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This publication collects the outcomes of a research carried on by a group of students of the first year of the university Degree in Sustainability and Tourism Management (MaST) of the University of Trento, attending the class of Tourism Law held by Umberto Izzo, associate professor of Private Law within Faculty of Law at the University of Trento. This research comes after two similar works produced since the first year of pandemic emergency. This third collective research covers the developments prompted in the field of tourism by the impact of Covid since the work carried on in 2021, widening the analysis to monitor the impact of the Ukrainian war on tourism at the international, European, and Italian level. How the law addresses the heightened vulnerability of tourism in 2022 is thus explored in the eight chapters of this work: 1) Epidemics and wars in the history of tourism: effects and measures to face them in the international, European and national context; 2) The impact of the pandemic and the war on the tourism sector: effects of the crises and hopes of recovery at the international, European, national, regional and local levels; 3) The tourist's freedom of movement conditioned by war and pandemic: evolution of the measures taken (at the European, national and regional level, as well as in foreign experiences); 4) Between pandemic and war: risk management in tourism contracts and the framework of the measure taken to restore tourists confidence; 5) The law of digital tourism platforms in the face of uncertainty between pandemics and war; 6) Tourist services between covid and war: guarantees to be offered to tourists and the responsibility of the service provider, measures for managing the higher production costs of tourist products, the role of tourist facilities in hosting war refugees; 7) Financial support for firms and workers in the face of the continuing uncertainty that grips tourism: the evolution of the situation at local, national and European level; 8) How to restart tourism between war and persistent covid: types of offers, marketing choices, product construction. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Francesca Romana Barba – Giacomo Martino Belluzzo – Sebastiano Borile – Matteo Budellini – Chiara Buosi – Wiktor Burigo – Paolo Capoti – Serena Carrubba – Alessandra Casagrande – Federico de Vincenzo – Emilia Fascinelli – Caterina Fava – Antonio Ferraro – Carolina Filice – Alessia Gizzarelli – Arianna Laneve – Mattia Leone – Martina Luce – Matteo Maioli – Alessandro Marras – Sara Mattè – Ilaria Melchioretto – Alessio Mira – Giulia Mocanu – Daniela Nespolo – Alessandro Oliva – Elena Pagliai – Alessandro Pallaoro – Silvia Pedrotti – Giacomo Pili – Alfio Raciti – Francesca Rizzi – Sara Rosso – Sara Scaramuzza – Martino Serafini – Elisa Servidio – Denis Sommariva – Carola Stefenelli – Martina Taddei – Jenny Turrin at the time of this publication are first year students of the Master Degree in Management of Sustainability and Tourism (MaST) of the University of Trento, who attended the course of Tourism Law held in March-May 2022 by Umberto Izzo, Associate professor of Private law at the Faculty of Law of the University of Trento. Opinions and possible mistakes are the Authors’ only. Questa pubblicazione raccoglie gli esiti di una ricerca svolta da un gruppo di studenti del primo anno della laurea specialistica in Management della Sostenibilità e del Turismo (MaST) dell’Università di Trento del corso di Diritto del turismo tenuto dal prof. Umberto Izzo, Associato di diritto privato nella Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento nell’anno accademico 2021-22. Essa dà seguito ad analoghe ricerche svolte nel primo e nel secondo anno dell’emergenza pandemica, aggiornando il quadro di analisi all’anno appena trascorso e considerando nello scenario le conseguenze indotte sull’economia del turismo dall’invasione russa che dal febbraio 2022 ha riportato un cruento scenario di guerra nel continente europeo. All’avvio della terza estate pandemica e mentre la guerra ucraina è lungi dal trovare composizione, la pubblicazione affronta otto temi di indagine, cui corrispondono gli otto capitoli del presente lavoro, sullo sfondo della persistente vulnerabilità del sistema turistico: 1) epidemie e guerre nella storia del turismo: effetti e misure per fronteggiarle nel contesto internazionale, europeo e nazionale; 2) l’impatto della pandemia e della guerra sul settore turistico: effetti delle crisi e speranze di ripresa a livello internazionale, europeo, nazionale, regionale e locale; 3) la libertà di movimento del turista condizionata da guerra e pandemia: evoluzione del quadro delle misure sul tema (a livello europeo, nazionale e regionale, nonché in esperienze straniere); 4) fra pandemia e guerra: gestione del rischio nei rapporti contrattuali del turismo e quadro delle tutele negoziali per ridare fiducia ai consumatori; 5) il diritto delle piattaforme digitali turistiche di fronte all’incertezza, fra pandemia e guerra; 6) i servizi turistici fra covid e guerra: garanzie da offrire al turista e responsabilità del prestatore dei servizi, misure per la gestione dei maggiori costi di produzione del prodotto turistico, ruolo delle strutture turistiche nell'accogliere i profughi; 7) sostegni a imprese e lavoratori di fronte al perdurare dell'incertezza che attanaglia il turismo: l'evoluzione della situazione a livello locale, nazionale ed europeo; 8) la ripartenza del turismo fra guerra e covid persistente: tipologie di offerte, scelte di marketing, costruzione del prodotto. INFORMAZIONI SUGLI AUTORI Francesca Romana Barba – Giacomo Martino Belluzzo – Sebastiano Borile – Matteo Budellini – Chiara Buosi – Wiktor Burigo – Paolo Capoti – Serena Carrubba – Alessandra Casagrande – Federico de Vincenzo – Emilia Fascinelli – Caterina Fava – Antonio Ferraro – Carolina Filice – Alessia Gizzarelli – Arianna Laneve – Mattia Leone – Martina Luce – Matteo Maioli – Alessandro Marras – Sara Mattè – Ilaria Melchioretto – Alessio Mira – Giulia Mocanu – Daniela Nespolo – Alessandro Oliva – Elena Pagliai – Alessandro Pallaoro – Silvia Pedrotti – Giacomo Pili – Alfio Raciti – Francesca Rizzi – Sara Rosso – Sara Scaramuzza – Martino Serafini – Elisa Servidio – Denis Sommariva – Carola Stefenelli – Martina Taddei – Jenny Turrin alla data di pubblicazione di questo lavoro sono studenti del primo anno della laurea specialistica in Management della Sostenibilità e del Turismo (MaST) dell’Università di Trento, che hanno frequentato il corso di Diritto del turismo impartito nel mese di marzo-maggio 2022 dal prof. Umberto Izzo, Professore associato di Diritto privato nella facoltà di giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento. Le opinioni e gli eventuali errori sono ascrivibili esclusivamente agli Autori.

