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We aimed to measure the efficiency of visual selection of plant vigor for green biomass production of U. ruziziensis using single- and multitrait approaches to maximize the predictive accuracy of the genetic value. The green biomass production and plant vigor of 254 U. ruziziensis clones were measured over nine evaluation cuttings to determine the efficiency of these approaches for production improvement. Individual and multicutting analyses were performed under single-trait and multitrait approaches using mixed models. The efficiency of visual selection was assessed by measuring plant vigor based on direct and indirect genetic gains. Plant vigor showed a high genetic association with green biomass and could be selected for production, especially in the initial phases of breeding programs. The multitrait approach was superior to the single-trait approach in predicting the genetic value of the clones, and it can be used in U. ruziziensis breeding programs. Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-25T18:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Efficiency-of-indirect-selection-for-green-biomass.pdf: 397687 bytes, checksum: ec35d48775bd35e36079a87ccdddb536 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the accumulation, structural characteristics, and chemical composition of deferred signal-grass pastures that were subjected to four treatments: without nitrogen fertilization, intercropped with calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), and fertilized with urea N (50 kg ha-1 and 100 kg ha-1) for 2 years. The design was in randomized blocks, with two blocks and two repetitions of each treatment per block. There were effects of the interaction between treatment and year on green dry mass, forage accumulation, density of vegetative tillers, and crude protein content (simulated grazing). The effects of the treatments on the height, falling index, green dry mass/dead dry mass ratio, number of dead, live and total tillers, and crude protein content (direct cutting) were also observed. Signal-grass?calopo-intercropping ensured adequate mass and forage accumulation and crude protein content equivalent to those of fertilized pastures. In addition, the intercropped pasture showed a higher percentage of leaves and a higher crude protein content compared with those for the other treatments (simulated grazing). The green dry mass/dead dry mass ratio was highest in the intercropped pasture and was equivalent to only that of the pasture fertilized with a low dose of nitrogen. Therefore, signal-grass?calopo-intercropping may be recommended for deferment. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-31T19:00:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Signal-grass.pdf: 384267 bytes, checksum: 752566b968bb33a80a48dcde38492217 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

A low number of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Syn. Urochloa) cultivars available on the market and a lack of information about its forage potential have made it difficult to expand its cultivated area, and have therefore made it necessary to implement a breeding program for this species. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional value of ten improved populations of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Syn. Urochloa) and two controls (B. ruziziensis cv. Kennedy and B. brizantha cv. Marandu). The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications in five sections. The data were submitted to analysis of variance in the subdivided plot in which the primary factors were the populations and the secondary cuts. The Tukey test was used at 5% of significance for the comparison of means. The genotypes used came from the third recurrent selection cycle of Embrapa dairy cattle, originating from the interbreeding of clones which had been identified as superior. The height of the cuts was 10 cm in relation to the ground. The material was cut and weighed in the field to obtain the sample weights to determine the nutritional forage value. After drying, the samples were ground in 1 mm sieves for chemical analyzes and in vitro digestibility. The best CP, ADF and NDF levels observed in IV populations (lower levels of ADF and NDF at 93 days of cut interval and lower NDF contents at 35 and 41 days of cut interval), population VI (higher CP content in the interval of 93 days, lower DM content at 64 and 93 days of cut interval, and lower NDF content at 35 and 64 days of cut interval) showed that these populations can be evaluated under grazing even at an advanced maturation stage. The objective of these selections was to evaluate the nutritional value of improved populations of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Syn. Urochloa) in order to obtain more homogeneous populations for implantation of grazing experiments. O reduzido número de cultivares de Brachiaria ruziziensis (Syn. Urochloa) disponíveis no mercado, a ausência de informações sobre seu potencial forrageiro que vem dificultando a expansão de sua área cultivada tornaram necessário a implantação de um programa de melhoramento genético desta espécie. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutricional de dez populações melhoradas e duas testemunhas (B. ruziziensis cv. Kennedy e B. brizantha cv. Marandu). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, em cinco cortes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância conjunta no esquema de parcela subdividida no qual o fator primário foram as populações e o secundário os cortes. Para a comparação das médias utilizou-se o teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Os genótipos utilizados foram provenientes do terceiro ciclo de seleção recorrente na Embrapa Gado de Leite, originadas do intercruzamento de clones identificados como superiores. A altura dos cortes foi de 10 cm em relação ao solo. O material foi cortado e pesado em campo para obtenção dos pesos das amostras para realização das avaliações do valor nutritivo da forragem. Após a secagem, procedeu-se a moagem das amostras em peneira de 1 mm para realização das análises químicas e digestibilidade in vitro. Os melhores teores de PB, FDA e FDN observados nas populações IV (menores teores de FDA e FDN aos 93 dias de intervalo de corte e menores teores de FDN aos 35 e 41 dias de intervalo), população VI (maior teor de PB no intervalo de corte de 93 dias, menor teor de FDA aos 64 e 93 dias de intervalo de corte e menor teor de FDN aos 35 e 64 dias de intervalo de corte) demonstram que mesmo em avançado estágio de maturação essas populações podem ser avaliadas sob pastejo. O objetivo dessas seleções foi avaliar o valor nutricional de populações melhoradas de Brachiaria ruziziensis (Syn. Urochloa) visando obter populações mais homogêneas para implantação de experimentos de avaliações sob pastejo.

