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The results of a geomorphological survey carried out in the urban area of Palermo are described. The study area is located in the northern margin of Western Sicily and is part of the SE-verging Alpine orogenic belt (Catalano et al., 2013). An E-W mountain range (Sicilian Apennines) is the topographical expression of this belt (Di Maggio et al., 2017). In the Palermo area, the physical continuity of the mountain range is broken by a large topographically-depressed coastal area. This area is set on a half-graben and is characterized by a plain (Conca d’Oro plain), opened to sea and surrounded by wide scarps hundreds of meters tall to the inland. The wide and tall scarps are abandoned coastal cliffs derived from original fault scarps. Large talus slopes bound the scarps at their base. A very slight dipping wedge of Calabrian coastal and shallow water clastic deposits from few to tens of meters thick crops out in the Conca d’Oro plain. These deposits (Marsala synthem, ISPRA 2013) lie on Meso-Cenozoic rocks with strong angular unconformities. Along the plain, a Middle- Upper Pleistocene succession of marine terraces develops from 0 m up to 150 m a.s.l. These terraces are characterized by large and well-preserved polycyclic wave-cut surfaces which in turn are down-cut by some river valleys from few to ten meters deep. The city of Palermo rises along the marine terrace surfaces and the river valleys of the Conca d’Oro plain. Over the last 2700 years, the urban area of Palermo has been affected by remarkable man-made changes to the topographic surface and to the drainage network. The main changes consist of: filling of river valleys; concreting, diversion and burial of riverbeds; excavation of aqueduct tunnel (qanat) and underground or open quarries; massive nourishment of the coast areas by means of demolition materials of the Second World War. Geomorphological setting, man-made changes, and urban development up to the talus slope expose the city of Palermo a hydraulic, sinkhole, and landslide risks. To facilitate study on urban planning and environmental risk assessment, a geomorphological map of the urban area of Palermo has been achieved through field surveys, multitemporal analysis of aerial photographs and topographic map, consultation of historical documents, and stratigraphic and topographic reconstructions from numerous wells.

Urban-geomorphology studies in historical cities provide a significant contribution towards the broad definition of the Anthropocene, perhaps even including its consideration as a new unit of geological time. Specific methodological approaches to recognize and map landforms in urban environments, where human-induced geomorphic processes have often overcome the natural ones, are proposed. This paper reports the results from, and comparison of, studies conducted in coastal historical cities facing the core of the Mediterranean Sea – that is, Genoa, Rome, Naples, Palermo (Italy) and Patras (Greece). Their settlements were facilitated by similar climatic and geographical contexts, with high grounds functional for defence, as well as by the availability of rocks useful as construction materials, which were excavated both in opencast and underground quarries. Over centuries, urbanization has also required the levelling of relief, which was performed by the excavation of heights, filling of depressions and by slope terracing. Consequently, highly modified hydrographic networks, whose streams were dammed, diverted, modified in a culvert or simply buried, characterize the selected cities. Their urban growth, which has been driven by maritime commercial activities, has determined anthropogenic coastal progradation through port and defence or waterfront works. Aggradation of artificial ground has also occurred as a consequence of repeated destruction because of both human and natural events, and subsequent reconstruction even over ruins, buried depressions and shallow cavities. As a result, the selected cities represent anthropogenic landscapes that have been predominately shaped by several human-driven processes, sometimes over centuries. Each landform represents the current result, often from multiple activities with opposing geomorphic effects. Beyond academic progress, we believe that detecting and mapping these landforms and processes should be compulsory, even in risk-assessment urban planning, because of the increase of both hazards and vulnerability as a result of climate-change-induced extreme events and extensive urbanization, respectively.

The research proposes a simple but geomorphologically adequate method to produce a combined landslide susceptibility map. In fact, in a logic of real use, offering type-specific landslide susceptibility maps to land use planners and administration could be not a successful solution. On the other hand, the simple grouping of more types of landslides could be misleading for model calibration considering that the relationships between slope failures and geo-environmental predictors should be conveyed by the abundance of each type of landslide resulting not specific and diagnostic for each typology. In this test, after having produced independent models for flow, slide and complex landslide by exploiting MARS (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines) and a set of type-specific geo-environmental variables, a combined landslide susceptibility map was obtained by combining the scores of the three source maps. The combined map was finally validated with a new unknown archive, showing very good performances.

In January and February 2001, El Salvador was hit by two strong earthquakes that triggered thousands of landslides, causing 1259 fatalities and extensive damage. The analysis of aerial and SPOT-4 satellite images allowed us to map 6491 coseismic landslides, mainly debris slides and flows that occurred in volcanic epiclastites and pyroclastites. Four different multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models were produced using different predictors and landslide inventories which contain slope failures triggered by an extreme rainfall event in 2009 and those induced by the earthquakes of 2001. In a predictive analysis, three validation scenarios were employed: the first and the second included 25% and 95% of the landslides, respectively, while the third was based on a k-fold spatial cross-validation. The results of our analysis revealed that: (i) the MARS algorithm provides reliable predictions of coseismic landslides; (ii) a better ability to predict coseismic slope failures was observed when including susceptibility to rainfall-triggered landslides as an independent variable; (iii) the best accuracy is achieved by models trained with both preparatory and trigger variables; (iv) an incomplete inventory of coseismic slope failures built just after the earthquake event can be used to identify potential locations of yet unreported landslides.

