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The purpose of investigating livelihood strategies is to seek patterns that can be acted upon in order to improve livelihood prospects. This paper assesses household livelihood strategies and their determinates by asking (1) how urban households manage and mobilise resources and (2) how they combine assets—emphasising the existing strategies they adopt and their outcomes. Using a mixed-method cross-sectional design, four informal settlements were surveyed. Household questionnaires were developed and used to collect data from 425 households in Calabar, Nigeria. A total of 45 interviews, non-participant observation, and 2 focus groups were conducted. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 26, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and presented using tables. The qualitative data were collected, coded and analysed using NVivo 1.2 (QRS International). Fundamental context-related livelihood strategies in asset building are identified, and the diverse approaches and constraints that emerged are analysed. The result shows that households diversify their assets with strategies which are complex and diverse. This ranges from the extension of spaces and sub-letting a room to reducing their expenses (by spending less), borrowing from friends and relatives, and seeking help from community organisations. Others include pawning their belongings, engaging in home-based enterprises, and investing in children’s education, migration, and urban agriculture. Findings further indicate the ability of households to avoid or reduce their vulnerability and to increase their productivity depends on their initial assets and on their ability to transform them into income, food, or other necessities. This paper recommends ways of strengthening and supporting households’ strategies to cope with and reduce housing vulnerability.

The tourism industry has made a remarkable contribution to job opportunities, foreign exchange and infrastructure development. On the other hand, the extensive infrastructure affects the aesthetic appeal of natural destinations and this calls for sustainable tourism. Being one of the most effective tools to achieve development that prioritises conservation, sustainable tourism is interdependent with ecology, economy and socio-culture, and instils a sense of social responsibility towards protecting the natural environment through local participation. This study conceptualises the sustainable livelihood framework approach to assess the five capitals (natural, physical, financial, social and communication) to determine the role of capital assets for livelihood from sustainable tourism development in Mahabalipuram, a natural and heritage site in South India. A convergent parallel mixed method was used to collect data from Mahabalipuram visitors and locals. Based on the outcome of the study, physical capital was found to be the most visibly improved capital, while social and communication capitals required more focus for attaining sustainable livelihood. The results demonstrate that the poor are marginalised in terms of economic capabilities and access to information. Hence, access to communication is one of the basic necessities that help the local people to get exposed to more livelihood opportunities from tourism.

PurposeThe main purpose of this paper is to examine the political, economic and institutional determinants of capital assets condition ratio in American local governments using government-wide financial statements.Design/methodology/approachBased on capital assets data from the period of 2011–2016 for the 66 Florida counties as reported on their government-wide financial statements, the authors use a panel two-way fixed effects estimation and a dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation.FindingsThe authors find that social-economic factors, fiscal capacity and democratic voters explain the capital assets condition ratio in Florida county governments.Research limitations/implicationsThe major findings of this study may only apply to county government in one single state. It may raise the issue of the external validity of our research. It provides policy recommendations for local public officials to maintain and upgrade their capital assets.Originality/valueThe study utilizes a new approach of capital assets condition ratio to measure county government investment in capital assets based on the government-wide financial statements.

Although a positive relationship between tourism and quality of life is the premise of using tourism to support biodiversity conservation, tourism scholars rarely assess the relationship between tourism and community livelihoods with rigorous empirical methods, even less so in African contexts. Focusing on communities in the Greater Virunga Landscape in Rwanda and Uganda, we conducted a household survey to acquire empirical data to test novel hypotheses about tourism’s influence on capital assets, household resiliency, and subjective wellbeing. Using inferential statistical analyses (e.g., analysis of variance, chi-square difference test, and independent sample t-tests), we compared the responses from 346 residents who have direct access to tourism livelihoods with responses collected from 224 residents not engaged in tourism. Contrary to expectations, our findings suggest that tourism may not lead to dramatic differences in access to capital assets. However, we did discover moderate influences on household resiliency and subjective wellbeing. These intangible and subjective wellbeing outcomes of tourism-based livelihood programs are challenging to assess empirically. Yet, they may be among some of the most important from a human development standpoint. As a first effort to integrate three theoretical frameworks that have, to date, seen limited application in tourism research, this study has opened the door to further work at the intersections of capital assets, family resilience, and wellbeing theories. In conclusion, we argue that incentivizing the protection of local environments through tourism must be extended to other forms of capital, while also considering more nuanced manifestations of intangible wellbeing outcomes. As such, this paper makes a significant empirical contribution to the ongoing theoretical and practical debates about the tourism-conservation relationship.