BACKGROUND To estimate the incidence of aneuploidy in relation to patients' characteristics, the type of hormonal stimulation and their response to induction of multiple follicular growth, 4163 first polar bodies (PB1s) were analyzed. METHODS Five hundred and forty four infertile couples underwent 706 assisted conception cycles (640 with poor prognosis indications and 66 controls) in which chromosomal analysis of PB1 for the chromosomes 13, 15, 16, 18, 21 and 22 was performed. Results were evaluated in a multivariate analysis. RESULTS The proportion of normal oocytes was directly correlated (P < 0.01) with (i) the number of mature oocytes and (ii) the establishment of a clinical pregnancy; and inversely correlated (P < 0.01) with (i) female age, (ii) causes of female infertility (endometriosis, abortions, ovulatory factor), (iii) poor prognosis indications (female age, number of previous cycles, multiple poor prognosis indications), (iv) number of FSH units per oocyte and (v) number of FSH units per metaphase II oocyte. There was a weak significance of frequency (P < 0.05) between type of abnormality (originated by chromatid predivision, chromosome non-disjunction or combined mechanisms in the same oocyte) and groups of the studied variables, rather than to a specific abnormality or a specific chromosome. CONCLUSIONS The type of infertility had a significant effect on errors derived from the first meiotic division, whose incidence was significantly higher in the presence of endometriosis or of an ovulatory factor, and in women that experienced repeated abortions. Each aneuploidy event was found to be dependent not on a specific variable, but on groups of variables. In addition, the tendency of chromosomal abnormalities to occur simultaneously implies that the deriving aneuploidies can be of any type.

