176 bariatric surgery interventions were performed (28.86% with T2DM). 31.57% of RYGBs and 25.53% of SG patients had T2DM. The incidence of RYGB and SG increased significantly between 2016 and 2022 (p<0.001), with a higher incidence in those with T2DM than in those without (incidence rate ratio 4.07 (95% CI 3.95 to 4.20) for RYGB and 3.02 (95% CI 2.92 to 3.14) for SG). In patients who underwent SG, admission to the ICU and severity were significantly more frequent in patients with T2DM than in those without (both p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, having T2DM was associated with more frequent severity in those who received SG (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.42)., Conclusions: Between 2016 and 2022, bariatric surgery procedures performed in Spain increased in patients with and without T2DM. More interventions were performed on patients with T2DM than on patients without T2DM. RYGB was the most common procedure in patients with T2DM. The presence of T2DM was associated with more severity after SG., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) are prion diseases characterized by severe neurodegenerative conditions and a short duration of illness. Methods : This study explores the characteristics of hospitalizations for CJD and FFI in Spain from 2016 to 2022 using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database (SNHDD). Results : We identified a total of 1063 hospital discharges, including 1020 for CJD and 43 for FFI. Notably, the number of hospitalized patients with FFI showed a significant peak in 2017. The average length of hospital stay (LOHS) was 13 days for CJD and 6 days for FFI, with in-hospital mortality rates (IHM) of 36.37% for CJD and 32.56% for FFI. Among CJD patients, the average LOHS was 14 days, with a significantly longer duration for those who experienced IHM. Conclusions : The presence of sepsis or pneumonia and older age were associated with a higher IHM rate among CJD patients. The total estimated cost for managing CJD and FFI patients over the study period was EUR 6,346,868. This study offers new insights into the epidemiology and healthcare resource utilization of CJD and FFI patients, which may inform future research directions and public health strategies.

Background/Objectives : To analyze changes in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD); to evaluate hospital outcomes according to AF status, assessing sex differences; to identify factors associated with AF presence; and to analyze variables associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM) in AE-COPD patients with AF. Methods : We used data from the Registry of Specialized Care Activity-Basic Minimum Data Set (RAE-CMBD) to select patients aged ≥40 years with COPD in Spain (2016-2021). We stratified the study population according to AF presence and sex. The propensity score matching (PSM) methodology was employed to create comparable groups based on age, admission year, and comorbidities at the time of hospitalization. Results : We identified 399,196 hospitalizations that met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 20.58% had AF. The prevalence of AF rose from 2016 to 2021 (18.26% to 20.95%), though the increase was only significant in men. The median length of hospital stay (LOHS) and IHM were significantly higher in patients with AF than in those without AF. After PSM, IHM remained significantly higher for man and women with AF. Older age, male sex, and several comorbidities were factors associated with AF. Additionally, older age, male sex, different comorbidities including COVID-19, hospitalization in the year 2020, mechanical ventilation, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were associated with higher IHM in patients with AE-COPD and AF. Conclusions : AF prevalence was high in patients hospitalized for AE-COPD, was higher in men than in women, and increased over time. AF presence was associated with worse outcomes. The variables associated with IHM in hospitalized AE-COPD patients with AF were older age, male sex, different comorbidities including COVID-19 presence, hospitalization in the year 2020, need of mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission.

Introduction: To assess time trends in incidence, clinical characteristics, complications, and hospital outcomes among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and patients without diabetes who underwent kidney transplant (KT); to identify variables associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM); and to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic., Research Design and Methods: We used a nationwide discharge database to select KT recipients admitted to Spanish hospitals from 2016 to 2020. We stratified patients according to diabetes status. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify the variables associated with IHM., Results: A total of 14 594 KTs were performed in Spain (T2D, 22.28%; T1D, 3.72%). The number of KTs rose between 2016 and 2019 and and decreased from 2019 to 2020 in all groups. In patients with T2D, the frequency of KT complications increased from 21.08% in 2016 to 34.17% in 2020 (p<0.001). Patients with T2D had significantly more comorbidity than patients with T1D and patients without diabetes (p<0.001). Patients with T1D experienced KT rejection significantly more frequently (8.09%) than patients with T2D (5.57%).COVID-19 was recorded in 26 out of the 2444 KTs performed in 2020, being found in 6 of the 39 patients deceased that year (15.38%) and in 0.83% of the survivors.The variables associated with IHM were comorbidity and complications of KT. The presence of T1D was associated with IHM (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.36 to 5.16) when patients without diabetes were the reference category. However, T2D was not associated with a higher IHM (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.2)., Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a decrease in the number of transplants. Patients with T1D have more rejection of the transplanted organ than patients with T2D. Fewer women with T2D undergo KT. The presence of T1D is a risk factor for IHM., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Aims: To analyze changes in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients hospitalized due to asthma; to compare hospital outcomes in asthma patients with and without AF, assessing sex differences; to identify variables associated with the presence of AF; and to analyze the factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM) among asthma patients with AF., Methods: We used data from the Registry of Specialized Care Activity-Basic Minimum Data Set to select all patients aged ≥40 years with an asthma diagnosis in Spain, from 2016 to 2021. We stratified the study population according to the presence of AF and sex., Results: We identified 65,233 hospitalizations that met the inclusion criteria (14.85 % with AF). The prevalence of AF significantly increased over time, with the male sex being a protective factor for its presentation. IHM were significantly higher in patients with AF. Older age, being a woman, congestive heart failure, renal disease, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism were associated with the presence of AF. Advanced age and the presence of cancer and COVID-19 were factors associated with a higher IHM, as well as admission to an intensive care unit and the use of invasive mechanical ventilation. There were no association of sex with the IHM., Conclusions: AF is highly prevalent among subjects hospitalized due to asthma, with this prevalence having increased significantly in Spain over time. The presence of AF in patients with asthma was associated significantly with a higher LOHS and IHM. Sex was not associated with IHM in these patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have none Conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

(1) Background: Anaphylaxis is a rapid-onset, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction. This study explores the epidemiological trends and clinical outcomes of adult patients with and without asthma hospitalized for anaphylaxis in Spain from 2016 to 2021. (2) Methods: Data from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database (RAE-CMBD) were analyzed. We stratified patients with anaphylaxis based on their asthma diagnosis and evaluated various comorbidities and clinical outcomes. Propensity score matching was used to match confounders. (3) Results: The total number of hospitalizations for anaphylaxis remained stable, with a decrease in 2020 probably due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug-induced anaphylaxis increased, in addition to being the main triggering factor. Asthma prevalence among those admitted for anaphylaxis emerged from 7.63% to 10.69%, with a higher frequency of respiratory failure and need for mechanical ventilation in this group; despite this, ICU admissions and in-hospital mortality did not differ significantly between asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Asthma was also not a risk factor for severe anaphylaxis. Multivariable analysis identified advanced age, ischemic heart disease, acute respiratory failure, and invasive mechanical ventilation as factors associated with severe anaphylaxis. (4) Conclusions: This study provides valuable information on the complexity of anaphylaxis, its relationship with asthma, and factors influencing its severity. Overall, clinical outcomes did not differ significantly in asthmatic patients compared to non-asthmatic patients, although asthmatic patients had more respiratory complications. Further research is necessary to delve deeper into the multifactorial nature of anaphylaxis and its implications in clinical practice.