Research Purpose/Scope: A dichotomy flows between the traditional Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs henceforth) cluster and newly established cluster in the context of their emergence, evolution and growth. Now, following the path of big industries, MSME have linked itself with the economies of scale, entrepreneurship, venture capital and knowledge management Here, Kanpur Nagar District has been taken as resource region where the research reflected that this region has the potentiality to become the driver of cluster based economic growth. The research paper dealt with the economic fundamentals of region, comparative advantages of innovation and market technology factors which are responsible for the growth and sustainability of the MSME cluster in Kanpur Nagar District. Materials and Methods: The empirical study of selected MSME’s which have mutual competitiveness & repulsion has been done. The tabular data has interpreted the composition, size, situation and association of MSME’s in the region. The linear diagrams has reflected the dooming share of MSME’s specially the leather and bristle-based clusters. A need and opportunity-based model will set a functional approach for the complementarity of the market (vertically and horizontally) and capacity building of firms. Findings of the Research Paper: A declining trend has been witnessed in the MSME’s because of sick firms and factories, unavailability of skilled workers and trainers, low capital assets of firms and inefficient companies. Clustering can create an effective supply chain for the viability of the market economy. It can improve the condition of firms and pool the money for the required infrastructure and investment for further upgradation. Therefore, it becomes imperative to go for clusterization based directive policies because there is a huge scope for profit sharing between government and local artisans. Establishment of Kanpur Nagar as a MSMEs cluster hotbed, will be a new challenge with major risks and responsibilities.

Investment is a tool for investors to get more profit than what has been invested. Investors must be able to predict the possibilities that occur when investing. Capital Asset Pricing Model is a tool to predict the development of investment in a particular company used to calculate and determine the Expected Return in minimizing risk investments. The authors conducted research using a sample of 5 companies in the automotive industry, namely PT Astra International Tbk, PT Indokordsa Tbk, PT Indomobil Sukses Internasional Tbk, PT Astra Otoparts Tbk, and PT Gajah Tunggal Tbk. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with Microsoft Excel 2016 analysis tools. This study aims to determine Portfolio Analysis with the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) approach which is used as the basis for making stock investment decisions in automotive industry sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Use from the results of the analysis of the results by comparing the value of E(Ri) has a directly proportional relationship, meaning that the higher the value of, then the stock return (E(Ri)) will be high as well. Of the 5 companies, there are 2 companies that are in the Undervalued category and 3 companies that are in the overvalued category. This means that investors who will invest in companies engaged in the automotive industry can decide to buy shares of the companies PT Indomobil Sukses Internasional Tbk and PT Gajah Tunggal Tbk, because they are classified as undervalued. Meanwhile, investors who want to invest in shares are not advised to buy company shares that are in the overvalued category, but are advised to sell them to investors who already have shares in the company.

A growing body of work examines market and firm responses to specific tax benefits. We extend this literature by examining market and firm reactions to an economically significant targeted tax refund granted to a few large, but poorly performing, steel firms by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86). We find, relative to steel firms not receiving the refund, qualifying firms experience either a negative or insignificant market reaction around each of three key dates in the TRA86 legislative process. Using difference-in-differences analyses to test a variety of refund uses, we find that refund recipients use the proceeds to pay down debt rather than to increase capital assets, payouts to shareholders, acquisitions, or employment. Overall, we find targeted tax benefits granted to significant but struggling firms, while potentially politically appealing, appear to generate limited economic benefits to those targeted firms. Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the text. JEL Classifications: H25.

Highlights • Emphasizes the role played by fossil capital in the development of neoliberalism. • Explores how the climate emergency manifests as ‘unquantifiable’ stranded asset risk in the financing of hydrocarbon extraction. • Advances the concept of neoliberal nationalization. • Provides an in-depth case study of the nationalization of the Trans Mountain Pipeline in Canada. Abstract Nationalization was once anathema to neoliberals and the hydrocarbon-based corporations long closely integrated with the neoliberal project. Indeed, the origins of neoliberal advocacy for global economic liberalisation can be traced, at least in part, to the resistance of oil multinationals to nationalist governments attempting to assert ownership and control over natural resources. It is therefore striking that calls are now mounting from this quarter for the nationalization of fossil fuel infrastructures, to keep them operating as climate policy, loss of public legitimacy and changing market conditions increasingly make investments in them unprofitable, uninsurable, or uncompetitive. The Canadian government’s purchase of the Trans Mountain Pipeline exemplifies what we term a ‘neoliberal nationalization’. Neoliberal pundits and oil industry figures created the perception of both an immediate economic crisis and a longer-term crisis of investor confidence in Canada; these ‘crises’ were used to justify the nationalization. Critically, the government acquisition of the pipeline was framed as a temporary measure of last resort. The intention of a neoliberal nationalization is to protect corporate actors from the effects of their own irresponsible business practises, maintaining ‘business as usual’ by pre-emptively socializing the foreseeable risks of rapid capital asset devaluation. In the case of hydrocarbon infrastructures like Trans Mountain, state authority is called upon to ensure the continued profitability of private fossil energy extraction, even as global financial markets accelerate disinvestment from the sector in response to evidence that most fossil fuels must remain in the ground to prevent catastrophic climate change.

