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Aim: X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) is characterised by severe skeletal deformities and dental abnormalities. The aim of this work is to examine the prevalence of abscesses, the features of pulp chambers, and the biochemical and histological signs of the disease., Methods: Pulp chambers size, shape, and morphology were assessed by orthopantomography in XLH patients (n = 24, age 5.8 ± 1.6 years) and in sex and age-matched healthy controls (n = 23, age 6.2 ± 1.4 years). Histological analysis of the dentin of the primary teeth by Hematoxylin-eosin and Massontrichromic Goldner-blue aniline staining was then performed, comparing the results with those obtained in healthy controls., Conclusion: Enlarged pulpal chambers with altered shape and morphology affect most XLH patients, setting them up for periapical abscesses with fistulas occurred without any history of trauma or dental decay. Patients with XLH should be considered high-risk patients. It is important to treat and manage them early by a multidisciplinary approach.

The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical hygienic parameters, patient collaboration, and dental habits in patients with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) before and after a tailored prevention program. A total of 100 patients (78 males and 22 females, mean age 8 ± 0.7 years old) was recruited, with ages ranging from 7 to 16 years old, and diagnoses of ASD. We evaluated the plaque index (IP), gingival index (IG), the dmft/DMFT, the frequency of tooth brushing, and the frequency of snacks for each patient. Patient behaviour was evaluated with the Frankl scale, and each patient was individually reassessed after five visits from the first one by the same operator. The t test was used to compare the parameters before and after the inclusion in the dedicated dental pathway. From T1 to T2 we found a significant improvement of the IP (p < 0.001), IG (p < 0.001), and the frequency of tooth brushing (p < 0.001). Concerning the frequency of snacks and the parameter dmft/DMFT, the differences in the observed averages were not significant (p > 0.05). The difference in collaboration between T1 and T2 evaluated by the Frankl scale was statistically significant (p < 0.001). It was found that the prevention program allowed a significant improvement in both clinical parameters and patient behaviour. The personalized digital supports can have a key role for success in familiarization and desensitization processes of patients affected by ASD, leading an increase in their collaboration.