(1) Background: We analyzed the association between atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (AF) and in-hospital mortality (IHM) among patients who underwent solid organ transplants in Spain from 2004 to 2021. (2) Methods: We gathered information from all hospital admissions for lung, liver, kidney, and heart transplants. (3) Results: A total of 71,827 transplants were analyzed (4598 lung transplants; 18,127 liver transplants; 45,262 kidney transplants; and 4734 heart transplants). One third of these were for women. Overall, the prevalence of AF was 6.8% and increased from 5.3% in 2004-2009 to 8.6% in 2016-2021. The highest prevalence of AF was found for heart transplants (24.0%), followed by lung transplants (14.7%). The rates for kidney and liver transplants were 5.3% and 4.1%, respectively. The AF code increased over time for all of the transplants analyzed ( p < 0.001). The patients' IHM decreased significantly from 2004-2009 to 2016-2021 for all types of transplants. AF was associated with a higher IHM for all of the types of transplants analyzed, except for heart transplants. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of AF among patients admitted for solid organ transplants was highest for those who underwent heart transplants. The mortality rate during the patients' admission for lung, liver, kidney, or heart transplants decreased over time. AF was independently associated with a higher risk of dying in the hospital for those who underwent lung, liver, or kidney transplants.

(1) Background: To assess and compare the temporal trends in the incidence, characteristics and hospital outcomes among children with and without asthma who were hospitalized with anaphylaxis in Spain from 2016 to 2021, and identify the variables associated with severe anaphylaxis among children with asthma. (2) Methods: An observational, retrospective study was conducted using a population-based database. The study population included pediatric patients with anaphylaxis. This population was stratified based on whether they had asthma. (3) Results: The number of hospital admissions was stable from 2016 to 2019, dropping in 2020 and raising to the highest number in 2021. A total of 60.63% of hospitalizations occurred in boys and the most common anaphylactic reactions were due to food consumption (67.28%), increasing over time. The in-hospital mortality (IHM) remained stable and under 1% in all the years studied. The incidence of anaphylaxis was 2.14 times higher in children with asthma than in those without asthma (IRR 2.14; 95% CI 1.87-2.44). Furthermore, it was 1.79 times higher in boys with asthma than in those without asthma (IRR 1.79; 95% CI 1.06-2.45) and 2.68 times higher in girls with asthma than in those without asthma (IRR 2.68; 95% CI 2.23-3.12). Asthma was not associated with severe anaphylaxis (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0.88-1.96). (4) Conclusions: The number of hospitalizations for anaphylaxis in children remained stable from 2016 to 2019, dropping in 2020 and recovering in 2021. IHM was low and remained stable during the study period. The incidence of hospitalizations for anaphylaxis was higher in asthmatic children than in non-asthmatics, but there were no differences in the occurrence of severe anaphylaxis among them.

Background: The impact of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) on the outcomes of heart transplantation (HT) has not yet been clearly established. The objectives of this study were to examine the trends in the prevalence of T2D among individuals who underwent a HT in Spain from 2002 to 2021, and to compare the clinical characteristics and hospitalization outcomes between HT recipients with and without T2D., Methods: We used the national hospital discharge database to select HT recipients aged 35 and older. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions (ICD-9 and ICD-10) were used to identify patients with and without T2D. We also recorded comorbidities, complications of HT, and procedures. Propensity score matching (PSM) and Cox regression were used to analyze the effect of T2D on in-hospital mortality (IHM)., Results: Between 2002 and 2021, a total of 4429 HTs (T2D, 19.14%) were performed in Spain. The number of HTs in patients with T2D decreased from 2002 to 2005 (n = 171) to 2014-2017 (n = 154), then rose during 2018-2021 (n = 186). Complications of HT increased in patients with and without T2D over the study period (26.9% and 31.31% in 2002-2005 vs. 42.47% and 45.01% in 2018-2021, respectively). The results of the PSM showed that pneumonia and Gram-negative bacterial infections were less frequent in patients with T2D and that these patients less frequently required hemodialysis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and tracheostomy. They also had a shorter hospital stay and lower IHM than patients without diabetes. The variables associated with IHM in patients with T2D were hemodialysis and ECMO. IHM decreased over time in people with and without T2D. The Cox regression analysis showed that T2D was associated with lower IHM (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.63-0.98)., Conclusions: The number of HTs increased in the period 2018-2021 compared with 2002-2005 in patients with and without T2D. Over time, complications of HT increased in both groups studied, whereas IHM decreased. The presence of T2D is associated with lower IHM., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

(1) Background: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a group of rare skin diseases. We assessed diagnostic procedures, comorbidity profiles, length of hospital stay (LOHS), costs, and in-hospital mortality (IHM) associated with EB. (2) Methods: A retrospective, population-based observational study was performed using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. Hospitalized patients with EB in Spain were identified for the period 2016 to 2021. (3) Results: A total of 677 hospitalizations were identified among 342 patients with a diagnosis of EB. Fifty percent of patients had at least one readmission during the 6-year follow-up. Notably, rehospitalizations were more common among patients aged 2-17 years. The most prevalent comorbidity was digestive disorders, which were associated with the frequency of esophageal dilatation procedures and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The longest LOHS was recorded for the 0- to 1-year age group. IHM increased with age, and the difference was statistically significant. The prevalence of malignant neoplasm was 36.88%, with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequent. The overall cost per hospitalized patient was estimated to be EUR 10,895.22 (SD EUR 13,394.81), with significant variations between age groups. (4) Conclusions: Readmissions are very frequent among people with EB. We observed a higher LOHS in the 0- to 1-year age group, while the highest rates of IHM were observed in patients older than 50 years. There was a substantial prevalence of comorbidities, namely, digestive disorders, infectious diseases, and especially cancer.

(1) Background: To analyze the association between hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and in-hospital mortality (IHM) during hospital admission for solid organ transplant in Spain during 2004-2021. (2) Methods: We used national hospital discharge data to select all hospital admissions for kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplants. We stratified the data according to HAP status. To examine time trends, we grouped data into three consecutive 6-year periods (2004-2009; 2010-2015; and 2016-2021). We assessed in-hospital mortality (IHM) in logistic regression analyses and obtained odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). (3) Results: We identified a total of 71,827 transplants (45,262, kidney; 18,127, liver; 4734, heart; and 4598, lung). Two thirds of the patients were men. Overall, the rate of HAP during admission was 2.6% and decreased from 3.0% during 2004-2009 to 2.4% during 2016-2021. The highest rate of HAP corresponded to lung transplant (9.4%), whereas we found the lowest rate for kidney transplant (1.1%). Rates of HAP for liver and heart transplants were 3.8% and 6.3%, respectively. IHM was significantly lower during 2016-2021 compared to 2004-2009 for all types of transplants (ORs (CIs) = 0.65 (0.53-0.79) for kidney; 0.73 (0.63-0.84) for liver; 0.72 (0.59-0.87) for heart; and 0.39 (0.31-0.47) for lung). HAP was associated with IHM for all types of transplants (ORs (CIs) = 4.47 (2.85-9.08) for kidney; 2.96 (2.34-3.75) for liver; 1.86 (1.34-2.57) for heart; and 2.97 (2.24-3.94) for lung). (4) Conclusions: Rates of HAP during admission for solid organ transplant differ depending on the type of transplant. Although IHM during admission for solid organ transplant has decreased over time in our country, HAP persists and is associated with a higher IHM after accounting for potential confounding variables.