Forage plant breeders often use visual scores to assess agronomic traits because of the costs associated with in-depth phenotyping in the initial stages of breeding cycles. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the number of graders on the effectiveness of indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes and determine an optimal number of graders in the early-stage trials of Urochloa ruziziensis. For that purpose, five graders assessed 2.219 U. ruziziensis genotypes in an augmented block design. Biomass production and vigor scores were evaluated in two cuts and were analyzed using a linear mixed model approach. Vigor scores were analyzed considering each grader?s score and the combinations of two, three, four, and five graders. Genetic variance was significant for both traits. Visual evaluation was effective in identifying productive genotypes based on the statistical criteria. The optimal number of graders for indirect selection of high-yielding U. ruziziensis genotypes is three. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-16T18:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Predictive-approach.pdf: 470531 bytes, checksum: 6069397bc031f1fbb9140f3239ca0354 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

RESUMO - Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade da forragem e graos de milho e do capim braquiaria em consorcio, submetidos a diferentes niveis de sombreamentos proporcionados pelos renques de eucaliptos, em sistema de Integracao Lavoura-Pecuaria-Floresta, na regiao de Sete Lagoas-MG. O experimento foi conduzido na area experimental da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, em Sete Lagoas-MG, em area de cultivo de eucalipto ( Eucalyptus urophylla , clone AEC 1528) implantado em 29 de outubro de 2013, em espacamento 15x2 m entre plantas. Em 24 de novembro de 2015, foi realizada a semeadura simultânea em sistema plantio direto do milho (AG 8088 VT PRO) consorciado com capim braquiaria ( Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) em espacamentos de 0,70 m entre linhas, a uma distância de 1 metro entre a primeira linha de semeadura do milho/braquiaria e os renques de eucalipto. As produtividades de graos e forragem de milho e de milho mais capim entre os renques de eucalipto foram semelhantes as produtividades em pleno sol a partir de 3,8 m de distância entre as linhas de milho e os renques de eucalipto. A produtividade de graos e de forragens foi diretamente influenciada pela reducao da distância entre as linhas de semeadura e os renques de eucalipto com tres anos de implantacao em espacamento de 15x2. O componente arboreo no sistema de Integracao Lavoura-Pecuaria- Floresta altera o ambiente no sub-bosque, reduzindo a incidencia de radiacao fotossinteticamente ativa entre os renques, diminuindo diretamente as produtividades de forragem e graos de milho em cultivo consorciado com U. brizantha . Palavras-chave : Zea mays , U. brizantha , eucalipto, cultivo consorciado. GRAIN AND FORAGE PRODUCTION IN THE FUNCTION OF LUMINOUS AVAILABILITY IN INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK-FORESTRY SYSTEMS ABSTRACT - The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity of grass and maize forage, and maize grains submitted to different levels of shade provided by the eucalypt trees, in Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest system, in the region of Sete Lagoas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, in Sete Lagoas, MG, in an area of eucalypt ( Eucalyptus urophylla , clone AEC 1528) implanted on October 29, 2013, spaced 15x2 m between plants. On November 24, 2015, no-tillage system (AG 8088 VT PRO) was intercropped with Brachiaria grass ( Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) at 0.70 m between rows, at distance of 1 meter between the first sowing line of maize/Brachiaria and eucalypt rows. The yields of maize forage, maize grains and Brachiaria among the eucalypt rows were similar to the productivities in full sun from 3.8 m distance between maize and eucalypt lines. Grain yield and maize fodder yields were directly influenced by the reduction of the distance between the sowing lines and the eucalypt rows with three years of implantation at 15x2 spacing. The arboreal component in Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest system alters the environment in the sub-forest, reducing the incidence of photosynthetically active radiation among the ranks, directly reducing forage and maize grains yields in intercropping system with U. brizantha . Keywords: Zea mays , U. brizantha , eucalypt, intercropping system.

The aim of this study was to determine the mode of reproduction of a hybrid progeny derived from intraspecific crosses of Paspalum notatum through cytoembryological analysis and use of RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) molecular markers. Cytoembryological analysis allowed identification of the mode of reproduction of 28 plants that were selected after agronomic productivity evaluations. Of these, 19 had embryo sac morphology compatible with an apomictic mode of reproduction and nine had embryo sac morphology compatible with a sexual mode of reproduction. Meanwhile, molecular marker analysis for 194 individuals showed 54 sexual and 140 apomictic plants; of the 28 plants analyzed by the two methods, ten results (35.7%) were in disagreement. In this paper, through cytoembryological analyses, a ratio of 1:2.1 of sexual to apomictic plants was found. The BCU 243 marker showed a stable pattern of amplification, but some results differed with cytoembryological analyses, demonstrating that these analyses are more reliable when determining the mode of sexual reproduction for the plants of P. notatum. Apomictic plants characterized in this work can be tested in the field to check their agronomic value and registration as plant varieties, while the sexual plants can be used as potential parents in future crosses.