This study assesses capital assets and factors influencing on farmers’ decision to participate in social networks, and how these contribute to and affect household’s profits of small-scale shrimp f...

In this article, I review several papers and topics featured in “After Piketty”, the voluminous collective work of the American scholars engaging with Thomas Piketty’s bestseller “Capital in the 21st Century”. The first chapters of the book focus on Piketty’s conceptualization of capital and his central argument that the concentration of wealth will continue to rise. Solow and Krugman agree with Piketty’s arguments, but Raval questions the estimates of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. Two sections of the book contain alternative explanations for the rising inequality: human capital, technological development, and demographic changes. Nielsen argues that Piketty’s concept of capital neglects human capital, and this strongly affects all of his conclusions and forecasts. Tyson and Spence draw attention to Piketty’s concept of rent and investigate the influence of technology on the concentration of wealth. De Nardi, Fella, and Yang consider the institution of bequest and the wealth transmission from one generation to another. Their model shows that a lower population growth rate plays a more significant role in the concentration of wealth. Naidu uses the metaphor of two “Pikettys” (the “domesticated” and the “wild”) to describe Piketty’s approaches to capital: an institution-and-politics free model of capital, and capital as an institution, “a set of property rights entitling bearers to politically protected rights of control, exclusion, transfer, and derived cash flow”. Why are existing democratic processes not sufficient to avoid the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few? This question is posed by the legal philosopher Grewal, who claims that the task of his chapter is to consider capitalism as a legal regime. In Grewal’s description, all existing economic life is generated as an “emanation of commercial sociability”, a product of modern legal state institutions which reproduce property rights as a comprehensive protection of the interests of owners of capital assets. Steinbaum presents a thorough historical analysis of the four leading countries of capitalism of how the dominant inequality legitimizing ideology gave way to social-democratic ideology. Derenoncourt looks at institutional differences and inequality from a global perspective. She introduces Acemoglu and Robinson’s typology of institutions, which divide institutional systems into inclusive and non-inclusive, and extractive, but she does not conclude that the observed concentration of wealth can be interpreted in such a way that capital in this typology should be classified as a non-inclusive institution. Jacobs argues that Piketty remains within the framework of traditional political economy, in which the political takes a subordinate position relative to the economic, and the role of institutions is not considered systematically. According to Jacobs, the turn to comparative institutionalism and the emergence of a rich literature on “the varieties of capitalism” (and, in particular, on the role of informal institutions) since the early 2000s seem to have been ignored by Piketty. Piketty does not make a systematic analysis of the relationship between civil society and the state, which could provide an answer to the question of how wealth inequality turns into power inequality.

Before investing, investors should consider the stock beta as a measure of systematic risk. By knowing beta stocks investors can directly determine the sensitivity of the return securities market returns. By knowing the sensitivity return, it automatically investors would be able to assess how much risk it will face when investing their funds in the company's stock. Investors can also adjust the investment that is fit to return they want to earn. This study aim is to determine the impact of company size on systematic risk based capital asset pricing models. Population of this study are all food and beverages manufacturing companies listed (listing) on ​​the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2011. There are 16 companies that fit in the criteria and the sample was 12 companies. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results of this study showed that the size of the company significant positive effect on the systematic risk with adjusted R square value of 0.994, which means the size of the company has a strong influence in predicting systematic risk.

Dos de los problemas más importantes de la investigación en intangibles y capital intelectual son la falta de una terminología común, y el poco desarrollo de escalas de medición de los constructos asociados a los intangibles. El objetivo de este artículo es doble: en primer lugar, establecer unas definiciones integradas y coherentes de los conceptos más empleados en intangibles, como activos y pasivos intangibles, y capital intelectual; y segun do lugar definir un conjunto de dimensiones para el capital intelectual coherente desde el punto de vista teórico, y que afecte a propiedades relevantes para la gestión del capital intelectual. Después de un análisis longitudinal de la literatura sobre intangibles de las últimas tres décadas, se establece una definición de capital intelectual como conocimiento que crea valor, siendo por tanto un caso particular de activo intangible. Se proponen también dos dimensiones de capital intelectual, asociadas a los conceptos de conocimiento tácito y conocimiento explícito.