Aims: To assess changes in prevalence and the effects on hospital outcomes of dementia among patients hospitalized with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD); and to evaluate sex-differences, as well as the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in this relationship., Methods: We used a nationwide discharge database to select patients admitted with AE-COPD in Spain from 2011 to 2020. We identified those with any type of dementia, vascular dementia (VaD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD)., Results: We identified 658,429 hospitalizations with AE-COPD (4.45% had any type of dementia, 0.79% VaD and 1.57% AD). The presence of any type of dementia remained stable from 2011 to 2015, and increased significantly between 2016 and 2020. For VaD, the time trend showed no change until 2020, when a significant increment was found. The probability of AD decreased significantly overtime. The in-hospital mortality (IHM) among patients with any type of dementia remained stable overtime until 2020, when it increased significantly. Older age, higher comorbidity, COVID-19, and use of mechanical ventilation were variables associated to IHM. Women had lower risk of dying in the hospital than men in all subgroups., Conclusions: After a previous period of stability, the prevalence of any type of dementia increased over the last 5 years of the study, although we identified different trends depending on the specific cause of dementia. The IHM remained stable overtime until 2020, when it increased, probably related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is remarkable the protective effect of female sex for IHM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have none Conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

(1) Background: This paper aims to assess temporal trends (2016-2020) in incidence, patient's characteristics, complications, length of hospital stay (LOHS) and in-hospital mortality (IHM) among patients with and without idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) undergoing lung transplantation (LTx). We also analyse the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on LTx in these populations. (2) Methods: A retrospective, population-based observational study was conducted using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. Multivariable adjustment was conducted with logistic regression to analyse the IHM. (3) Results: We identified 1777 admissions for LTx during the study period, of which 573 (32.2%) were performed in patients with IPF. The number of hospital admissions for LTx rose from 2016 to 2020, both in patients with and without IPF, but a marked reduction was observed from year 2019 to year 2020. Over time, the proportion of single LTx decreased and bilateral LTx increased significantly in both groups. The incidence of LTx complications increased significantly over time along with the increase in the incidence of IPF. No significant differences in the incidence of complications or in the IHM between patients with and without IPF were found. Suffering any complication of the LTx and pulmonary hypertension were conditions positively associated with IHM in patients with and without IPF. The IHM remained stable from 2016 to 2020 in both study populations and was not affected by the COVID pandemic. (4) Conclusions: Patients with IPF account for almost a third of all lung transplants. The number of LTx increased over time in patients with and without IPF, but a marked reduction was observed from 2019 to 2020. Although the proportion of LTx complications increased significantly over time in both groups, the IHM did not change. IPF was not associated with increased complications or IHM after LTx., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

(1) Background: To assess changes in the prevalence of dementia among patients hospitalized with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), to analyze the effects of dementia on in-hospital mortality (IHM) in this population, to evaluate sex differences, and to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these parameters. (2) Methods: We used a nationwide discharge database to select all patients with T2DM aged 60 years or over admitted to Spanish hospitals from 2011 to 2020. We identified those with all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD). The effect of sex, age, comorbidity, and COVID-19 on the prevalence of dementia subtypes and on IHM was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. (3) Results: We identified 5,250,810 hospitalizations with T2DM. All-cause dementia was detected in 8.31%, AD in 3.00%, and VaD in 1.55%. The prevalence of all subtypes of dementia increased significantly over time. After multivariable adjustment, higher values were observed in women for all-cause dementia (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.33-1.35), AD (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.58-1.62), and VaD (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.11-1.14). However, female sex was a protective factor for IHM in patients with all-cause dementia (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.89-0.91), AD (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.86-0.91), and VaD (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.91-0.99). IHM among patients with dementia remained stable over time, until 2020, when it increased significantly. Higher age, greater comorbidity, and COVID-19 were associated with IHM in all dementia subtypes. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of dementia (all-cause, AD, and VaD) in men and women with T2DM increased over time; however, the IHM remained stable until 2020, when it increased significantly, probably because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of dementia is higher in women than in men, although female sex is a protective factor for IHM.

(1) Background: To examine the clinical characteristics and hospital outcomes of hospitalization for lung transplantation in COPD patients in Spain from 2016 to 2020; and to assess if the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the number or the outcomes of lung transplantations in these patients. (2) Methods: We used the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database to select subjects who had a code for COPD (ICD-10: J44) and had undergone a lung transplantation (ICD-10 codes OBYxxxx). (3) Results: During the study period, 704 lung transplants were performed among COPD patients (single 31.68%, bilateral 68.32%). The absolute number of transplants increased with raising rates of 8%, 14% and 19% annually from 2016 to 2019. However, a marked decrease of -18% was observed from 2019 to year 2020. Overall, 47.44% of the patients suffered at least one complication, being the most frequent lung transplant rejection (24.15%), followed by lung transplant infection (13.35%). The median length of hospital stay (LOHS) was 33 days and the in-hospital-mortality (IHM) was 9.94%. Variables associated with increased risk of mortality were a Comorbidity Charlson Index ≥ 1 (OR 1.82; 95%CI 1.08-3.05) and suffering any complication of the lung transplantation (OR 2.14; 95%CI 1.27-3.6). COPD patients in 2020 had a CCI ≥ 1 in a lower proportion than 2019 patients (29.37 vs. 38.51%; p = 0.015) and less frequently suffered any complications after the lung transplantation (41.26 vs. 54.6%; p = 0.013), no changes in the LOHS or the IHM were detected from 2019 to 2020. (4) Conclusions: Our study showed a constant increase in the number of lung transplantations from 2016 to 2019 in COPD patients, with a drop from 2019 to 2020, probably related to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, no changes in LOHS or IHM were detected over time.

The incidence of hospitalizations of Parkinson´s disease (PD) in Spain suffered a steady rise from 1997 to 2012. However, data on the trends during the following decade (2010-2019) are lacking. Hospital admissions with a primary and secondary diagnosis of PD were selected using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database (SNHDD) for the period 2010-2019. The primary endpoint was the incidence of hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality, stratified in biannual periods. The incidence of PD hospitalizations increased progressively over time from 81.25 cases in 2010-2011 to 94.82 cases in 2018-2019 per 100,000 inhabitants. Male sex, age and comorbidity also increased progressively in PD inpatients. PD as a comorbid condition presented a higher increment (annual percentage of change, APC +1.71%, p < 0.05) than PD as the main reason of hospitalization (APC +1.26%, p < 0.05). In the multivariate regression model, factors associated with mortality were male sex (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.35), age (>80 years, OR = 12.76, 95% CI 3.96-29.64) and comorbidity (Charlson index ≥ 2, OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.69-1.85). Adjusted mortality by age, sex, comorbidity and diagnostic position remained stable. In conclusion, PD hospitalizations in Spain have increased, with a parallel increment in mean age, male sex and higher comorbidities. However, adjusted mortality remains unchanged. The burden of this disease may increase the complexity and costs of hospital care in the future.

We aimed to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain on people with diabetes undergoing cardiac procedures, such as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), open surgical valve replacement (OSVR), and transcatheter valve implantation (TCVI). We compared the year 2019 with the year 2020. We conducted an observational study using data from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. In 2020, a total of 21,067 cardiac procedures were performed on people with diabetes compared with 24,675 in the previous year. The use of CABG, PCI, OSVR and TCVI decreased from 2019 to 2020 by 13.9%, 14.8%, 21.4% and 2.9%, respectively. In 2020, patients had a significantly higher mean Charlson Comorbidity Index than in 2019 for all the cardiac procedures analyzed. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was higher ( p > 0.05) for all the procedures in the year 2020. Over the entire period, female sex was a significant risk factor for IHM among those who underwent CABG, PCI and OSVR (OR 1.94, 95%CI 1.41-2.66; OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.05-1.35; and OR 1.79, 95%CI 1.38-2.32, respectively). The sensitivity analysis including two more years, 2017 and 2018, confirmed that female patients and comorbidity were risk factors for IHM in patients with diabetes regardless of whether it was during the pandemic era or before. We conclude that the frequency of cardiac procedures among people with diabetes declined in 2020. IHM did not change significantly in the COVID-19 era.

(1) Background: A description of the trends and outcomes during hospitalization for infective endocarditis (IE) according to sex. (2) Methods: Using Spanish national hospital discharge data (2016−2020), we built Poisson regression models to compare the age-adjusted time trends for the incidence rate. We used propensity score matching (PSM) to compare the clinical characteristics and the in-hospital mortality (IHM) between men and women hospitalized with IE. (3) Results: We identified 10,459 hospitalizations for IE (33.26% women). The incidence of IE remained stable during this five-year period. The age-adjusted incidence of IE was two-fold higher among men vs. women (IRR = 2.08; 95%CI 2.0−2.17). Before PSM, women with IE were significantly older than men (70.25 vs. 66.24 years; p < 0.001) and had lower comorbidity according to the Charlson comorbidity index (mean 1.38 vs. 1.43; p = 0.019). After PSM, the IHM among women admitted for IE remained >3 points higher than that among men (19.52% vs. 15.98%; p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The incidence of IE was two-fold higher among men than among women. IHM was significantly higher among women after accounting for the potential confounders.