O girassol vem apresentando aptidão para opção de rotação e sucessão de culturas em regiões produtoras de grãos, e quando cultivado em consórcio mostra-se como opção interessante para o sistema integração lavoura-pecuária. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico do consórcio girassol com Brachiaria ruziziensis em diferentes épocas de semeadura e espaçamento entre linhas. O experimento foi conduzido na Área Experimental do Centro Universitário da Grande Dourados - UNIGRAN, no município de Dourados, MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial com 3 x 2 x 2 (três épocas de semeadura, dois espaçamentos 0,45 e 0,90 m e dois sistemas de cultivo-solteiro e consorciado com brachiária nas entrelinhas) com quatro repetições. As características agronômicas avaliadas da variedade EMBRAPA 122 de girassol foi altura de plantas, diâmetro de capítulo, número de aquênios por capítulo, massa de 100 aquênios, produtividade e teor de óleo. O Sistema de consórcio Girassol/brachiaria quando semeado em 08 de março promoveu maior produtividade e quando semeado em 21 de fevereiro proporcionou maior altura de planta, diâmetro de caule e diâmetro de capítulo. O teor de óleo e massa de 100 aquênios foi maior quando semeado em 08 e 23 de março. O espaçamento de 0,90 m proporcionou maior quantidade de aquênios por capítulo. The sunflower has shown suitability as an option in crop rotation and succession planting in grain producing regions, and when grown as an intercrop, proves to be an interesting choice for integrated crop-livestock systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of intercropping the sunflower with Brachiaria ruziziensis at different sowing times and spacing between rows. The experiment was carried out at the experimental area of the Centro Universitário da Grande Dourados, UNIGRAN, in the town of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was of randomised blocks in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (three sowing times, two spacings between rows, 0.45 and 0.90 m, and two cropping systems, as monocrop and intercropped with brachiária between rows), with four replications. The agronomic characteristics evaluated in the EMBRAPA 122 variety of sunflower were plant height, head diameter, number of achenes per head, 100-achene weight, productivity and oil content. The intercropped sunflower and brachiaria system sown on 8 March promoted greater productivity, and that sown on 21 February, greater plant height, stem diameter and head diameter. The oil content and 100-achene weight were greater when sown on 8 and 23 March. The spacing of 0.90 m resulted in a larger quantity of achenes per head.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o fluxo de biomassa e a estrutura do dossel do capim-braquiária manejado sob cinco lâminas de irrigação (3,84; 4,39; 6,19; 8,62 e 10,46 mm dia-1) e quatro idades de crescimento, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as lâminas de irrigação, estudadas nas parcelas, e as idades de crescimento (10, 17, 24 e 31 dias), nas subparcelas, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se interação entre lâminas de irrigação x idades de crescimento para a altura do dossel. Verificou-se resposta quadrática com ponto de mínimo para a relação folha/colmo e eficiência de uso da água em função do avanço nas idades de crescimento. Constatou-se resposta linear crescente para a taxa de alongamento foliar e taxa de alongamento dos colmos com o incremento nas lâminas de irrigação. Constatou-se resposta crescente para a biomassa de forragem verde, biomassa de lâmina foliar verde, relação material vivo/material morto, densidade populacional de perfilhos e índice de área foliar com o avanço nas idades de crescimento. As idades de crescimento mais avançadas proporcionam incremento na biomassa de forragem e a irrigação favorece o fluxo de biomassa do capim-braquiária. [Biomass flow and canopy structure in brachiaria grass managed under irrigation depth and growth ages].

Productive performance of crossbreds Nellore beef heifers, in the growing stage receiving different supplement levels for three months grazing Brachiaria decumbens pasture were evaluated. The area was divided in five paddocks of 2.5 ha, with dry matter availability and potentially of dry matter digestible of 3.85 and 2.12 t/ha, respectively. Forty beef heifers of 191 ± 3.99 kg initial weight and 8.5 ± 0.15 months of age were assigned in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments, and four supplementation levels. Mineral mixture (MM) (60 g/day) and multiple supplements, formulated to supply different supplementation levels in the amounts of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg/animal more MM (60 g/day) were evaluated. The supplement had 300 g of crude protein/kg. Animals not responded significantly (P > 0.05) to the use of multiples supplements to final body weight. However, the heifers than received supplement won more weight (P £ 0.01) (372 g vs. 92g of average daily gain), in addition to highers (P £ 0.01) serum N-urea levels (20.14 vs. 12.09 mg/dL), when compared with heifers fed diets supplied only with mineral mixture. In conclusion, increasing the amount of protein supplement during the dry season, increased of performance of beef heifers. However, despite increase productive performance and intake of energy during dry season, additional higher levels of supplementation resulted in lower increment in growth.

Resumo: Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar trocas gasosas e índices de crescimento no capim-braquiária manejado sob cinco lâminas de irrigação (3,84; 4,39; 6,19; 8,62 e 10,46 mm dia-1) e quatro idades, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as lâminas de irrigação estudadas nas parcelas e as idades (10, 17, 24 e 31 dias) nas subparcelas, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se interação entre lâminas de irrigação e idades nas variáveis: transpiração foliar, temperatura da folha, taxa de fotossíntese e razão de peso foliar. Verificou-se resposta quadrática com ponto de mínimo para a concentração interna de CO2 e área foliar específica (0,0055 m² de folha g-1 de folha) em função do avanço nas idades. A concentração interna de CO2 apresentou valores estimados em 220,09 e 176,20 ppm aos 10 e 31 dias de crescimento, respectivamente, com valor mínimo (173,68 ppm) aos 27 dias. Verificou-se resposta quadrática com ponto de máximo (25,04 g m-2 de folha dia-1) para a taxa de assimilação líquida com o aumento nas idades. Observou-se resposta linear decrescente para taxa de crescimento relativo e razão de área foliar com aumento nas idades. A taxa de crescimento relativo revelou valores de 0,097 e 0,048 g g-1 dia-1, com 10 e 31 dias de crescimento, respectivamente. As idades de crescimento proporcionam mudanças nas trocas gasosas e nos índices de crescimento do capim-braquiária, porém, tais variáveis são pouco influenciadas pelas lâminas de irrigação nas condições do presente estudo. [Gas exchange and growth index of Brachiaria grass managed under irrigation depth and growth ages]. Abstract - This research aimed to evaluate the gas exchange and growth index of Brachiaria decumbens under five water supply (3.84, 4.39, 6.19, 8.62 and 10.46 mm day-1). A completely randomized with split-plot design with five irrigation depth being the parcels and ages (10, 17, 24 and 31 days), the subparcels, with four replicates. It was observed interaction between irrigation depth and ages for leaf transpiration, leaf temperature, rate of photosynthesis and leaf weight ratio. Quadratic responses with minimum values were observed to the internal CO2 concentration and specific leaf area (0.0055 m² leaf g-1 leaf) with advance in ages. The internal concentration of CO2 revealed values of 220.09 and 176.20 ppm to 10 and 31 days, respectively, with minimum (173.68 ppm) to 27 days. It was observed quadratic response with maximum value (25.04 g m-2 leaf day-1) to the net assimilation rate with increasing ages. Decreasing linear responses were observed to the relative growth rate and leaf area ratio with increasing ages. The relative growth rate presented values of 0.097 and 0.048 g g-1 day-1, with 10 and 31 days, respectively. The growth ages provided changes on gas exchange and growth index of Brachiaria grass, however, these characteristics are little influenced by irrigation depth under the conditions of this study.