The coastal domain of central western Sicily is characterized by the presence of rocky coasts, which mainly consist of pocket beaches situated between bedrock headlands that constitute ecological niches of great touristic and economic value. In this peculiar morphodynamic system, the sedimentary contributions are mainly derived from the rockfall that affects the back of nearby cliffs or the sediment supply of small streams that flow into it. In this study, we investigated the geomorphological processes and related landforms that contribute to the evolution of a pocket beach area located in a coastal sector of NW Sicily Island. The cliffs in this are affected by several rockfalls, and deposits from these rockfalls also add to the rate of sedimentary contribution. The analysis was conducted through the application of traditional approaches and contemporary methods that have previously been used to forecast the collection of input data in the field, often under difficult conditions due to the accessibility of the sites, and which have been supported by UAV surveys. Through the analysis of the digital models of terrain and orthophotos, geometrical and multitemporal analyses of landforms were carried out. A dedicated software was utilized for the detection of rockfall runout zones and block trajectories and for defining the automatic extraction of rock mass discontinuities. The data were compared with those derived from traditional geomechanical surveys. The availability of the existing and acquired remote sensing data proved essential for this study for both defining the reference geological model and for performing the site-specific analysis of rockfall.

A map derived by rockfall analysis at Mount Pellegrino is presented herein. The study area is affected by several phenomena of rockfall which caused numerous damage and a strong social and economic impact. Official reports and maps that give a general assessment of rockfall hazard are available in this respect, however, it would be advisable to provide a more specific cartographic support useful for land management and planning. The drafting of new maps showing the rockfall runout areas is an additional tool that may be used in conjunction with the existing maps as a means of risk mitigation and reduction. On the basis of geological, geomorphological, and geomechanical analysis and exploiting the information relating to a landslides inventory obtained by using both analytical and empirical methods, two different rockfall propagation areas were reconstructed. The final thematic map permit to appreciate the differences and similarities between the obtained runout areas.

This research is focused on the evaluation of the reliability of regional landslide susceptibility models obtained by exploiting inhomogeneous (for quality, resolution and/or triggering related type and intensity) collected inventories for calibration. At a large-scale glance, merging more inventories can result in well-performing models hiding potential strong predictive deficiencies. An example of the limits that such kinds of models can display is given by a landslide susceptibility study, which was carried out for a large sector of the coastal area of El Salvador, where an apparently well-performing regional model (AUC = 0.87) was obtained by regressing a dataset through multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), including five landslide inventories from volcanic areas (Ilopango and Coatepeque caldera; San Salvador, San Miguel, and San Vicente Volcanoes). A multiscale validation strategy was applied to verify its actual predictive skill on a local base, bringing to light the loss in the predictive power of the regional model, with a lowering of AUC (20% on average) and strong effects in terms of sensitivity and specificity.

Optimally sizing grid cells is a relevant research issue in landslide susceptibility evaluation. In fact, the size of the adopted mapping units influences several aspects spanning from statistical (the number of positive/negative cases and prevalence and resolution/precision trade-off) and purely geomorphological (the representativeness of the mapping units and the diagnostic areas) to cartographic (the suitability of the obtained prediction images for the final users) topics. In this paper, the results of landslide susceptibility modelling in a 343 km2 catchment for three different types of landslides (rotational/translational slides, slope flows and local flows) using different pixel-size mapping units (5, 8, 10, 16 and 32 m) are compared and discussed. The obtained results show that the higher-resolution model (5 m) did not produce the best performance for any of the landslide typologies. The model with 8 m sized pixels displayed the optimal threshold size for slides and slope flows. In contrast, for local flows, an increasing trend of model prediction accuracy was reached with 32 m pixels, which was a higher value than that presented using 8 m pixels. The variable importance analysis demonstrated that the better performance of the 8 m cells was due to their effectiveness in capturing morphological conditions which favour slope instability (profile curvature and middle and high ridges).

The study is part of a larger project that involves the analysis of recently identified Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (DSGSD) in Sicily which have been sub-divided according to the geological framework in light of the new geological data about the regional setting. Here are presented the first results of a multidisciplinary study of a DSGSD recently identify in Mount San Calogero area (Northern Sicily). The study was performed by means of different approaches including conventional methods (field surveys) and the Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique. The geological and geomorphological analyses were carried out to investigate slopes dynamic, and DInSAR analysis were integrated to obtain, for the first time in this area, displacement rates of the DSGSD. The identified deformation patterns show the effective movement of homogeneous rock mass that constitutes the Mount San Calogero, characterized by the gravitational morphostructures and evidence of slopes deformation, as well as the shallow landslides detected in the foothill area. Furthermore, the distribution of the Persistent Scatterers (PS) points shows a clear convergence with the main tectonic lineaments of the area, thereby emphasizing the role of the structural setting in the DSGSD's development.

In landslide susceptibility modeling, the selection of the mapping units is a very relevant topic both in terms of geomorphological adequacy and suitability of the models and final maps. In this paper, a test to integrate pixels and slope units is presented. MARS (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines) modeling was applied to assess landslide susceptibility based on a 12 predictors and a 1608 cases database. A pixel-based model was prepared and the scores zoned into 10 different types of slope units, obtained by differently combining two half-basin (HB) and four landform classification (LCL) coverages. The predictive performance of the 10 models were then compared to select the best performing one, whose prediction image was finally modified to consider also the propagation stage. The results attest integrating HB with LCL as more performing than using simple HB classification, with a very limited loss in predictive performance with respect to the pixel-based model.