Aims: To analyze trends in asthma hospitalizations in patients over 15 years of age in Spain. To identify possible changes in incidence, demographic characteristics, clinical conditions, and outcomes., Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective epidemiological study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database and included all patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of asthma from 2011 to 2020., Results: A total of 1,102,923 patients were hospitalized with a code for asthma in any diagnostic position; of these, 153,749 (13.94%) had asthma coded as the primary diagnosis (asthma exacerbation). The number of patients with an asthma exacerbation decreased over time, from 15,356 in 2011 to 8804 in 2020. In-hospital mortality (IHM) remained low (around 1.5%) and stable in this subgroup of patients. When the diagnosis of asthma appeared in any diagnostic position, hospitalizations increased for all ages and sexes. In this case, a significant change was observed for IHM, which increased from 3.27% in 2011-12 to 4.36% in 2019-20 (p &lt; 0.001). The main risk factors for IHM in both cases were age over 65 years, need for mechanical ventilation, and associated diagnoses of pneumonia, heart disease, or atrial fibrillation. In contrast, obesity was a predictor of lower mortality., Conclusion: Our results suggest a decline in the incidence of hospitalizations for asthma exacerbations from 2011 to 2020. In contrast, the number of patients with asthma in any diagnostic position increased progressively, as did mortality, probably owing to an increase in comorbidities in a gradually ageing population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have none Conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

(1) Background: To describe trends in the prevalence of depression in men and women with COPD hospitalized in Spain (2016-2020). (2) Methods: We used a nationwide discharge database to select all patients ≥35 years with COPD. (3) Results: The prevalence of depression was 3.54-times higher in women with COPD than in men (OR 3.54; 95%CI 3.48-3.6). It decreased significantly between 2016 and 2020, although the reduction was only significant in women (12.27% in 2016 vs. 10.56% in 2020). Older age, comorbidity and the most recent years of hospital admission were associated with lower prevalence of depression in both men and women, while obesity, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and use of oxygen prior to admission were risk factors. In-hospital mortality (IHM) increased significantly over time. Older age, comorbidity, the use of oxygen prior to admission and having been hospitalized in 2020 increased the risk of IHM. Female sex was associated with a lower IHM in patients with depression and COPD. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of depression has decreased over time in women with COPD while it has not changed significantly in men with this disease. IHM increased over time both in men and women with COPD and depression, with higher prevalence in the former.

(1) Background: Recent reports suggest a decrease in the prevalence of depression among people with diabetes and important sex-differences in the association between these conditions, however data from Spain is sparse. We aim to assess trends in the prevalence of depression and in-hospital outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) hospitalized (2011-2020) identifying sex-differences. (2) Methods: Using the Spanish national hospital discharge database we analysed the prevalence of depression globally, by sex, and according to the conditions included in the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). We tested factors associated with the presence of depression and with in-hospital mortality (IHM). Time trends in the prevalence of depression and variables independently associated with IHM were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. (3) Results: From 2011 to 2020, we identified 5,971,917 hospitalizations of patients with T2DM (5.7% involved depression). The prevalence of depression decreased significantly between 2011 and 2020. The adjusted prevalence of depression was 3.32-fold higher in women than in men (OR 3.32; 95%CI 3.3-3.35). The highest prevalence of depression among men and women with T2DM was found among those who also had a diagnosis of obesity, liver disease, and COPD. Older age, higher CCI, pneumonia, and having been hospitalized in 2020 increased the risk of IHM in patients with T2DM and depression. Obesity was a protective factor for IHM in both sexes, with no differences detected for IHM between men and women. Among patients hospitalized with T2DM, concomitant depression was associated with lower IHM than among patients without depression (depression paradox). (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of depression decreased over time in both sexes. The prevalence of depression was over three-fold higher in women. Female sex and depression were not associated with higher IHM. Based on our results we recommend that clinicians screen regularly for depression in patients with T2DM, particularly women, younger patients, and those with multiple comorbidities., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: We performed a study to assess sex-differences in incidence (2016-2020), clinical characteristics, use of therapeutic procedures, and in-hospital outcomes in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) according to T2DM status., Methods: Ours was a retrospective cohort study using data from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. We estimated the incidence of hospitalizations for IE in men and women aged ≥ 40 years with and without T2DM. Propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariable logistic regression were used to compare subgroups according to sex and the presence of T2DM., Results: From 2016 to 2020, IE was coded in 9,958 patients (66.79% men). T2DM was diagnosed in 2,668 (26.79%). The incidence of IE increased significantly from 15.29 cases per 100,000 persons with T2DM in 2016 to 17.69 in 2020 (p < 0.001). However, this increment was significant only among men with T2DM (19.47 cases per 100,000 in 2016 vs. 22.84 in 2020; p = 0.003). The age-adjusted incidence of IE was significantly higher in people with T2DM (both sexes) than in those without T2DM (IRR, 2.86; 95% CI, 2.74-2.99). The incidence of IE was higher in men with T2DM than in women with T2DM (adjusted IRR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.54-3.31). After PSM, in-hospital mortality (IHM) was higher among T2DM women than matched T2DM men (22.65% vs. 18.0%; p = 0.018). The presence of T2DM was not associated with IHM in men or women., Conclusions: T2DM is associated with a higher incidence of hospitalization for IE. Findings for T2DM patients who had experienced IE differed by sex, with higher incidence rates and lower IHM in men than in women. T2DM was not associated to IHM in IE in men or in women., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

(1) Background: We aimed to analyze temporal trends in hospitalization and in-hospital mortality (IHM) in patients with sarcoidosis in Spain from 2001−2020. (2) Methods: Using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, we included patients (aged ≥ 20 years) hospitalized with a sarcoidosis code in any diagnostic field. (3) Results: We included 44,195 hospitalizations with sarcoidosis (56.34% women). The proportion of women decreased over time, from 58.76% in 2001 and 2002 to 52.85% in 2019 and 2020 (p < 0.001). The crude rates per 100,000 inhabitants increased by 4.02% per year among women and 5.88% among men. These increments were confirmed using Poisson regression analysis, which yielded an IRR of 1.03; 95% CI 1.01−1.04 for women and 1.04; 95% CI 1.02−1.06 for men. During the study period, no significant sex differences in IHM were recorded. Older age, COVID-19, respiratory failure, and the need for mechanical ventilation were independent predictors of IHM in men and women hospitalized with sarcoidosis, with IHM remaining stable over time. (4) Conclusions: The number of hospital admissions among patients with sarcoidosis in Spain increased threefold from 2001 to 2020. Although the incidence rates were higher in women, the trend followed that the incidence rates between sexes became closer. IHM was similar among men and women, with no significant change over time in either sex after multivariable analysis.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and outcomes of cardiac procedures among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain. (2) Methods: We used national hospital discharge data to select patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of COPD from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. (3) Results: The number of COPD patients hospitalized in 2019 who underwent a cardiac procedure was 4483, 16.2% higher than in 2020 (n = 3757). The length of hospital stay was significantly lower in 2020 than in 2019 (9.37 vs. 10.13 days; p = 0.004), and crude in-hospital mortality (IHM) was significantly higher (5.32% vs. 4.33%; p = 0.035). Multivariable logistic regression models to assess the differences in IHM from 2019 to 2020 showed Odds Ratio (OR) values over 1, suggesting a higher risk of dying in 2020 compared to in 2019. However, the ORs were only statistically significant for "any cardiac procedure" (1.18, 95% CI 1.03-1.47). The Charlson comorbidity index increased IHM for each of the procedures analyzed. The probability of IHM was higher for women and older patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft or open valve replacement procedures. Suffering a COVID-19 infection was associated with significantly higher mortality after cardiac procedures. (4) Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic limited the access to healthcare for patients with COPD.