This study was carried out to evaluate the productivity and utilization efficiency of a mixed marandugrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Mandobi) and tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) pasture, rotationally stocked at four daily forage allowance levels (6.6, 10.3, 14.3 and 17.9% of live weight), in order to define sward management targets for these mixtures. In each stocking cycle, dry matter (DM) accumulation rates, defoliation intensity (%), grazing depth (%) and grazed horizon (cm) were evaluated. Sward targets were defined according to the sward condition that best conciliated the grass-legume balance and the equilibrium between forage production and utilization. Pastures submitted to higher forage allowance levels showed higher productivity, but were less efficiently utilized. It was not possible to establish sward management targets for marandugrass-tropical kudzu pastures. For marandugrass-forage peanut pastures the best sward state was set with forage allowance of 10.3% of live weight. Under rotational stocking, the following sward targets were suggested for these pastures in the Western Amazon: pre-grazing height of 30-35 cm (June to September) or 45-50 cm (October to May) and post-grazing sward height of 20-25 cm (June to September) or 25-30 cm (October to May).

This study was carried out to evaluate the dynamics of sward condition and botanical composition of a mixed pasture of marandugrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Mandobi) and tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides), rotationally stocked at four daily forage allowance levels (6.6, 10.3, 14.3 and 17.9% of live weight). Sward condition was characterized in each stocking cycle by measuring pre- and post-grazing sward height, forage mass and percentage of bare ground. Botanical composition (grass, forage peanut, tropical kudzu and weeds) was evaluated before each stocking period. Swards under smaller forage allowances presented lower height, forage mass and ground cover. This condition favored the growth of forage peanut, which constituted 21.1, 15.2, 8.4 and 3.8% of forage mass in the last quarter of the experimental period, from the lowest to the highest forage allowance, respectively. Tropical kudzu was sensitive to all forage allowance levels and its percentage in the botanical composition was strongly reduced along the experimental period, especially during the dry season (July to September). Forage peanut cv. Mandobi and marandugrass form a more balanced mixture when pre-grazing sward height is maintained shorter than 45 cm. Tropical kudzu is intolerant to intensive grazing management systems when associated to marandugrass.

The objective of this study was to estimate requirements of energy, protein and macrominerals of young Nellore/Holstein crossbreds bulls supplemented on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Thirty-five young bulls, at 8.53±0.18 months of age and with initial body weight of 230.6±6.1 kg were used. Ten animals were slaughtered as reference, in different weight range, and the other animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental period. For estimate of net energy requirements for weight, a regression equation between log of retained energy (RE) and log of empty body weight gain (EBWG) was constructed. Net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were determined by the equation Y' = a.b.Xb-1, in which a and b represent the intercept and the coefficient of equation of prediction of macrominerals in body content, respectively. Requirements of metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained from retained energy in function of metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The requirements of MEm of Nellore/Holstein crossbreds young bulls on pasture was 125 kcal/EBW0.75/day. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km) of grazing Nellore/Holstein crossbred young bulls was 0.58 and 0.24 for gain. The total metabolizable protein requirements for an animal with 400 kg and with average daily gain of 1.0 kg, were 638.36 g/day. The dietetic requirements of Ca and P for an animal with 400 kg BW were 0.49 and 0.21% of DM, respectively. Daily metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance of grazing Nellore/Holstein crossbred young bulls was 11.6% greater than the values found for cattle in feedlot in Brazil (112 kcal/kg EBW0.75).