The results of a geomorphological study carried out in the urban area of Palermo are summarized in a thematic map. Field survey, analysis of aerial photographs and topographic maps, consultation of historical documents and maps, stratigraphic and topographic reconstruction from numerous wells and subsoil data, and bibliographic search were performed, in order to display the geomorphological changes produced by man over time in a densely populated area and to define the Anthropocene of the study area. Palermo town rises along large marine terrace surfaces cut by small river valleys and bordered by wide degraded and abandoned coastal cliffs. Over the last 2700 years, this area was affected by remarkable man-made changes to topographic surface and underground, exposing large areas of the city to hydraulic, sinkhole, and landslide risks, and increasing the levels of seismic susceptibility. In light of these results, the produced map is useful for urban planning studies.

The Monte Gallo area is a carbonate relief that develops a significant nature reserve and highly attracts tourism to the urbanized area of the City of Palermo (Southern Italy). The slopes are affected by several rockfall events, which have also caused death, injuries, material damage, and a strong social and economic impact. Here, a detailed geological and geotechnical study to assess the rockfall hazard relating to two sectors of the mount has been carried out. The hazard assessment at the slope scale was performed based on geological, geomorphological, geomechanical, and seismic analysis. Using both analytical and empirical methods and by means of different software, the reconstruction of the propagation areas for the eastern sector of the Mount was possible. Results were used to better understand the overall structure, characterize the rockfall source areas’ kinematics, and recognize the basic failure mechanisms. The obtained runout areas were compared with each other and with those of previous studies conducted in a neighboring area, as well as with the corresponding hazard area maps of the official cartography, which is being updated. It is expected to be supplemented with maps derived from empirical models.

Knowledge about the hydrogeological behaviour of heterogeneous low-permeability media is an important tool when designing anthropogenic works (e.g., landfills) that could potentially have negative impacts on the environment and on people&rsquo, s health. The knowledge about the biogeochemical processes in these media could prevent &ldquo, false positives&rdquo, when studying groundwater quality and possible contamination caused by anthropogenic activities. In this research, we firstly refined knowledge about the groundwater flow field at a representative site where the groundwater flows within an evaporite-bearing low-permeability succession. Hydraulic measurements and tritium analyses demonstrated the coexistence of relatively brief to very prolonged groundwater pathways. The groundwater is recharged by local precipitation, as demonstrated by stable isotopes investigations. However, relatively deep groundwater is clearly linked to very high tritium content rainwater precipitated during the 1950s and 1960s. The deuterium content of some groundwater samples showed unusual values, explained by the interactions between the groundwater and certain gases (H2S and CH4), the presences of which are linked to sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea detected within the saturated medium through biomolecular investigations in the shallow organic reach clayey deposits. In a wider, methodological context, the present study demonstrates that interdisciplinary approaches provide better knowledge about the behaviour of heterogeneous low-permeability media and the meaning of each data type.

The aim of this study is to analyze the susceptibility conditions to gully erosion phenomena in the Magazzolo River basin and to test a method that allows for driving the factors selection. The study area is one of the largest (225 km2) watershed of southern Sicily and it is mostly characterized by gentle slopes carved into clayey and evaporitic sediments, except for the northern sector where carbonatic rocks give rise to steep slopes. In order to obtain a quantitative evaluation of gully erosion susceptibility, statistical relationships between the spatial distributions of gullies affecting the area and a set of twelve environmental variables were analyzed. Stereoscopic analysis of aerial photographs dated 2000, and field surveys carried out in 2006, allowed us to map about a thousand landforms produced by linear water erosion processes, classifiable as ephemeral and permanent gullies. The linear density of the gullies, computed on each of the factors classes, was assumed as the function expressing the susceptibility level of the latter. A 40-m digital elevation model (DEM) prepared from 1:10,000-scale topographic maps was used to compute the values of nine topographic attributes (primary: slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, general curvature, tangential curvature; secondary: stream power index; topographic wetness index; LS-USLE factor); from available thematic maps and field checks three other physical attributes (lithology, soil texture, land use) were derived. For each of these variables, a 40-m grid layer was generated, reclassifying the topographic variables according to their standard deviation values. In order to evaluate the controlling role of the selected predictive variables, one-variable susceptibility models, based on the spatial relationships between each single factor and gullies, were produced and submitted to a validation procedure. The latter was carried out by evaluating the predictive performance of models trained on one half of the landform archive and tested on the other. Large differences of accuracy were verified by computing geometric indexes of the validation curves (prediction and success rate curves; ROC curves) drawn for each one-variable model; in particular, soil texture, general curvature and aspect demonstrated a weak or a null influence on the spatial distribution of gullies within the studied area, while, on the contrary, tangential curvature, stream power index and plan curvature showed high predictive skills. Hence, predictive models were produced on a multi-variable basis, by variously combining the one-variable models. The validation of the multi-variables models, which generally indicated quite satisfactory results, were used as a sensitivity analysis tool to evaluate differences in the prediction results produced by changing the set of combined physical attributes. The sensitivity analysis pointed out that by increasing the number of combined environmental variables, an improvement of the susceptibility assessment is produced; this is true with the exception of adding to the multi-variables models a variable, as slope aspect, not correlated to the target variable. The addition of this attribute produces effects on the validation curves that are not distinguishable from noise and, as a consequence, the slope aspect was excluded from the final multi-variables model used to draw the gully erosion susceptibility map of the Magazzolo River basin. In conclusion, the research showed that the validation of one-variable models can be used as a tool for selecting factors to be combined to prepare the best performing multi-variables gully erosion susceptibility model.