(1) Background: We aimed to assess the effect of COPD in the incidence of hospital admissions for COVID-19 and on the in-hospital mortality (IHM) according to sex. (2) Methods: We used national hospital discharge data to select persons aged ≥40 years admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of COVID-19 in 2020 in Spain. (3) Results: The study population included 218,301 patients. Age-adjusted incidence rates of COVID-19 hospitalizations for men with and without COPD were 10.66 and 9.27 per 1000 persons, respectively (IRR 1.14; 95% CI 1.08−1.20; p < 0.001). The IHM was higher in men than in women regardless of the history of COPD. The COPD was associated with higher IHM among women (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01−1.22) but not among men. The COPD men had a 25% higher risk of dying in the hospital with COVID-19 than women with COPD (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.1−1.42). (4) Conclusions: Sex differences seem to exist in the effect of COPD among patients suffering COVID-19. The history of COPD increased the risk of hospitalization among men but not among women, and COPD was only identified as a risk factor for IHM among women. In any case, we observed that COPD men had a higher mortality than COPD women. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these sex differences could help predict the patient outcomes and inform clinical decision making to facilitate early treatment and disposition decisions.

(1) Background: To analyze incidence and in-hospital mortality (IHM) of COVID-19 needing hospital admission in Spain (2020) in patients with T2DM. (2) Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Using the Spanish Register of Specialized Care-Basic Minimum Database we estimated age-adjusted incidence rates (IR). (3) Results: We included 203,488 patients (56.77% men), of whom 45,620 (22.41%) had T2DM. Age-adjusted IRs/1000 for men with and without T2DM was 12.90 and 5.87, respectively (IRR 2.20; 95% CI 2.18−2.22; p < 0.001), and for women with and without T2DM was 9.23 and 4.27, respectively (IRR 2.16; 95% CI 2.13−2.19; p < 0.001). Crude IHM was 23.86% in people with T2DM, and 15.94% in non-T2DM people (p < 0.001). After matching, intensive-care admission (7.37% vs. 6.15%; p < 0.001) and IHM (23.37% vs. 20.41%; p < 0.001) remained higher in women with T2DM. After matching, IHM among T2DM men was 1.5% higher than among non-T2DM men (24.27% vs. 22.72%; p < 0.001). Men with T2DM had a 34% higher IHM than women with T2DM. Prevalent T2DM increased IHM among women (1.09; 95% 1.03−1.16) and men (1.05; 95% 1.01−1.10). (4) Conclusions: Incidence rates of COVID-19 needing hospital admission were higher in men vs. women, and for people with T2DM vs. non-T2DM. Men had higher IHM beside T2DM status. Prevalent T2DM was associated with higher IHM for both sexes.

Background: We examined trends in incidence (2001-2019), clinical characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes following major and minor lower extremity amputations (LEAs) among type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients in Spain and attempted to identify sex differences., Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. We estimated the incidence of the LEA procedure stratified by type of LEA. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate incidence trends, and logistic regression was used to estimate factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM)., Results: LEA was coded in 6011 patients with T1DM (66.4% minor and 33.6% major). The incidence of minor LEA decreased by 9.55% per year from 2001 to 2009 and then increased by 1.50% per year, although not significantly, through 2019. The incidence of major LEA decreased by 13.39% per year from 2001 to 2010 and then remained stable through 2019. However, incidence increased in men (26.53% per year), although not significantly, from 2017 to 2019. The adjusted incidence of minor and major LEA was higher in men than in women (IRR 3.01 [95% CI 2.64-3.36] and IRR 1.85 [95% CI 1.31-2.38], respectively). Over the entire period, for those who underwent a minor LEA, the IHM was 1.58% (2.28% for females and 1.36% for males; p = 0.045) and for a major LEA the IHM was 8.57% (10.52% for females and 7.59% for males; p = 0.025). IHM after minor and major LEA increased with age and the presence of comorbid conditions such as peripheral arterial disease, ischemic heart disease or chronic kidney disease. Female sex was associated with a higher IHM after major LEA (OR 1.37 [95% CI 1.01-1.84])., Conclusions: Our data show a decrease in incidence rates for minor and major LEA in men and women with T1DM and a slight, albeit insignificant, increase in major LEA in men with T1DM in the last two years of the study. The incidence of minor and major LEA was higher in men than in women. Female sex is a predictor of IHM in patients with T1DM following major LEA., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Aim: To assess the effect of obesity status (no obesity/obesity/ morbid obesity) on hospital outcomes (length of hospital stay [LOHS] and in-hospital mortality [IHM]), among patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and according to sex., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on national hospital discharge data of all subjects aged≥ 18 years hospitalized with CAP in Spain from 2016 to 2019., Results: We identified 519,750 hospital discharges with CAP. The prevalence of obesity was 6.38% and 1.78%. for morbid obesity. The mean age was higher for patients without obesity followed by those with obesity and morbid obesity (74.61, 72.5 and 70.2 years respectively; p<0.001). The mean number of comorbidities was similar for patients with obesity and morbid obesity (2.30 and 2.29) and significantly higher than for non-obese individuals (2.10). The crude IHM was higher among the non-obese patients (12.71%) followed by those with morbid obesity (8.56%) and obesity (7.72%), without finding differences between men and women. Among men, after multivariable logistic regression analysis, the probability of dying in the hospital was significantly lower for those with obesity (Adjusted-OR 0.59;95%CI 0.55-0.63) and morbid obesity (Adjusted-OR 0.62;95%CI 0.54-0.71) compared with non-obese. The protective effect of obesity (Adjusted-OR 0.71;95%CI 0.67-0.75) and morbid obesity (Adjusted OR 0.73;95%CI 0.66-0.8) was also observed among women., Conclusions: Obese and obesity morbid patients with CAP have a lower risk of IHM than non-obese patients, without sex differences in this association. These data confirm the existence of the obesity paradox in this patient population., (Copyright © 2022 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

(1) Background: To analyze time trends, sex differences, and factors associated with influenza vaccination uptake among individuals with COPD in Spain, 2012−2020. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study based on data from the European Health Surveys for Spain, 2020 (EHSS2020) and 2014 and from the Spanish National Health Interview Surveys for 2017 and 2012. (3) Results: The study included 65,447 participants. Prevalence of COPD was 5.9% (n = 3855). Overall, the influenza vaccination uptake among COPD patients was 57.8% versus 28.6% for those without COPD (p < 0.001). Men with COPD reported higher uptake than women in all the surveys studied. Neither the crude nor the multivariable analysis showed a significant variation change overtime for people with COPD. However, among those aged <65 years, crude uptake decreased from 2012 to 2020 (39.4% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.039). Over the entire period, men were vaccinated significantly more than women (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.12−1.47). Among COPD participants, included in the EHSS2020, independent predictors of vaccine uptake included being male, higher age, reporting no current smoking and suffering cancer or heart disease. (4) Conclusions: In COPD patients, the influenza vaccination uptake is below desirable levels and did not improve from 2012 to 2020. Sex differences are found, with consistent and constant lower uptake among women with COPD. The observed lower uptake among COPD women and patients with unhealthy lifestyle requires increased attention.