There is ample documentation that breech full-term infants delivered vaginally have a higher perinatal morbidity and mortality rate than breech infants born via cesarean section. Until now, little emphasis has been placed on the risks to premature newborns born in breech presentation. Therefore, the authors have considered all singleton pregnancies with infants in breech presentation admitted to the Department of Obstetrics, University of Padova, from January 1978 to December 1979 and delivered before 36-weeks gestation. On the basis of obstetric management, the authors have obtained two groups: Group A comprised 36 infants born by vaginal delivery; Group B totaled 32 newborns delivered by cesarean section. Mean gestational age and birthweight were comparable. Of the neonatal events considered, the following were significantly different: Apgar score at 5 minutes less than 7 (A = 30.6%; B = 9.3%), mortality (A = 13.8%; B = 0), neurologic sequelae in the infants discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (A = 50%; B = 9.1%) and the sum of mortality and long term sequelae (A = 22.2%; B = 3.1%). The authors conclude that cesarean section performed in mothers with impending preterm breech delivery decreases the neonatal mortality rate and improves the long-term outcome.

The authors show their experience in tubal microsutures in rabbits belonging to the New Zealand type. Three groups of seven rabbits each have been examined and for each group a different type of microsurgical operation has been carried out. Post operational checks where effected immediately afterwards and sometimes after the operation.

The administration of betamethasone to the mother in order to accelerate maturation of foetal lungs induces significant modifications in the foeto-placental hormonal secretion. Both the total estriol and unconjugated estriol present a sharp fall in the days immediately following the administration and a rise 10-12 days later, depending on a rebound effect. The HPL levels do not variate except for a progressive and constant rising due probably to better cardiocirculatory maternal condition with, consequently, a higher utero-placental blood-flow. All these phenomena increase when the administration of betamethasone to the mother is repeated more then once. The AA. believe that the sharp fall of the estriol doesn't represent a danger for the foetus being only an effect of maternal and fetal adrenal depression. Consequently the AA. suggest to drive the management during and after the administration of betamethasone to the mother on the basis of other foeto-placental functional tests, as cardiotocography. The results were analysed.

There is ample documentation that breech full-term infants delivered vaginally have a higher perinatal morbidity and mortality rate than breech infants born via cesarean section. Until now, little emphasis has been placed on the risks to premature newborns born in breech presentation. Therefore, the authors have considered all singleton pregnancies with infants in breech presentation admitted to the Department of Obstetrics, University of Padova, from January 1978 to December 1979 and delivered before 36-weeks gestation. On the basis of obstetric management, the authors have obtained two groups: Group A comprised 36 infants born by vaginal delivery; Group B totaled 32 newborns delivered by cesarean section. Mean gestational age and birthweight were comparable. Of the neonatal events considered, the following were significantly different: Apgar score at 5 minutes less than 7 (A = 30.6%; B = 9.3%), mortality (A = 13.8%; B = 0), neurologic sequelae in the infants discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (A = 50%; B = 9.1%) and the sum of mortality and long term sequelae (A = 22.2%; B = 3.1%). The authors conclude that cesarean section performed in mothers with impending preterm breech delivery decreases the neonatal mortality rate and improves the long-term outcome.

This work offers a review of the progresses achieved in both experimental and clinical fields about internal genital organs grafting. The Authors refer their own experience on the vascular microanastomosis and the grafting in rats. They particularly point out the difficulties and the problems they have met during their study. Microsurgical technic has allowed to achieve the viability of the microanastomosis controlled by hystological observations after 10 and 30 days.

85 high risk pregnant women were evaluated by RIA of total estriol, unconjugated estriol and HPL by ultrasonic measurement of foetal BPD and by NST and Fischer's score. In all, 277 evaluations were made. The Authors found a good correlation between results of the cardiotocographic tests and levels of HPL and measurements of foetal BPD. A low correlation was noticed between the levels of total and unconjugated estriol and the characteristics of cardiotocography. The evaluation of the cardiotocographic tests, according to Lee and Coll., resulted better than according to Fischer's score. The contemporary qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the cardiotocograms seems to reduce significantly the false-positive results and to half the false-negative results of the other tests for foeto-placental function. Result were analysed.

The Authors have studied the lower trombogenicity following interposition of an arterial patch in a venous termino-terminal microanastomosis. The microsurgical operation was performed on the femoral vessels of the rat. A tract, cm 0.8-1 long, of femoral artery was excised and after washing in Emagel solution, was interposed in the femoral vein of the opposite leg. The patency of the femoral vein was verified at the end of the anastomosis. We also studied the histological change of the arterial patch grafted both 10 and 30 days after the operation. A progressive reduction of the reactivity around the nylon sutures and an increasing venous metaplasia was found correlating with time.