Calanchi (singular calanco) represent a typical example of badlands in the Italian peninsula, which rapidly evolve on clayey terrains such as the widespread Pliocene-Pleistocene marine clays. The present study aimed at investigating the role of the slope morphometry on the typology and distribution of morphogenetic processes in a calanchi area located in southern Italy. The research included detailed geomorphological surveying, morphometric and statistical analysis. The study area was first subdivided into individual hydrographic units (HUs), for which field survey allowed to identify the dominant denudation processes, their intensity and the distribution of the associated landforms (pipes, rills, gullies, landslides). The morphometry of each HU was characterized by calculating the Morphometric Slope Index (MSI) on a reconstructed digital elevation model (DEM). By statistically comparing the morphogenetic and morphometric data, the influence of the slope morphometry on the type, distribution and evolution of the calanchi erosion process has been highlighted. In particular, through a Cluster Analysis the groups of HUs having similar dominant processes were identified and, by applying the Analysis of the Variance, the effect of the MSI on the identified clusters was analysed. Two clusters were identified which revealed the relative importance of morphogenetic processes and the strict connection between surface and subsurface landforms. These two clusters were discriminated by the MSI value (high MSI favoured mass movements, whilst low MSI favoured gully erosion and piping), highlighting the importance of slope morphometry in driving the morphogenetic hillslope processes.

This work deals with an integrated geomorphological and chemical–physical study of “calanchi” landforms in two sites (Ottosalme and Catalfimo) of NW Sicily (southern Italy), developed on dominant silty-clay deposits. The calanchi fronts are characterized by different morphological features and dominant geomorphic processes. Sharp knife-edged ridges and concentrated water runoff dominate at Ottosalme, and smoother landforms affected by mass movements (mud flows and translational slides) prevail at Catalfimo. We focused on some geochemical and physical parameters such as pH , total dissolved salts, sodium adsorption ratio ( SAR ), porosity, plastic and liquid limits as possible causes of the above differences, with special emphasis on their role in discriminating the behavior of peculiar microforms, such as a weathered outer crust and the corresponding inner massive portion (unweathered substrate). Our results show that the main chemical–physical features of calanchi morphologies and microforms often display no clear correlations with respect to those reported in the existing literature, pointing to a higher complexity of patterns and behaviors. In particular, all samples consist of dispersive material ( SAR values > 10), but a more plastic and liquid behavior at Catalfimo can explain a higher occurrence of landslides and smoother morphology than at Ottosalme. Higher SAR values at Ottosalme well explain the dominance of concentrated water erosion. The chemical behavior of the studied microforms is better described by pH being alkaline with higher values in the inner substrate than the outer crust, and appears to minimize the effects of all other parameters and their responses to other external controlling factors. Lower SAR values in the crust suggest that clay dispersivity is not the prominent factor controlling its surface detachment and mobility downslope, which is more likely promoted by its higher porosity and consequent water absorption than the inner portion, with changes in the saturation state, shear strength and water pressure.

The Italian badlands, or “calanchi”, are common landforms in Mediterranean areas including central and southern Italy. Calanchi landforms may be compared to small hydrographic basins. These landforms are characterised by dense, hierarchical and rapidly evolving drainage systems carved into steep clayey slopes and by a sharply alternating pattern of furrows and narrow, generally sharp crests. This work presents a study of morphometric characteristics and a statistical analysis for two sites in northern Sicily (Italy), on outcrops of silty-clay deposits affected by active erosion processes, which give this area a typical calanchi landscape. In particular, factors closely linked to the characteristics of the hydrographic network and slope morphometry were considered and analysed. The initial geometry of the slopes was reconstructed and statistically compared with that of the current calanchi slopes including the drainage network. A new morphometric index (Morphometric Slope Index, MSI) was defined to represent the initial slope geometry as a whole. This index was found to be effective in defining the structure of hydrographic networks, summarising the characteristics and type of slope evolution, and quantifying the rate of soil erosion. The rate was determined based on both linear (gully erosion) and areal (landslides, sheet and rill erosion) morphogenetic processes, and our analysis based on MSI indicates the dominance of areal erosion. MSI could also be used for basins larger than calanchi to represent the characteristics of geomorphic processes.

Geomorphology for Society, Conference proceedings

The determination of soil properties is considerable challenge when it is aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of one or more parameters across significant surfaces. In fact, terrain sampling and field data are punctual measurement; therefore, quantitative models are needed to predict the spatial distribution of soil attributes. The spatialization of field and laboratory data is a very important information in landslide studies. Raster layers displaying soil properties can be used both for statistical models and for the parameterization of physically based models. The purpose of this work is to produce a detailed hydrological and mechanical characterization of the soil affected by shallow landsliding processes. The study area is located in Messina (Southern Italy) where a debris flow event occurred on the 1st October 2009. In particular, two small and independent (2 km2) hydrological units were chosen: Racinazzi and Saponarà catchments. The sample sites were selected using a provisional predictive pedologic model based on the topographic attributes Topographic Wetness Index and Steepness of slope. The field analyses were aimed to determine soil thickness, hydraulic conductivity and other soil mechanical properties. The fieldwork was carried out using: (1) Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (2) Amoozemeter (3) Auger sampler. The laboratory analysis of the collected samples have performed in order to characterize granulometry and the Atterberg limits. Stochastic approaches have been then adopted to regionalize the punctual information for each of the collected properties resulting in robust spatial distributions used to characterize landslide prone conditions. The results show the slope instability mainly affect the terraced areas characterized by the presence of a thin layer of soil which, according to the laboratory analysis, testifies an incomplete pedogenesis.