(1) Background: To examine trends in the incidence (2001-2019), clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes following major and minor non-traumatic lower-extremity amputations (LEAs) among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Spain, assessing possible sex differences. (2) Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate incidence trends, and multivariable logistic regression to estimate factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). (3) Results: LEA was coded in 129,059 patients with T2DM (27.16% in women). Minor LEAs accounted for 59.72% of amputations, and major LEAs comprised 40.28%. The adjusted incidences of minor and major LEAs were higher in men than in women (IRR 3.51; 95%CI 3.46-3.57 and IRR 1.98; 95%CI 1.94-2.01, respectively). In women, joinpoint regression showed that age-adjusted incidence of minor LEAs remained stable over time, and for major LEAs, it decreased from 2006 to 2019. In men, incidences of minor and major LEAs decreased significantly from 2004 to 2019. In-hospital mortality (IHM) increased with age and the presence of comorbidity, such as heart failure (OR 5.11; 95%CI 4.61-5.68, for minor LEAs and OR 2.91; 95%CI 2.71-3.13 for major LEAs). Being a woman was associated with higher IHM after minor and major LEA (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.17-1.44 and OR 1.18; 95%CI 1.11-1.26, respectively). (4) Conclusions: Our data showed major sex differences indicating decreasing and increasing LEA trends among men and women, respectively; furthermore, women presented significantly higher IHM after minor and major LEA procedures than men.

(1) Background: In this work, we aim to describe influenza vaccine uptake among the diabetic population in Spain to assess the time trend from 2011 to 2020 and identify predictors of vaccine uptake among diabetes patients. (2) Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using the European Health Interview Survey for Spain (2014 and 2020) and the Spanish National Health Surveys (2011 and 2017). The independent variables analysed included socio-demographic characteristics, health-related variables and lifestyle variables. We matched each participant with diabetes with a non-diabetic participant based on age, sex, place of residence and year of survey. (3) Results: The overall coverage among diabetic adults was 52.1% compared to 40.6% for matched participants without diabetes ( p < 0.01). The vaccine uptake among adults with diabetes was 52.6% in 2011, 54.38% in 2014 and 53.4% in 2017. The adjusted OR of having been vaccinated in 2020, with respect to 2011, was not significant at 0.87 (95% CI: 0.72-1.06). Factors such as being male, higher age, being affected by respiratory disease or cancer and being physically active were identified as positive predictors for influenza vaccination uptake, while smoking was a negative predictor. (4) Conclusions: The influenza vaccine uptake is below desirable levels among the adult diabetic population in Spain and has not improved from 2011 to 2020. More efforts should be made to increase influenza vaccine uptake in this high-risk group, especially for women, those aged 18-64 years, without other high-risk conditions and smokers.

(1) Background: To analyze the incidence, clinical characteristics, use of procedures, and in-hospital outcomes in patients who developed pneumonia during their hospital admission according to sex and to the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (2) Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) was classed as non-ventilator HAP and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Separate analyses were performed for men and women with and without T2DM. Population subgroups were compared using propensity score matching. (3) Results: HAP was identified in 38,814 patients (24.07% with T2DM). The adjusted incidence of HAP was higher in patients with T2DM (both sexes) (IRR 1.28; 95% CI 1.25-1.31). The incidence of HAP was higher in men with T2DM than in women with T2DM (adjusted-IR 1.47; 95% CI 1.41-1.53). The incidence of HAP among T2DM patients increased over time. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was around 28% irrespective of T2DM status and sex. After adjusting for confounders and sex, VAP was associated to higher IHM among patients with T2DM (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.7-2.57). (4) Conclusions: T2DM is associated with a higher risk of HAP, whose incidence increased over time. Men with T2DM have an almost 50% higher risk of HAP than women with T2DM. The probability of dying in the hospital was not associated with sex or T2DM.

Background: We aim to analyze incidence and outcomes of patients hospitalized with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) according to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) status and sex in Spain (2016-2019)., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using national hospital discharge data of patients ≥40 years with a primary diagnosis of HAP, using the specific diagnostics of non-ventilator (NV)-HAP and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)., Results: We identified 37,029 patients with HAP ((NV)-HAP 87.28%, VAP 12.72%), 13.40% with COPD. HAP incidence increased over time, but only in subjects without COPD ( p < 0.001). In women, incidence of HAP and (NV)-HAP was similar regardless of COPD status, but VAP incidence was lower in COPD women ( p = 0.007). In men, the incidence of (NV)-HAP was significantly higher in those with COPD, while VAP incidence was lower in COPD men ( p < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality (IHM) was similar in men and women with and without COPD. The risk of dying in hospital increased with age, congestive heart failure, cancer, and dialysis among men and women with COPD. Men that underwent surgery had a lower risk of IHM. VAP increased 2.58-times the probability of dying in men and women. Finally, sex was not associated with IHM among COPD patients., Conclusions: Incidence of HAP was significantly higher in COPD patients than in those without COPD, at the expense of (NV)-HAP but not of VAP. When stratifying by sex, we found that the difference was caused by men. IHM was similar in COPD and non-COPD patients, with no significant change overtime. In addition, sex was not associated with IHM.

Background: To describe and analyze the incidence and hospital outcomes of patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) according to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) status and sex in Spanish hospitals from 2016 to 2019., Methods: We conducted a cohort study using national hospital discharge data of all patients ≥40 years with CAP., Results: A total of 500,833 patients (59.0% men) was identified. Incidence of CAP increased over time. Age-adjusted incidence was 4.42-times higher in COPD patients. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was lower in men and women with COPD than in those without COPD (14.41% vs. 10.70% in men; 11.12% vs. 8.58%. in women; p < 0.001). The risk of dying in hospital increased with age, presence of several comorbidities (excluding T2DM that was a protective factor), and need for mechanical ventilation (non-invasive and invasive) during admission, irrespective of sex. Over time, the IHM decreased significantly in men and women with COPD. Men with COPD were significantly more likely to die in hospital than were COPD women (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.07-1.21)., Conclusions: Incidence of CAP was higher among subjects with COPD, although the effect of COPD was higher in men than in women. By contrast, IHM was lower in COPD patients, but men with COPD were significantly more likely to die in hospital than were COPD women.

(1) Background: the purpose of this study is to analyze the incidence and in-hospital mortality (IHM) of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) needing hospital admission and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in Spain (2016-2019). (2) Methods: using the Spanish Register of Specialized Care-Basic Minimum Database, we estimated the incidence of CAP and HAP. We matched each woman with a man with an identical age, according to comorbidities. (3) Results: we analyzed 518,838 cases of CAP and 38,705 cases of HAP, and 5192 ventilator-associated HAPs (13.4%). The incidence of CAP increased over time in both men (from 384.5 to 449.8 cases/105 population) and women (from 244.9 to 301.2 cases/105 population). Men showed a 47% higher adjusted incidence of CAP than women. The incidence of HAP increased over time in both men (from 302.3 to 342.2 cases/105 population) and women (from 139.2 to 167.6 cases/105 population). Men showed a 98% higher adjusted incidence of HAP than women. IHM was higher in men admitted for CAP than in women (12.9% vs. 12.2%; p < 0.001), but not in men who developed HAP (28.9% vs. 28.0%; p = 0.107). Men admitted for CAP (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.10-1.15) and men who developed HAP (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01-1.10) had higher IHM than women. (4) Conclusions: men had higher incidence rates of CAP and HAP than women. Men admitted for CAP and men who developed HAP had higher IHM than women.

(1) Background: To analyze incidence, clinical characteristics, procedures, and in-hospital outcomes among patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) according to the presence of T2DM in Spain (2016-2019) and to assess the role of gender among those with T2DM. (2) Methods: Using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, we estimated hospitalized CAP incidence. Propensity score matching was used to compare population subgroups. (3) Results: CAP was coded in 520,723 patients, of whom 140,410 (26.96%) had T2DM. The hospitalized CAP incidence was higher in patients with T2DM (both sexes) (IRR 4.25; 95% CI 4.23-4.28). The hospitalized CAP incidence was higher in men with T2DM than in women with T2DM (IRR 1.46; 95% CI 1.45-1.47). The hospitalized CAP incidence among T2DM patients increased over time; however, the in-hospital mortality (IHM) decreased between 2016 and 2019. IHM was higher among non-T2DM men and women than matched T2DM men and women (14.23% and 14.22% vs. 12.13% and 12.91%; all p < 0.001, respectively), After adjusting for confounders, men with T2DM had a 6% higher mortality risk than women (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02-1.1). (4) Conclusions: T2DM is associated with a higher hospitalized CAP incidence and is increasing overtime. Patients hospitalized with CAP and T2DM have lower IHM. Male sex is a significant risk factor for mortality after CAP among T2DM patients.