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of different levels of supplementation on the performance, intake, digestibility, pH and rumen ammonia concentration in growing bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. pasture, during the dry-rainy transition season. For evaluation of performance, intake and digestibility, it was used 25 non-castrated steers at 11 months of age and initial average body weight of 270 kg, grouped in five plots of five animals each, following a completely randomized design. Each plot received one of the following feeding treatments: mineral mixture and supplement at the proportion of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg/animal/day, corresponding to 0.18, 0.36, 0.54 and 0.72% of the average body weight of the animals. The area designated for the animals was constituted of five 2.0-ha paddocks. For the evaluation of the pH and rumen ammonia concentration, five crossbred non-castrated steers were used, with average body weight of 240 kg, fistulated in the esophagus, rumen and abomasum, disposed in a 5 × 5 Latin square, with five treatments and five experimental periods. Animal performance behaved in a positive linear manner according to the supplementation levels, responding with an increase of more than 80% on weight gains of the animals. Intakes of total and pasture dry matter (DM), organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were not influenced by supplementation. Intakes of crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, ether extract and total digestible nutrients as well as nutrient digestibility and rumen ammonia concentration showed a positive linear pattern in response to supplementation levels. Increasing levels of concentrate supplementation influence positively the performance of bulls growing on pastures during the dry-rainy transition season. Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de suplementação sobre o desempenho, o consumo, a digestibilidade, o pH e a concentração de amônia ruminal em bovinos recriados em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. durante o período de transição seca-águas. Para avaliação do desempenho, do consumo e da digestibilidade, foram utilizados 25 novilhos não-castrados com idade e peso médio iniciais de 11 meses e 270 kg, divididos em cinco lotes de cinco animais, segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Cada lote recebeu um dos seguintes complementos alimentares: mistura mineral; e suplemento na proporção de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg/animal/dia, correspondentes a 0,18; 0,36; 0,54 e 0,72% do peso corporal médio dos animais. A área destinada aos animais foi constituída de cinco piquetes de 2,0 ha. Para a avaliação do pH e da concentração ruminal de amônia, foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços não-castrados, com peso médio de 240 kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, dispostos em quadrado latino 5 × 5, com cinco tratamentos e cinco períodos experimentais. O desempenho dos animais comportou-se de forma linear positiva de acordo com os níveis de suplementação, refletindo em aumento de mais de 80% no ganho de peso dos animais. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) total e do pasto, de matéria orgânica e de fibra em detergente neutro não foram influenciados pela suplementação. Os consumos de proteína bruta, carboidratos não fibrosos, extrato etéreo e nutrientes digestíveis totais, assim como a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a concentração de amônia ruminal, apresentaram comportamento linear positivo em resposta aos níveis de suplementação. Níveis crescentes de suplementação concentrada influenciam positivamente o desempenho de bovinos recriados em pastejo no período de transição seca-águas.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e as características nutricionais em tourinhos Nelore em fase de recria, não-castrados, recebendo diferentes ofertas de suplementos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, de julho a setembro de 2006. A área foi dividida em cinco piquetes de 2,0 ha, com disponibilidade média de matéria seca (MS) e matéria seca potencialmente digestível (MSpd) de 3,88 e 2,22 t/ha, respectivamente. Foram utilizados 30 bezerros com peso e idade iniciais médios de 230,0 ± 6,14 kg e 8,5 ± 0,18 meses, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado contendo cinco tratamentos: quatro ofertas de suplementos em comparação a mistura mineral (MM). Foram avaliados a MM (60 g/animal) e suplementos múltiplos, fornecidos diariamente nas quantidades de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg/animal para suprir 300 g/dia de PB. Os animais responderam ao uso de suplementos múltiplos, ganhando mais peso (88,72%) e apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de N-ureia (19,95 vs. 9,66) em comparação àqueles que receberam mistura mineral. Os animais sob suplementação apresentaram maiores consumos de MS, MO, EE, FDN, CNF e NDT e esses consumos aumentaram com os níveis de oferta de suplemento. A suplementação aumentou o coeficiente de digestão da maioria das variáveis avaliadas, independentemente do nível de suplemento fornecido. Os níveis mais moderados (0,5 kg) de suplementos múltiplos podem ser fornecidos aos tourinhos em fase de recria durante o período da seca para estimular o consumo de pasto, porém a máxima produção microbiana é obtida com oferta de 1,34 kg de suplemento. As melhores respostas de desempenho e características nutricionais podem ser obtidas com o fornecimento diário de suplemento em níveis de 0,5 a 1,34 kg/animal.

The objective of this work was to determine macromineral requirements by Zebu steers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate. It was used 24 non-castrated steers, at an average age of 7 months and at initial average weight 180 kg. Eight control animals were slaughtered for determining initial body composition. The 16 remaining animals were divided in four four-animal plots, in a complete random design. Each plot received mineral mixture or supplements at the levels 0.75; 1.50 or 2.25 kg/animal/day. The right half-carcass of eight animals, two per group, was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all body constituents were weighted for determination of empty body weight and body composition. Net requirements of calcium and phosphorus for an animal at 400 kg body weight were 11.13 g and 5.40 g, respectively. To estimate dietary requirements of maintenance and after, sum them to dietary requirements for gain in order to obtain total dietary requirements, it was adopted endogenous losses and bioavailability present in literature for each mineral macroelement. Total dietary requirement for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for a 400-kg BW animal with 1.0-kg daily weight gain were 34.59; 17.36; 7.82; 5.19 and 41.11 g/day, respectively. Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation are similar to those recommended by BR-Corte for beef cattle in feedlots.

A pecuária bovina é a principal atividade econômica do setor primário do Estado do Acre. Porém, em diversas propriedades as áreas destinadas a esse uso estão degradadas ou em processo de degradação. A implantação de sistemas silvipastoris e agrossilvipastoris, contribui com a solução desse problema, uma vez que a presença de árvores promove conforto térmico aos animais e pode aumentar a produção e qualidade de forragem, dentre outras vantagens. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da leguminosa arbórea Samanea tubulosa (Bordão-de-velho) sobre o valor nutritivo e produtividade da gramínea Brachiaria brizantha e sobre atributos químicos do solo em sistema silvipastoril no Acre. Foram realizados experimentos no município de Epitaciolândia - AC, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas, três classes de área de copa das árvores (0 a 50 m2, 51 a 100 m2 e acima de 100 m2), e as subparcelas quatro distâncias do ponto de coleta para o tronco de cada árvore (metade do raio da copa: 0,5R; raio de projeção da copa: 1R; duas vezes o raio da copa: 2R; e três vezes o raio da copa: 3R). Foram realizadas avaliações do componente solo nas épocas seca e chuvosa; e da forragem nas épocas seca, chuvosa e transições seca-chuva e chuva-seca. Cada época de avaliação, tanto para o solo quanto para a forragem foram analisadas separadamente. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, quando houve efeito das áreas de copa, estas foram comparadas por meio do teste de Tukey (P

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) eficientes em promover o crescimento de Arachis pintoi e Brachiaria decumbens consorciados, na presença e ausência de espécies de FMAs autóctones. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação na Embrapa Agrobiologia, em Seropédica, RJ. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, e os tratamentos arranjados em fatorial 2x6, tendo sido dois substratos derivados de um Planossolo, não esterilizado e esterilizado, seis tratamentos de inoculação - Acaulospora morrowiae, Entrophospora colombiana, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum, Scutellospora heterogama - e o controle sem inoculação, além de uma testemunha de referência do monocultivo de cada forrageira. Foram realizados três cortes com diferentes intervalos, e o experimento foi conduzido até que a competição da gramínea e o esgotamento do substrato inviabilizaram a permanência da leguminosa no consórcio. Houve benefício dos FMAs na produção de matéria seca das plantas do amendoim forrageiro, e G. clarum foi a espécie mais eficiente. A utilização de mudas colonizadas por FMAs eficientes contribui para o estabelecimento e crescimento inicial das plantas do amendoim forrageiro e aumenta a sua capacidade competitiva com a braquiária.

Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar valor nutritivo de silagens de capim Braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) e de capim-Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) com adição do pedúnculo de caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) desidratado (PCD). Foram utilizados silos experimentais de cano PVC em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco níveis de adição do PCD (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20%), e quatro repetições. Trinta dias após a ensilagem os silos foram abertos e colhidas amostras das silagens de, aproximadamente, 300 g para determinação dos teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HC) e valores de pH. O percentual mínimo de 30% de MS necessário para a predominância de fermentação lática foi alcançado com a adição de 14,09% de PCD nas silagens de capim Braquiária e de 13,84% nas silagens de capim Elefante. Os teores de PB também sofreram elevações, alcançando o nível mínimo de 7% PB, citado como ideal para o bom funcionamento ruminal, com 1% de adição do PCD nas silagens de capim Braquiária e com 5,06% nas silagens de capim Elefante. Os teores de FDA foram elevados em 0,70 e 0,30 pontos percentuais, respectivamente para as silagens de capim Braquiária e de Elefante, a cada 1% de adição PCD. Os valores de pH das silagens de capim Elefante mantiveram-se dentro da faixa adequada para silagens bem conservadas (3,8?4,2), porém nas silagens de Braquiária este comportamento não foi observado, encontrando para as mesmas o valor médio de pH de 5,01 unidades. [Nutritive value of elephant-grass (Pennisetum purpureum Shum) and Brachiaria decumbens silages content dehydrated cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.)]. Abstract - tIt was aimed at to evaluate the nutritive value of silages of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) and Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens) with dehydrated cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) (DCA) addition. Were used experimental silos of PVC pipe in a completely randomized design with five DCA addition levels (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20%) and four replicates. After thirty days of ensiling the silos were open and picked samples of silages, of approximately, 300 g for determination dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemi-cellulose (HC) levels and pH values. The dry-matter minimum percentual of 30% necessary to lactic fermentation predominance was reached with 14.09% of DCA addition in Brachiaria grass silages and 13.84% in Elephant grass silages. The CP levels suffered elevations too, reached the minimum level of 7% CP, quote how ideal for a good ruminal functioning, with 1% of DCA addition in Brachiaria grass silages and 5.06% in Elephant grass silages. The FDA levels were reached in 0.70 and 0.30 percentual units, respectively to Brachiaria grass silages and Elephant grass silages, to each 1% of DCA addition. The pH values of Elephant grass silages remained within the ideal range for well-kept silages (3.8 ? 4.2), however in the Brachiaria grass silages this behavior was not observed, finding for them the medium pH value of 5.01 units.

Foram objetivos deste experimento estimar o consumo de matéria seca de vacas leiteiras mestiças em pastejo de gramínea tropical e observar e analisar o efeito da quantidade crescente de alimentosconcentrado sobre o consumo e os parâmetros retículo-ruminais (pH, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e ácidos graxos voláteis). Foram utilizadas 48 vacas em lactação divididas em dois ensaios de 24 vacas cada. As 24 primeiras vacas pastejavam os piquetes experimentais (Brachiaria sp.) em primeiro lugar, fazendo o grupo experimental de desponta, e foram divididas em três tratamentos, com 8 vacas cada, suplementadas com 4, 6 ou 8 Kg de alimento concentrado/vaca/dia na matéria natural (MN), no momento da ordenha, duas vezes ao dia. As 24 vacas remanescentes também pastejaram os mesmos piquetes, mas após a passagem do grupo inicial de vacas da desponta, perfazendo o grupo experimental de repasse, sendo suplementadas com 1, 2 e 4 Kg de alimento concentrado/vaca/dia na MN. A estimativa do consumo foi avaliada segundo técnica dos indicadores de digestibilidade e estimativa da produção fecal. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, sendo oito blocos com três vacas em cada um, cada vaca sendo alimentada com um dos três tratamentos. Um terceiro grupo de vacas canulada no rúmen foi utilizado, sendo trabalhadas de forma idêntica ao grupo experimental de desponta. Nestas vacas foi extraído líquido ruminal diretamente através da cânula nos seguintes tempos referente à primeira oferta de alimento concentrado: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17 e 24 horas. O líquido removido foi utilizado para leitura de pH e determinação da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (mg/dL), ácidos graxos voláteis totais (mM) e relação acetato:propionato. O experimento seguiu um delineamento em quadrado latino 3 x 3, em esquema de parcela subdividida. O consumo de fibra detergente neutro do pasto pelas vacas experimentais aumentou com a quantidade de suplemento fornecido, sendo 1,05, 1,03 e 1,17 %/peso vivo para o grupo da desponta suplementado com 4, 6 e 8 Kg/vaca/dia, respectivamente e de 1,19, 1,16 e 1,49%/peso vivo para o grupo de repasse suplementado com 1, 2 e 4 Kg/vaca/dia, respectivamente. Em ambos os grupos, o tratamento com a maior quantidade de suplemento diferiu dos demais tratamentos (P0,05) na concentração total de ácidos graxos voláteis (mM) e na relação molar cetato:propionato. Concluiu-se que a oferta em quantidades crescentes de alimento concentrado para vacas lactantes em regime de pastejo criou um ambiente retículo-ruminal satisfatório para que o animal respondesse à suplementação aumentando o consumo voluntário de matéria seca e de fibra detergente neutro do alimento volumoso pastejado em relação ao peso vivo The objective of the experiments were to evaluate the effect of the amount of concentrate fed on drymatter intake (DMI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFi) and into ruminal fluid pH, ammonium nitrogenand volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of lactating dairy cows grazing Brachiaria grass. Cows (n =48) were assigned to either groups (G). G-I cows (n = 24; weighing 513 Kg with 155 days in milk andproducing 16,3 Kg of milk) were divided in three treatments to receive 4, 6 or 8 Kg of concentrate daily,as fed, divided equally to the am and pm milking time. G-II cows (n = 24; weighing 523 Kg with 311days in milk and producing 8,4 Kg of milk) were divided in others three treatments to receive 1, 2 or 4 Kgof concentrate daily, as fed, divided equally to am and pm milking time. Cows from G-I were always thefirst to graze followed by G-II cows. These two experiments were assigned to be a random block design.Three rumen canulated milking cows were managed as the G-I cows (G-III). Ruminal fluid was removedfrom canulated cows before the first meal at milking time (time zero) and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 17, 24hours. The experiment was a latin square design (3x3) at a split splot scheme. The DMI as % of liveweigth were 1,81, 1,79 and 2,03 for cows that receive 4, 6 or 8 Kg (G-I) and 1,97, 1,92 and 2,46 for cowsthat receive 1, 2 or 4 Kg (G-II) of concentrate daily. Cows that receive more concentrate in both G hadgreat total DMI than the others cows (P0,05) wasobserved on VFA concentrations and on acetate:propionate ratio. It was concluded that rumenenvironment allowed an increased intake of DM and NDF in relation to live body weight in boths groups