article i nfo Article history: This research aims at characterizing susceptibility conditions to gully erosion by means of GIS and multivariate statistical analysis. The study area is a 9.5 km 2 river catchment in central-northern Sicily, where agriculture ac- tivities are limited by intense erosion. By means of field surveys and interpretation of aerial images, we prepared a digitalmap of thespatial distribution of 260 gulliesinthestudy area.Inaddition,fromavailable thematicmaps, a 5 m cell size digital elevation model and field checks, we derived 27 environmental attributes that describe the variability of lithology, land use, topography and road position. These attributes were selected for their potential influence on erosion processes, while the dependent variable was given by presence or absence of gullies within two different types of mapping units: 5 m grid cells and slope units (average size = 2.66 ha). The functional re- lationships between gully occurrence and the controlling factors were obtained from forward stepwise logistic regression to calculate the probability to host a gully for each mapping unit. In order to train and test the predictive models, three calibration and three validation subsets, of both grid cells and slope units, were randomly selected. Results of validation, based on ROC (receiving operating characteristic) curves, attest for acceptable to excellent accuracies of the models, showing better predictive skill and more stable performance of the susceptibility model based on grid cells.

This study stems from the theoretical principle that environment protection and conservation have evolved from a constraint-based approach aimed at designating protected areas, to an ecosystem-based approach intended to protect and preserve biodiversity. The said approach identifies the ecological networks as a possible solution to the need for an ecological-functional connection between natural and semi-natural areas and areas of cultural interest, with the ultimate aim of implementing widespread environment protection “covering” the whole territory. An ecological network can be understood either as a set of natural (or semi-natural) areas interconnected through linear infrastructure or, in a somewhat and detached manner, as relations and connections between actors, even regardless of the location of the linkages, which tend to cancel out any tendency to confine natural areas to numerous little islands each ignoring the other. On one side, the “paradigm of the network” used as an instrument of analysis and economic-functional interpretation of the territory is supported by some literature and an established reference scientific base; on the other, the “ecological network”, that is a system of ecological connectivity throughout the territory, is a relatively more recent interpretation system, which is consolidating its theoretical foundation and trying to find its own role among the territory management tools. In particular, the ecological connections between areas of natural interest represent a strategic hot issue, which has a number of cultural and economic impacts based on the enhancement of natural resources. Over time, however, such an issue has been interpreted in different manners. With respect to these topics, the study we wish to illustrate was carried out under the “Ecological Cross-border Networks Malta-Sicily” R.E.MA.SI. project funded by the Italy-Malta 2007-2013 operational programme, which represents a brick in the construction of the “cross-border network” for the preservation and enhancement of natural areas both as an “intangible network” for the exchange of information and good practices, and as a “tangible network” for the ecological-environmental interconnection of the natural sites in the areas under investigation. In this respect, our research focuses on specific European contexts by adopting an “open” cultural approach aimed at rebalancing the policies in force. As a result, the comparative study on Sicily and Malta is useful not only to point out any unresolved problems, but also to thoroughly investigate and critically analyse the strategies to be implemented. In the framework of the territorial strategy aimed at the ecological-functional connection of natural areas, promoted through the “ecological network”-based model, this study was intended to realize integrated actions and interventions in order to improve and disseminate information about some sites in Sicily and Malta (nature reserves, geosites and Natura 2000 sites). Concerning the general scope of the Italy-Malta Programme, Axis II (Environment, energy and risk prevention), our work contributed to identify, exchange and disseminate - at cross-border level - good practices for an environmentally-friendly management of the territory, with respect to both protected natural areas (Natura 2000 sites, nature reserves, etc.), and un-protected natural areas in two specific territories: the province of Agrigento (Sicily) and Malta . The Maltese Archipelago and Sicily share a number of similarities in terms of environmental features, geographical location (common sea, shared migration routes, morphological-evolutionary similarities, etc.), as well as cultural problems that often prevent the full enhancement of natural resources. To face the said problems, monitoring, protection and enhancement actions must be implemented in a cross-border manner, in order to compare the territories and exchange good practices, which may contribute to improving nature conservation levels, even in neighbouring territorial contexts. The cross-border dimension of the study satisfies the need for tackling the problems associated with landscape transformations, movements of avifauna, conservation of geosites in an integrated manner, so as to exchange information on the protection and development actions to run. We will achieve results applicable to the geographical area of the Strait of Sicily, which could however be replicated in other territories. The study has the added value of being cross-border, which means that the two territories have the chance: to share specialised knowledge and strategic resources for the dissemination and implementation of scientific research and for the management of protected natural areas and relevant sites within the European community; to spur dialogue and exchange of ideas, raise awareness and involve local communities in the enhancement of natural resources; and to define common strategies and establish future collaborations. The study carried out has a twofold general scope: on one side, to investigate and identify the models and ongoing trends of fragmentation; on the other, to interpret the elements upon which territory enhancement and protection projects can be designed. Overall, the research includes the following phases: 1. collecting information and data; 2. examining the exiting documents and identifying the conditions of potential consistency or conflict in the territories (territorial fragmentation); 3. checking the conditions of consistency and conflict, through onsite inspections and by questioning local operators; 4. determining the spatial components that define the conditions of ecological-functional connectivity of the territory. To deal with the various topics under study, we looked at the territory on one side, while also taking into account the regulations and planning tools existing in the field of environment protection and territory management. With respect to this reference framework, we identified the elements of consistency and the criticalities, taking into consideration both natural and anthropic factors of the territorial heritage, in Sicily and in Malta. For the interpretation of the fragmentation factors of the territory – aimed at identifying a potential cross-border ecological network – we used the QGis Desktop software, to digitally manage the data gathered during the first phase of the project. This approach led to the development of a Territorial Information System, which let us easily manage the multidisciplinary analyses carried out and became the base for the subsequent interpretation and proactive phase of this work. The map we have been working on, is the result of an Overlay Mapping, that is overlapping thematic maps of previously carried out analyses, in which every single feature (cartographic territorial object) is associated with an informative record; the data in the record can be queried. In the first place, the Overlay Mapping model made it possible to assess and draft general maps of factors having an impact, which define the spatial distribution and the magnitude levels of the impacts; secondly, it allowed us to verify whether the proposed ecological connections were compatible with the state of conservation of the resources, their sensitivity, the current uses and the potential ones. During the first interpretation phase, we assessed and determined the criteria to be used to identify and classify the factors of fragmentation and territorial conflict. In this case, the map represented the main systems the territory is made of: infrastructure system, settlements, the system of natural areas and areas of natural and cultural interest, as well as the natural and administrative elements that border the territory. Once the mapping for the interpretation phase was completed, we started to detect the fragmentation factors, according to the criteria previously set, and we made onsite inspections to check the results of the interpretation phase. Afterwards, we identified potential connections. Using the initial data and the ones interpreted during the first phase, we classified the main areas according to naturalness levels; by querying the TIS, we identified potential connections and the areas needing more or less prompt interventions. For further details on the analytical results, refer to the chapter written by Giampino, Lotta, Scaduto and Todaro. The impact of the study on the involved territories should be taken into account. Indeed, due to its own aim of interpreting the links between various issues, this work allows to single out the ecological-environmental components that can influence the territorial development guidelines, while respecting the peculiarities of each territory. Although the connections sound sectorial themes, they actually represent a binding element for territory management and establish a system-based vision. In our specific case study, the high level of vulnerability detected and, by contrast, the properties of a few ecological-environmental factors can outline the goals to be achieved in planning, and most of all in territory management. Based on this work, we can define the “rules” of territorial transformations, by identifying the elements of a high ecological-environmental value system capable of advancing solutions to solve the decay caused by modern economy.