(1) Background: We aim to analyze sex differences in the incidence, clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) in Spain (2016-2018) using the National Hospital Discharge Database. (2) Methods: Retrospective, cohort, observational study. We estimated the incidence of HS in men and women. We analyzed comorbidity, treatments, procedures, and hospital outcomes. We matched each woman with a man by age, type of HS and medical conditions using propensity score matching. (3) Results: HS was coded in 57,227 patients aged ≥18 years (44.3% women). Overall, men showed higher incidence rates (57.3/10 5 vs. 43.0/10 5 ; p < 0.001; IRR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.38-1.83). Women suffered more subarachnoid hemorrhages (25.2% vs. 14.6%), whereas men more often had intracerebral hemorrhages (55.7% vs. 54.1%). In-hospital mortality (IHM) was higher for intracerebral hemorrhage in both men and women. Women underwent decompressive craniectomy less often than men (5.0% vs. 6.2%; p < 0.001). After matching, IHM among women was higher (29.0% vs. 23.7%; p < 0.001). Increments in age, comorbidity and use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents prior to hospitalization were associated were higher IHM, and decompressive craniectomy was associated with lower IHM in both sexes. After multivariable adjustment, women had higher IHM (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.18-1.28). (4) Conclusion: Men had higher incidence rates of HS than women. Women less often underwent decompressive craniectomy. IHM was higher among women admitted for HS than among men.

(1) Background: To assess sex differences in the incidence, characteristics, procedures and outcomes of patients admitted with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); and to analyze variables associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). (2) Methods: We analyzed data collected by the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, 2016-2019. (3) Results: We identified 13,278 hospital discharges (66.4% men) of IPF (primary diagnosis 32.33%; secondary diagnosis: 67.67%). Regardless of the diagnosis position, IPF incidence was higher among men than women, increasing with age. Men had 2.74 times higher IPF incidence than women. Comorbidity was higher for men in either primary or secondary diagnosis. After matching, men had higher prevalence of pulmonary embolism and pneumonia, and women of congestive heart failure, dementia, rheumatoid disease and pulmonary hypertension. Invasive ventilation, bronchoscopy and lung transplantation were received more often by men than women. IHM was higher among men with IPF as primary diagnosis than among women and increased with age in both sexes and among those who suffered cancer, pneumonia or required mechanical ventilation. (4) Conclusions: Incidence of IPF was higher among men than women, as well as comorbidity and use of bronchoscopy, ventilation and lung transplantation. IHM was worse among men than women with IPF as primary diagnosis, increasing with age, cancer, pneumonia or mechanical ventilation use.

Background: To analyze incidence, use of therapeutic procedures, use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) and antiplatelet agents prior to hospitalization, and in-hospital outcomes among patients who were hospitalized with hemorrhagic stroke (HS) according to the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Spain (2016-2018) and to assess the role of sex differences among those with T2DM., Methods: Using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database we estimated the incidence of HS hospitalizations in men and women aged ≥ 35 years with and without T2DM. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to compare population subgroups according to sex and the presence of T2DM., Results: HS was coded in 31,425 men and 24,975 women, of whom 11,915 (21.12%) had T2DM. The adjusted incidence of HS was significantly higher in patients with T2DM (both sexes) than in non-T2DM individuals (IRR 1.15; 95% CI 1.12-1.17). The incidence of HS was higher in men with T2DM than in T2DM women (adjusted IRR 1.60; 95% CI 1.57-1.63). After PSM, men and women with T2DM have significantly less frequently received decompressive craniectomy than those without T2DM. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was higher among T2DM women than matched non-T2DM women (32.89% vs 30.83%; p = 0.037), with no differences among men. Decompressive craniectomy was significantly more common in men than in matched women with T2DM (5.81% vs. 3.33%; p < 0.001). IHM was higher among T2DM women than T2DM men (32.89% vs. 28.28%; p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders with multivariable logistic regression, women with T2DM had a 18% higher mortality risk than T2DM men (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.07-1.29). Use of OACs and antiplatelet agents prior to hospitalization were associated to higher IHM in men and women with and without T2DM., Conclusions: T2DM is associated with a higher incidence of HS and with less frequent use of decompressive craniectomy in both sexes, but with higher IHM only among women. Sex differences were detected in T2DM patients who had experienced HS, with higher incidence rates, more frequent decompressive craniectomy, and lower IHM in men than in women., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: To assess gender differences in the prevalence of self-reported mental disorders, psychological distress and psychotropic drug consumption, and to identify sociodemographic and health-related variables associated with these conditions in the male and female population (aged ≥ 18 years)., Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried on 22,141 subjects aged 18 and over, using data from the Spanish National Health Interview Survey 2017., Results: We found an overall prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress and psychotropic drug consumption of 13.8%, 18.3% and 13.9%, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, women showed significantly increased probabilities of 1.74-fold for mental disorders, 1.26-fold for psychological distress and 1.26-fold for psychotropic drug consumption compared to men. Variables such as gender, age, nationality, marital status, educational level, self-rated health, the presence of different chronic disorders, alcohol consumption and smoking habit were independently associated with mental disorders, psychological distress and psychotropic drug consumption. Several variables showed a differential effect on mental health status and psychotropic drug consumption according to gender., Conclusions: Women suffer from mental disorders, experience psychological distress and consume psychotropic drugs significantly more than men in Spain. Possible explanations for these results may be related to differences in emotional processing, willingness to report diseases and even intrinsic biological traits. Screening for mental health status and psychotropic drug consumption should be considered, particularly in Spanish women, younger adults and individuals who are not married, are obese, have poor self-rated health, suffer from chronic diseases or have a smoking habit., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the prevalence of self-reported mental disorders, psychological distress, and psychotropic drug consumption among people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and matched non-DM controls., Methods: A case-controlled study using data from the Spanish National Health Interview Survey was conducted in 2017. We identified 2116 DM adults (aged ≥35 years). Non-DM controls were matched 1:1 by age, sex, and province of residence., Results: Prevalence of mental disorders (25.0% vs. 19.2%; p < 0.001), psychological distress (29% vs. 19.5%; p < 0.001), and consumption of psychiatric medications (29.7% vs. 23.5%; p < 0.001) among DM cases were higher than those among matched non-DM controls. The DM patient variables associated with experiencing a mental disorder, psychological distress, and consumption of psychiatric medications were: being a woman, worse self-rated health, and a visit to a psychologist within the last year. Older age (≥80 years) was associated with a lower probability of reporting mental disorders and psychological distress among DM cases. Not practicing physical exercise was significantly associated with experiencing psychological distress., Conclusions: Adults with DM included in our investigation have a significantly higher prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and consumption of psychiatric medications than non-DM controls. It is necessary to implement screening strategies and psychological interventions to improve the mental health of DM patients in Spain, focusing especially on women and those aged 35 to 59 years.