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Higor.pdf: 123852 bytes, checksum: e9155c39f1808fcd99ef1ba4ea9cbb09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-06 Field two experiment were conduted with the aim of establishing DRIS norms for Brachiaria brizanha cv. marandú look at seeds production in the west of the state of São Paulo as an alternative for the nutritional diagnosis of plants. Experiment were conduted in the Modelo Farm of group Fachili,, in the districts of Santo Anastacio, locate in the coordinates UTM a 421.799 Easting e 7555.148 Northing, from November 2003 to October, 2004. The first experiment, answer under NPK in a factorial scheme 4 x3 x 4 being N (30, 130, 230 e 330 Kg N.ha-1), P (0, 75 e 150 Kg de P2O5.ha) e K (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg de K2O.ha-1), appliing urea, simple superphosphate and potássium chloride with nutrients font. The second experiment an test of this doses of Bore was the objective, being 0, 0,5 e 1 KgB.ha-1. The program of collect establishment, the die were subdivide different production (>200; 170-140; 140-110; 110-70; 70-50; < 50 kg seeds pure.ha-1). In the all, the die of bank contemplate 152 observation. The diagnosis by means of system DRIS in the experiment of this doses of bore indicated the diminution DRIS index Bore and the increase of production. The fertilization of potássium chloride generated the readuction DRIS index calcium e magnesium. At the NPK variation, the aplication of this elements when deficient increase the production Conduziram-se dois experimentos para estabelecer normas DRIS e aplica-las no diagnóstico nutricional para a produção de sementes de Brachiaria brizanha cv marandú no Oeste Paulista. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Modelo do Grupo Facholi, em Santo Anastácio, situadas as coordenadas UTM a 421.799 Leste e 7555.148 Norte, no período de novembro de 2003 a outubro de 2004. O primeiro experimento, em função à resposta NPK em um esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 4, sendo N (30, 130, 230 e 330 Kg N.ha-1), P (0, 75 e 150 Kg de P2O5.ha-1) e K (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg de K2O.ha-1), utilizando-se uréia, superfosfato simples e cloreto de potássio como fonte dos nutrientes. O segundo experimento com objetivo de testar doses de Boro, sendo 0, 0,5 e 1 KgB.ha. No estabelecimento do programa de coleta, os dados foram subdivididos em diversos níveis de produtividade (>200; 170-140; 140-110; 110-70; 70-50; < 50 kg sementes puras.ha-1). Ao todo, o banco de dados contemplou 152 observações. A diagnose pelo sistema DRIS no experimento com doses crescentes de boro, indicou a diminuição dos índices deficientes de boro e aumento da produção.A aplicação de potássio acarretou em redução dos teores de cálcio e magnésio.Nas variáveis NPK, a aplicação destes elementos quando deficientes aumentou a produção e quando em excesso a produção foi diminuída.

A qualidade física do solo sob sistemas de pastejo contínuo e rotacionado foi avaliada pelo Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO). A amostragem foi realizada na área experimental da Embrapa Gado de Corte. Foi estudado um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Foram avaliados quatro piquetes, sendo dois no sistema de pastejo contínuo e dois no sistema de pastejo rotacionado. No sistema de pastejo contínuo, implementado com a espécie Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete, não tendo um dos piquetes recebido adubação de manutenção (Cs), enquanto o outro havia recebido adubação bianual de manutenção (Cc). No sistema de pastejo rotacionado, implementado com a espécie Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete; em um dos piquetes, o resíduo pós-pastejo era mantido entre 2,0 e 2,5 t ha-1 de matéria seca total (MST) (R1), enquanto no outro era mantido entre 3,0 e 3,5 t ha-1 MST (R2). As amostras foram submetidas a um gradiente de tensão de água e, posteriormente, utilizadas nas determinações da densidade do solo (Ds), resistência do solo à penetração (RP), umidade volumétrica (tetav) e do IHO. O sistema de pastejo rotacionado apresentou piores condições físicas do solo para o crescimento vegetal, avaliadas pelo critério do IHO. Os maiores valores de Ds e menor IHO foram observados no R1, o que foi atribuído às taxas de lotação mais elevadas aplicadas neste piquete. Soil physical quality in continuous and short-duration rotational cattle grazing systems was evaluated using the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) approach. Soil samples were collected on an experimental site at the Embrapa - Beef Cattle Research Center (Campo Grande, MS, Brazil). The studied soil was a Typic Acrudox. Four sampling sites were selected: two under a short-duration continuous grazing system and two under intensive short-duration rotational grazing system. Thirty soil cores were collected in each site under the continuous grazing system, planted with Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk grass. One of the continuous grazing sites had received biannual fertilization (Cc) while the other had not been fertilized (Cs). Thirty soil cores were also collected in each site under the intensive rotational grazing system, planted with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania grass. In the intensive rotational grazing system the two sites differed in relation to the post-graze residue level left. In one site (R1) it varied from 2.0 to 2.5 t total dry matter (TDM) ha-1 and in the other R2 it varied from 3.0 to 3.5 t TDM ha-1. The cores were subjected to a soil water suction gradient, and then used for soil bulk density (Db), soil resistance to penetration (SR), volumetric water content (thetav), and LLWR determinations. The intensive short-duration rotational grazing system presented the worse physical soil conditions for plant growth, as evaluated by the LLWR. The highest Db and the lowest LLWR were found in R1, which could be a consequence of the heavier stocking rates used on this site.