The “Ecological Cross-­‐border Networks Malta-­‐Sicily” (RE.MA.SI.) is an international research project founded by the Italia-­‐Malta 2007-­‐2013 Programme. A part of the project aims to carry out a multidisciplinary study for the identification and enhancement of geosites in the Maltese Islands and Sicily. Some areas have been picked out; these areas are spectacular and interesting for the tourists and can make a significant contribution to the understanding the geological and geomorphological history. Field surveys took place for the identification and classification of the most significant geomorphosites and the verification of the collected bibliographical data; in particular, the identification and selection process concentrates on the following range of values: scientific, additional and use. By application of these already tested qualitative guidelines, the obtained territorial data have been put on in a standard forms in order to create a common geomorphosite inventory and a GIS-­‐database. An example of this approach for the Torre Salsa natural reserve located on the southern coast.

Malta and Sicily show common geological and geomorphological features, having been also physically linked not later than the Last Glacial Maximum. At present both islands have a high tourist vocation, but their environmental potential is not fully exploited for attracting tourists and visitors. In the framework of an international research project, “Ecological Cross-border Networks Malta-Sicily” (RE.MA.SI.), a multidisciplinary study for the identification, selection and enhancement of geosites in the Maltese and Sicilian islands was carried out. A number of sites both in Malta and Sicily have been identified and qualitatively and quantitatively assessed applying a methodology already tested in previous studies. The aim was to see whether any of these sites could be considered as geosites of geomorphological interest (geomorphosites) according to scientific, additional and use values. In order to create a common geomorphosite inventory and a GIS-database, the standard forms of the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) were used. The recognised and assessed geomorphosites mainly include coastal and kart features, but also landslides, badlands and mud volcanoes are encountered due to their scientific interest and scenic value. The research enabled us to highlight that geomorphosites can become a relevant resource for social and economic development in Malta and Sicily, and can provide the ground for bridging these islands through a new integrated approach with foresees common methods and actions for geoheritage exploitation and enforcement of conservation strategies.