Background: To analyze incidence, use of therapeutic procedures, and in-hospital outcomes in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) according to the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Spain (2016-2018) and to investigate sex differences., Methods: Using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, we estimated the incidence of myocardial infarctions (MI) in men and women with and without T2DM aged ≥ 40 years. We analyzed comorbidity, procedures, and outcomes. We matched each man and woman with T2DM with a non-T2DM man and woman of identical age, MI code, and year of hospitalization. Propensity score matching was used to compare men and women with T2DM., Results: MI was coded in 109,759 men and 44,589 women (30.47% with T2DM). The adjusted incidence of STEMI (IRR 2.32; 95% CI 2.28-2.36) and NSTEMI (IRR 2.91; 95% CI 2.88-2.94) was higher in T2DM than non-T2DM patients, with higher IRRs for NSTEMI in both sexes. The incidence of STEMI and NSTEMI was higher in men with T2DM than in women with T2DM. After matching, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was less frequent among T2DM men than non-T2DM men who had STEMI and NSTEMI. Women with T2DM and STEMI less frequently had a code for PCI that matched that of non-T2DM women. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was higher among T2DM women with STEMI and NSTEMI than in matched non-T2DM women. In men, IHM was higher only for NSTEMI. Propensity score matching showed higher use of PCI and coronary artery bypass graft and lower IHM among men with T2DM than women with T2DM for both STEMI and NSTEMI., Conclusions: T2DM is associated with a higher incidence of STEMI and NSTEMI in both sexes. Men with T2DM had higher incidence rates of STEMI and NSTEMI than women with T2DM. Having T2DM increased the risk of IHM after STEMI and NSTEMI among women and among men only for NSTEMI. PCI appears to be less frequently used in T2DM patients After STEMI and NSTEMI, women with T2DM less frequently undergo revascularization procedures and have a higher mortality risk than T2DM men.

Background: To analyze the incidence, use of therapeutic procedures, and in-hospital outcomes among patients suffering an ischemic stroke (IS) according to the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Spain (2016-2018) and to assess the existence of sex differences., Methods: Matched-pair analysis using the Spanish National Hospital discharge., Results: IS was coded in 92,524 men and 79,731 women (29.53% with T2DM). The adjusted incidence of IS (IRR 2.02; 95% CI 1.99-2.04) was higher in T2DM than non-T2DM subjects, with higher IRRs in both sexes. Men with T2DM had a higher incidence of IS than T2DM women (IRR 1.54; 95% CI 1.51-1.57). After matching patients with T2DM, those with other comorbid conditions, however, significantly less frequently received endovascular thrombectomy and thrombolytic therapy. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was lower among T2DM men than matched non-T2DM men (8.23% vs. 8.71%; p < 0.001). Women with T2DM had a higher IHM rate than T2DM men (11.5% vs. 10.20%; p = 0.004). After adjusting for confounders, women with T2DM had a 12% higher mortality risk than T2DM men (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.04-1.21)., Conclusions: T2DM is associated with higher incidence of IS in both sexes. Men with T2DM have a higher incidence rates of IS than T2DM women. Women with T2DM have a higher risk of dying in the hospital.

Aims: We aim to compare the incidence and in-hospital outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) according to gender., Methods: This was a retrospective observational epidemiological study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database for the years 2016 and 2017., Results: Of 277 785 hospital admissions, CAP was identified in 257 455 (41.04% females), VAP was identified in 3261 (30.42% females) and NV-HAP was identified in 17 069 (36.58% females). The incidence of all types of pneumonia was higher amongst males (CAP: incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.06; VAP: IRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.26-1.46; and NV-HAP: IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.14-1.18). The crude in-hospital mortality (IHM) rate for CAP was 11.44% in females and 11.80% in males (P = .005); for VAP IHM, the rate was approximately 35% in patients of both genders and for NV-HAP IHM, the rate was 23.97% for females and 26.40% for males (P < .001). After multivariable adjustment, in patients of both genders, older age and comorbidities were factors associated with IHM in the three types of pneumonia analysed. Female gender was a risk factor for IHM after VAP (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.06-1.44), and no gender differences were found for CAP or NV-HAP., Conclusions: Our findings show a difference between females and males, with females presenting a lower incidence of all types of pneumonia. However, female gender was a risk factor for IHM after VAP., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

(1) Background: To compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys and girls and to estimate socioeconomic differences associated with obesity in Spain in 1997, 2007, and 2017. (2) Methods: Data were drawn from national health interview surveys. For each year of study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was measured, and these results were compared by gender (boy/girl) and socioeconomic status (low/high education). (3) Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity rose from 1997 to 2007 but then fell in 2017 in all subgroups except in girls aged 10 to 15 years. In this group, there was a steady increase in the prevalence of both overweight (1997, 14.6%; 2007, 17.7%; 2017, 19.6%) and obesity (1.1, 3.2, and 3.7%, respectively). The decrease in prevalence of overweight in both sexes and of obesity in boys, along with the increase in prevalence of obesity in girls, was of a higher magnitude in children whose parents had a lower educational level. (4) Conclusions: The apparent turnaround in the obesity epidemic in Spain should be interpreted with caution. Children's body weight is influenced by both gender and socioeconomic status-considerations that should be kept in mind when designing health promotion interventions.

Background: To examine the incidence, clinical characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes of pulmonary embolism (PE) among hospitalized patients with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain, and to identify predictors of in-hospital-mortality (IHM) after PE among patients with and without COPD., Methods: We included all patients aged ≥ 40 years who were hospitalised for PE between 2016 and 2018. Data were collected from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database., Results: We identified 47,190 hospitalizations for PE during the study period, 7.49% with COPD. Adjusted incidence of PE was higher in COPD patients than in those without COPD (IRR 1.16; 95%CI 1.13-1.19). Crude IHM was significantly higher in PE hospitalized patients with COPD than in those without COPD (9.86% vs 3.59%; p<0.001). Predictor factors of IHM in COPD patients with PE included older age, higher Charlson comorbidity index, atrial fibrillation, massive PE and dependence on oxygen prior to hospital admission. However, obesity was associated with lower IHM. For PE hospitalized patients, suffering COPD increased the probability of dying in the hospital (adjusted OR 2.84; 95%CI 2.27-3.55)., Conclusions: Our results revealed that incidence of PE was higher in COPD patients than in those without COPD. Furthermore, COPD was a risk factor for IHM after PE., (Copyright © 2020 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We aim to examine the incidences, clinical characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients hospitalized with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Spain and to identify the factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). A retrospective observational study was carried out with a sample that included all adult patients who were hospitalized for UTIs between 2001 and 2018 and collected in the Spanish National Health System Hospital Discharge Database. We identified 850,276 patients with UTIs (25.49% with T2DM). The incidence of UTIs increased in patients with and without diabetes from 290.76 and 74.79 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the period from year 2001 to year 2003 to 568.45 and 144.0 in the period from 2016 to 2018, respectively ( p < 0.001). Adjusted incidence of UTIs was higher in T2DM patients (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 4.36; 95% CI 4.35-4.39). The multivariable analysis showed a significant reduction in the IHM over time for men and women with T2DM. In T2DM, patients' higher IHM was associated with older age, comorbidities, and Staphylococcus aureus isolation. Women with T2DM had a higher risk of dying than men. The risk of IHM with an episode of UTIs was independent of the presence of T2DM (odds ratio (OR) 0.97; 95% CI 0.91-1.01). We conclude that the incidence of UTIs was over four times higher in T2DM than nondiabetic patients and has increased over time.

(1) Background: To examine trends in incidence and outcomes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among men and women with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to identify the predictors for in-hospital mortality (IHM). (2) Methods: We included patients (aged ≥40 years) who were hospitalized with UTIs between 2001 and 2018. Data were collected from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. (3) Results: We identified 748,458 UTI hospitalizations, 6.53% with COPD. The UTIs incidence increased over time. It was 1.55 times higher among men COPD patients than among non-COPD men (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.55; 95% CI 1.53-1.56). The opposite happened in women with COPD compared to non-COPD women (IRR 0.30; 95% CI 0.28-0.32). IHM was higher in men with COPD than non-COPD men (5.58% vs. 4.47%; p < 0.001) and the same happened in women (5.62% vs. 4.92%; p < 0.001). The risk of dying increased with age and comorbidity, but the urinary catheter was a protective factor among men (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.64-0.89). Multivariable analysis showed a significant reduction in the IHM over time for men and women with COPD. Suffering from COPD only increased the risk of IHM among men (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.13). (4) Conclusions: The incidence of UTIs increased over time. Suffering COPD increased the risk of IHM among men, but not among women.