Apomixis is asexual reproduction leading to a seed. It is the predominant mode of reproduction in grasses of the genus Brachiaria.Brachiaria decumbens is one of the widely cultivated species of grasses in the tropical areas. The knowledge about the mechanisms of apomixis and the possibility of controlling this system will extend the possibilities of introducing variability in Brachiaria and will maintain the apomictic character desirable for its propagation.A comparison of gametophyte development between a sexual diploid (D4) and an apomictic tetraploid (D58) genotype of Brachiaria decumbens was made.A calendar made based on the development in time show the differences between sexual and apomictic development. The aposporic embryo sac of the Panicum type grows faster than the Polygonum meiotic one. The apospore initials in Brachiaria decumbens were observed very early in the ovule, next to archespore or to the meiocyte. During microspore and ovule development, the pattern of callose deposition was different in sexual and apomictic plants.The distribution of the nuclei, positioned in one pole in the aposporic embryo sac allowed to differentiate them from the bipolar distribution of the nuclei observed in meiotic embryo sacs of the sexual plants. Cellularisation took place early in aposporic embryo sac and by the time of anthesis embryogenesis had already started in the apomict. In ovules of apomictic plants many embryo sacs developed. Apomixis expressed in the female side, had also an influence on the male side.Histochemical tests developed to localise the in situ sucrose synthase or invertase activity were used during ovule development in an apomictic and a sexual genotype of Brachiaria decumbens . A delay of activity of both enzymes was observed in apomictic compared to the sexual development. This delay was also reflected by the amount of carbohydrates detected in a HPLC assay. Furthermore antibodies were used to localise the enzyme in the cell. The higher level of carbohydrates detected in the early stages of development in the sexual plant is in line with the amount of enzyme and its activity. The retarded metabolism of carbohydrate in the apomict could be related to the entrance of the apospore directly in gametophytic pathway leading to a faster embryo sac development.Total mRNA pattern as observed by labelling poly A tails did not detect the differences in expression in sexual and apomictic plant ovules. But the difference found in the in situ amount of total RNA showed a change in metabolism of cells that are differentiating from nucellar cells in the chalazal side of the archespore or meiocyte during aposporic development. Such cells the first initial apospores also showed ribosome population that differ from other nucellar cells. In the sexual plant, the presence of some particular cells in the nucellus at chalazal side of the meiocyte suggested a silent aposporic capacity of this tissue. If such cells could develop into apospore initials under other conditions, like polyploidisation, is not known. In our observations the diploid plants never developed apospores in any stage of ovule development. Only studies with artificial polyploids could give a clue to these questions.Differential display of mRNA was used for identifying and cloning differentially expressed genes related to apomictic and sexual ovule development. The in situ pattern of expression of two selected sequences showed that the differential bands were in reality not exclusively expressed in one stage and one type of reproductive development. Yet, one of the sequences (4-29), similar to a membrane protein, had a pattern of expression that differs in ovules of sexual and apomictic plants and during the stages of ovule development.An in situ pattern of expression of a somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase gene isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSERK1) is presented on the sexual and apomictic plant. This gene was expressed in early stages of somatic and zygotic embryogenesis. It is though to play important function in cells with embryonic capacity. In an apomictic and sexual genotypes of Brachiaria decumbens , distinct pattern of expression of this gene was observed in mature ovules before and after anthesis. The occasional expression of this gene before anthesis in the egg apparatus of the apomict pointed to briefly and transiently expression of this gene, that in contrary might be necessary for longer time in the development of the zygotic embryo.Finally, the data found in the sexual and apomictic plant of Brachiaria was compiled to characterise the reproduction processes. The existing theories about the origin of apomixis are summarised and some consideration was made based on the data observed in Brachiaria .

A capacidade competitiva entre plantas daninhas e cultivadas é influenciada por vários fatores, entre eles o pH do meio onde as plantas crescem. Dessa forma, analisaram-se os efeitos da variação do pH sobre o desenvolvimento e os teores dos nutrientes fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio acumulado na parte aérea e nas raízes do capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) e da planta daninha malva (Urena lobata). Para isso, foram preparadas soluções nutritivas com os seguintes valores de pH: 3,5; 4,5; 5,5; e 6,5. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, por um período experimental de 42 dias. A gramínea forrageira e a planta daninha responderam diferentemente à variação do pH. O capim-marandu apresentou maior sensibilidade às variações do pH, tendo sido a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes sempre crescente em função do aumento do pH. Por sua vez, a produção de matéria seca das duas frações da planta daninha não foi influenciada pela variação do pH. Comparativamente, o capim-marandu apresentou maior habilidade para absorver nutrientes em pH 6,5, enquanto a malva apresentou maior habilidade em condições de pH extremo (3,5 e 6,5). Independentemente do pH da solução nutritiva e da parte da planta analisada, os teores de fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio foram, quase sempre, mais elevados na planta daninha do que no capim-marandu, demonstrando que a malva apresenta maior habilidade para extrair esses nutrientes do solo.

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