The SUFRA project is based on a three level susceptibility mapping. According to the availability of more detailed data, the three scale for susceptibility mapping are increased respect to the ones suggested by the TIER group to 1:100,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000/1:10,000. The mapping levels exploit climatic, soil use (CORINE2009) and seismic informative layers, differentiating in the details of the core data (geology and topography), in the quality and resolution of the landslide inventory and in the modelling approach (Tab. 1). SUFRA_100 is based on a heuristic approach which is applied by processing a geologic layer (produced by ARTA integrating pre-CARG 1:100,000 geologic maps); the DEM exploited are IGMI 250m and the mapping units are 1km side square cells. Models are validated with respect to the PAI LIPs (Landslide Identification Points) which are reclassified adopting a simplified scheme. Output cuts of SUFRA100 will be referred to administrative boundaries (provinces). SUFRA50 is based on statistical analysis of new CARG geologic maps and 20m (ITA2000) - 2m (ATA2007) DEM. The mapping units are 500m and 50m cells, hydrographic and hydro-morphometric units. The landslide inventory is the IFFI2012_LIPs (first level) which is the result of the conversion in IFFI format of the PAI archive, which will be supported by remote landslide mapping (exploiting the ATA2007 aerial photos), according to the IFFI first level approach. Validation of the models will be performed exploiting both random spatial partition and temporal partition methods. Output cuts of SUFRA50 will be based on physiographic (basin) and administrative (municipalities) boundaries. SUFRA10/25 is based on statistical analysis of new CARG geologic maps (remotely and field adapted) and 2m (ATA2007) DEM. The mapping units are the slope units (SLUs) which are derived by further partitioning the hydro-morphometric units so to obtain closed morphodynamic units. The landslide inventories is the IFFI2012 which is the results of a field supported (on focus) landslide remote systematic mapping, according to the IFFI full level approach. Examples of SUFRA_100, SUFRA_50 and SUFRA_10 are presented for some representative key sector of Sicily. First results attest for the feasibility and goodness of the proposed protocol. The SUFRA program aims at enabling the regional governmental administration to cope with landslide prevision, which is the required operational concept in land management and planning. PAI has been a great advance with respect to the “pre-SARNO” conditions, but it is very exposed to fail: it is a blind approach for new activations; it is critically dependent on the quality of the landslide inventories; it cannot project the susceptibility outside the landslide areas

A susceptibility map for an area, which is representative in terms of both geologic setting and slope instability phenomena of large sectors of the Sicilian Apennines, was produced using slope units and a multiparametric univariate model. The study area, extending for approximately 90 km2, was partitioned into 774 slope units, whose expected landslide occurrence was estimated by averaging seven susceptibility values, determined for the selected controlling factors: lithology, mean slope gradient, stream power index at the foot, mean topographic wetness index and profile curvature, slope unit length, and altitude range. Each of the recognized 490 landslides was represented by its centroid point. On the basis of conditional analysis, the susceptibility function here adopted is the density of landslides, computed for each class. Univariate susceptibility models were prepared for each of the controlling factors, and their predictive performance was estimated by prediction rate curves and effectiveness ratio applied to the susceptibility classes. This procedure allowed us to discriminate between effective and non-effective factors, so that only the former was subsequently combined in a multiparametric model, which was used to produce the final susceptibility map. The validation of this map latter enabled us to verify the reliability and predictive performance of the model. Slope unit altitude range and length, lithology and, subordinately, stream power index at the foot of the slope unit demonstrated to be the main controlling factors of landslides, while mean slope gradient, profile curvature, and topographic wetness index gave unsatisfactory results.

In the framework of a regional landslide susceptibility study in southern Sicily, a test has been carried out in the Tumarrano river basin (about 80 km2) aimed at characterizing its landslide susceptibility conditions by exporting a ‘‘source model’’, defined and trained inside a limited (about 20 km2) representative sector (the ‘‘source area’’). Also, the possibility of exploiting Google Earth TM software and photo-images databank to produce the landslide archives has been checked. The susceptibility model was defined, according to a multivariate geostatistic approach based on the conditional analysis, using unique condition units (UCUs), which were obtained by combining four selected controlling factors: outcropping lithology, steepness, plan curvature and topographic wetness index. The prediction skill of the exported model, trained with 206 landslides, is compared with the one estimated for the whole studied area, by using a complete landslide archive (703 landslides), to see to what extent the largest time/money costs needed are accounted for. The investigated area stretches in the fore-deep sector of southern Sicily, where clayey rocks, mainly referring to the Numidian Flysch and the Terravecchia Formations, largely crop out. The results of the study confirm both the exploitability of Google Earth TM to produce landslide archive and possibility to adopt in assessing the landslide susceptibility for large basin, a strategy based on the exportation of models trained in limited representative sectors.