Land has a very important role important in human life, because land is always closely related to the scope of everyday society, whether it is used for housing, farming, or conducting business activities. The existence of land has a dual function, namely as a capital asset and social asset. Therefore, to provide comfort and security to the owners and rulers of a field of land, legal land registration is very important to be carried out by the community. Thus, to make it easier for the community to obtain legal certainty, the ATR / BPN (Agrarian and Spatial Planning / National Land Agency) Institution established a program called Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) which is carried out simultaneously throughout Indonesia. This study will discuss how the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration Program (PTSL) in 4 (four) Ex-Residency Besuki Districts. By using an empirical juridical approach to study the applicable legal provisions and what happens in the reality of society, then it is analyzed using SWOT analysis and the effectiveness theory approach according to Soerjono Soekanto, who argues that the effectiveness of a law is determined by 5 factors, namely, law enforcers (those who apply the law) means and facilities that support law enforcement, society, and community culture. Data collection techniques used interviews and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of PTSL in 4 (four) Districts of the Former Residency of Besuki was effective in terms of law factors and facilities and infrastructure that support law enforcement. The implementation of PTSL in 4 (four) Ex-Besuki Districts was less effective in terms of Law Enforcement Factors, Community Factors, and Cultural Factors.

The crisis of the world economic system, erupted in the end of 2019 against the background of COVID-19 expansion resulted in considerable drop of the world steel products production practically in all the countries of the world. Decrease of steel production began in the IIH of 2019, mainly in July-August of 2019 and further in March-April of 2020. In the IQ of 2020, the world steel production declined by 1.4% down to 443 million tons comparing with the analogue period of 2019. At that China demonstrated growth by 1.2%, while in the EC counties the decrease accounted for 10%, in North America counties – by 4%, in South America countries – 7.1%, other countries of Asia, Africa and CIS also demonstrated the decrease. The dynamics of prices variation on some steel products, iron ore presented, which give the idea of the market state and tendencies of its variation in 2019–2020. In China in April of 2020 after cancellation of quarantine measures, a restoration of the industry began, the economy of China transferred from decline to growth and an active growth of domestic consumption of steel products got a significant effect not only on the volume of its production, but also made corrections in China’s behavior at the world market. As a result of year 2020, steel production in China exceeded one billion tons – 1054.4 million tons, which is 5.2% more comparing with 2019. Production of finished products increased also, import of iron ore into China in 2020 accounted for 1172 billion tons, which is 9.5% more comparing with 2019. As a result of 2020, the steel companies of China exported 53.7 million tons of steel, which is 16.5% lower than the 2019 index. Further the Chinese export will be contributed by an increase of demand at the world market and cancellation of restriction measures, imposed by some countries. While at all the regions of the world the crisis resulted in termination of some projects or their delays, in China against the background of the pandemic, several companies did nor cancel their investment plans as well as construction and commissioning of new plants was going on. Under conditions of the crisis the support of the state was very important, since the demand declined in all the industries, therefore many countries took urgent measures for stabilization of economies and support of population. Within the period of the pandemic, the China government bodies elaborated some measures to overcome its negative effect on the economy. In particular, the measures include allocation of money to stimulate the domestic consumption of steel products. In total in 2020 it was planned to invest about 800 billion of yuan (about USD 115 billion) in capital assets. According to forecasts, in 2021 comparing with 2020, the production and apparent consumption of steel in China will increase approximately by 2%, actual demand will increase by higher rate. The steel products with high added value will be in higher demand, including flat rolled products, rolled products of special steels, seamless pipes etc.

Capitals for agricultural sustainability include human, physical, natural, financial and social aspects present in agroecosystem. The status about these capitals provide base for sustainability in agriculture. In this regard, a descriptive research was done to record the status of capital assets needed for agricultural sustainability in Gangajamuna Rural Municipality of Dhading district. The study was based on primary data collected through structured questionnaire based on simple random sampling technique from 57 farming-based household samples during April, 2018. The study provided an overview on status of capital assets which must be taken into consideration for paradigm shift in current set of agricultural practices for achieving agricultural sustainability. The status of human, physical and financial capitals were poor in comparison to nature and social capitals. The study concluded that the state of farming practices, technologies and management system must be upgraded for ensuring agricultural sustainability and increasing adaptive capacity and transformability in order to thrive in the present context.