L’attuale versione del PAI (Piano Stralcio per l'Assetto Idrogeologico) disponibile per il territorio siciliano è fortemente dipendente dallo scenario di dissesti passati censiti e catalogati, sulla base dei quali, utilizzando un sistema di matrici di valutazione, è possibile ricavare le condizioni di rischio geomorfologico associato. Questo stadio costituisce un primo grande avanzamento delle conoscenze a partire dal quale è ora necessario procedere alla valutazione della suscettibilità da frana e all’adozione dunque di uno strumento di analisi territoriale con carattere previsionale. La realizzazione di una cartografia della suscettibilità da frana a scala regionale pone d’altra parte una serie di problemi di approccio e di tecnica realizzativa, che derivano dalla necessità di trovare un compromesso tra estensione territoriale e risoluzione dei modelli previsionali e, dunque, di risoluzione dei dati necessari in ingresso. Il progetto SUFRA muove dalla stessa analisi metodologica del progetto TIER ma, alla luce della disponibilità per il territorio siciliano di tematismi geologici con maggiore dettaglio e inventari delle forme franose densamente popolati, diverge da questo sia nei dati in ingresso sia nei metodi di costruzione dei modelli, che vengono implementati per la valutazione della suscettibilità nei tre livelli in Sicilia. Tutti i livelli di mappatura sfruttano strati informativi con informazioni riguardo alla geologia, al clima, all’uso del suolo e ai dati sismici. Il progetto SUFRA mira dunque a realizzare una cartografia a varia scala della suscettibilità, articolata secondo i tre livelli: SUFRA100 (scala 1:100,000), SUFRA50 (scala 1:50,000) e SUFRA25/10 (scala 1:25,000 o 1:10,000). SUFRA100 è basato su un approccio euristico utilizzando un DEM con cella di 250 metri derivato dall’IGMI. Le unità di mappatura sono celle quadrate di 1 km di estensione. I modelli sono validati rispetto ai LIP (punti identificazione della frana) che vengono riclassificati con adozione di una semplificazione in due sole principali tipologie (frane di scarpata e frane di versante) dell’archivio PAI, disponibile per tutto il territorio regionale. La rappresentazione di uscita, a questo livello saranno limiti amministrativi come quelli comunali o provinciali. SUFRA50 si basa sull'analisi statistica sfruttando la disponibilità delle nuove carte geologiche (CARG) e un DEM ottenuto ricampionando a celle di 20 metri di lato il DEM ATA2007/08. L’inventario delle frane, utilizzato per questo livello è l’IFFI2012_LIP (solamente il primo livello) che è il risultato della conversione in formato IFFI dell'archivio PAI, che sarà supportato e implementato da un controllo remoto delle aree individuate (sfruttando le foto aeree ATA2007). La rappresentazione di uscita del SUFRA50 sarà basata su confini fisiografici (bacini idrografici) e/o amministrative (comuni). SUFRA10/25 si basa sull'analisi statistica delle carte CARG (verificate con un lavoro di campagna) e sfruttando l’alta risoluzione del DEM ATA2007. Le unità di mappatura di base corrispondono alle unità di versante (SLU), derivate da una nuova ripartizione delle unità idromorfometriche in modo da ottenere unità con coerenza morfodinamica. Gli inventari di frana sono il risultato di una successiva implementazione dell’archivio IFFI2012, controllato e verificato da remoto e con indagini di campo. Esempi di SUFRA_100, SUFRA_50 e SUFRA_10 sono stati realizzati per qualche settore rappresentativo di diversi contesti geologici e geomorfologici Siciliani. I primi risultati attestano per la fattibilità e la bontà del protocollo proposto.

The aim of the research was to verify and compare the predictive power of different diagnostic areas in assessing landslide susceptibility with a multivariate approach. Scarps, landslide areas (the union between scarp and accumulation zones) and areas uphill from crowns, for rotational slides, source or scarp areas and landslide areas, for flows, have been tested. A multivariate approach was applied to assess the landslide susceptibility on the basis of three selected conditioning factors (lithology, slope angle, and topographic wetness index), which were combined in a Unique Condition Unit (UCU) layer. By intersecting the UCU layer with the vector layer of the diagnostic areas, landslide susceptibility models were produced, in which the susceptibility is assigned to each UCUs on the basis of the computed density function. In order to test the effects produced by selecting different diagnostic areas in the performance of the susceptibility models, validation procedures have been applied to evaluate and compare the performances of the derived predictive models. The validation results are estimated by comparing the prediction and the success rate curves, exploiting three morphometric indexes. A test area, the Guddemi river basin, was selected in the northern Sicilian Apennines chain, having a total area of nearly 25 km2 and being mainly characterized by the outcropping of clays, calcilutites, and marly limestones. Aerial analysis, integrated with a field survey, resulted in the recognition of 111 earth-flow and 145 earth-rotational slide landslides. Scarps, for rotational slides, and both source and landslide areas, for flows, produced very satisfactory validation results. For rotational slides, areas uphill from crowns and landslide areas are both responsible for lower predictive performances, characterized by validation curves close to being flat shaped, due to their incapability of identifying specific slope (UCU) conditions. Moreover, because of their limited size, the areas uphill from crowns seem to suffer from a relevant geostatistical ‘‘instability’’, when a splitting is performed to produce the validation domains, so that an enhanced shift between success and prediction rate curves is produced. By comparing the relative susceptibility maps, the research allowed us to evaluate the key role played by the selection of the diagnostic areas; the validation of the models is proposed as a tool to quantify such differences in terms of predictive performance.

In the present research, two neighbouring calanchi fronts have been monitored by means of repeated readings on erosion pins, that were carried out between November 2006 and October 2008. During the monitoring period, a gauge station has been recording rainfalls, allowing us to compute the Rainfall-Runoff Erosivity Factor of the USLE model. The research highlighted: i) a general correspondence between rainfalls temporal trends and surface variation rhythms; ii) alternating erosion and deposition phases result in a retreat of the “calanchi” fronts.

A GIS-analysis was carried out in a test basin of southern Sicily, the Magazzolo River basin, in order to assess susceptibility conditions to gully erosion phenomena. The linear density of ephemeral and permanent gullies computed within each class of nine environmental variables was used to generate a gully erosion susceptibility map for the area. A validation procedure carried out in order to test the reliability of the adopted method highlighted a clear correlation between the occurrence of gullies and the computed susceptibility levels