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An overview of the steps employed to advance non-volatile Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3-based materials from parallel capacitor array test structures to embedded 130 nm (1.5 V operation) memory product release is presented. Specific development stages include parallel capacitor array evaluation, capacitor characterization array development, memory macro creation and measurement, and initial product design and qualification. Representative data, learning goals, and critical outputs will be presented for each development phase. We note that the cost and complexity of the development effort increase dramatically as the new technology approaches high-volume manufacturing. We hope that the documentation of our experiences in this manuscript may be of assistance to those teams striving to create the next generations of non-volatile embedded memory technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The Cluster of Excellence ‘Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI)’1 addresses developments and inventions for the use in or as smart devices in many areas, such as Industry 4.0, medicine and skill learning. The application of sensor units in smart textiles is widespread and used in various industry branches. Besides sensors, the development of textile actuating units is a relevant research topic. This paper discusses a theoretical actuator concept that leads to a ready-to-implement fiber-based electrostatic brake concept (passive actuator). Generally, the set-up is similar to a capacitor. Two different variants are presented according to the design of the dielectric and outer electrode layer. The dielectric material, its thickness, manufacturing process, future properties and implementation possibilities of the concepts are considered. Finally, a proof of concept with first results is presented.

High performance power electronics design requires a firm characterization of active and passive components. This work presents a framework for quantifying passive component performance by reviewing both existing methods and robust de- vice figures-of-merit. A comprehensive survey yields aggregated data for nearly 700,000 commercial capacitors and inductors of all types. To supplement deficiencies in this data, this work proposes and validates several empirical expressions to estimate passive component energy storage and mass. Estimation of volu- metric mass density per component type allows the approxima- tion of component mass from accessible box volume. Estimation of energy-equivalent capacitance in nonlinear Class II ceramic capacitors facilitates the evaluation of stored energy and related energy density figures-of-merit. A phenomenological analysis of the comprehensive component data produces several conclusory determinations about peak energy density capabilities—with respect to volume, mass, and cost—across capacitor and inductor technologies.

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic performance of a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) AC-DC converter utilizing the advanced control technique of virtual flux direct power control (VFDPC). VFDPC estimates the three-phase grid voltage and instantaneous active and reactive power components, eliminating the need for an AC input voltage sensor used in conventional direct power control (DPC). This reduction in sensors decreases system complexity and cost while mitigating high-frequency noise and interference. Integrating VFDPC into 3L NPC AC-DC converters significantly enhances overall performance, leading to more efficient and robust power conversion systems. However, a significant challenge in the three-level NPC topology is the voltage imbalance in the neutral point of the DC-link capacitor, which can cause excessive voltage stress on switching devices and degrade system performance. To address this, a novel lookup table has been developed, incorporating strategies to balance the capacitor voltage. The results of this study demonstrate that VFDPC generates nearly sinusoidal line currents with reduced current total harmonic distortion (THD). Additionally, VFDPC ensures unity, lagging, and leading power factor operation, while providing flexibility to adjust the DC-link output voltage and accommodate load variations. These capabilities highlight VFDPC effectiveness in managing power quality and system stability, even under varying load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative consequences of the peak selection of network products (electricity, water, gas, and other resources, including time distribution in computer programs) force the supplier to introduce tariff-based time payments. Thus, the question arises as to whether the consumer’s payment can indeed be minimized at a specific mode of product consumption if there is a system of its accumulation, that is, capacitor or storage, which replenishes or consumes its reserves at times of low and high tariff prices. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to make optimal use of accumulator resources, which can be drawn upon during periods of high tariffs and replenished when the need for them is less urgent and tariffs are lower. To achieve this, an appropriate mathematical problem is formulated (for the purposes of concretization, relating to the question of minimizing the payment for electricity consumption) that considers the operational characteristics of the storage and the different modes of energy consumption. This mathematical problem for the minimum can be solved using standard linear programming. The results of the numerical calculations of payments for a particular enterprise both without storage and with the use of capacitor are presented. The gain in payment was approximately 20 per cent.

The article is aimed at generalizing the results of the study of asynchronous generators (AG) of autonomous welding arc power sources (AWPS) obtained in the Department of Electromechanical Systems of the Institute of Electrodynamics of the NASU. The proposed classification of AG of autonomous welding systems is considered, mathematical models are developed, the results of computational and experimental studies of such systems with AG with capacitor excitation and an uncontrolled rectifier, in the DC circuit of which high-frequency inverters, pulse-width regulators or half-bridge inverters are connected, as well as generators with valve and valve-capacitor excitation. The design features and experimental samples of welding arc power sources with AG are considered. The directions of further research are determined. Ref. 42, fig. 5.

Abstract Recently, many high-gain topologies have been derived. However, there is a need for a high-gain converter with fault-tolerant features. In this paper, a fault-tolerant reconfigurable quadratic boost converter is proposed for DC microgrid application. In this novel topology, 2-level redundancy is achieved by addressing the fault in the switch and capacitors. The operation of the converter in normal operating conditions and reconfiguration mode is discussed. The derived topology can achieve the same voltage gain even in the reconfiguration mode. The proposed topology exhibits better performance in the reconfiguration state. The voltage stress across the input and output capacitor is reduced in that state. The reliability analysis of capacitors in both states is carried out and compared with the aid of the reliability handbook. Finally, the topology operation in a normal and reconfiguration state is validated by building a 1-kW hardware setup. The results show that the quadratic boost converter in a reconfiguration state operates without altering the voltage gain of the converter and with reduced voltage stress across the capacitors.

(1–x)(0.60eBi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.35SrTiO3–0.05BiFeO3)–xBi(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) ceramics processed via a solid‐state sintering route were investigated. Analysis of XRD data revealed the formation of the parent phase along with a minor secondary phase for each ceramic composition. The doping of BMS led to a decrease in the dielectric loss (tanδ ≤3%) for the composition with x = 0.10 in the temperature range 25°C–400°C. The observed small grain size of the sample with x = 0.10 may be responsible for its lower electrical conductivity which enhanced the energy storage performance. Furthermore, the overall resistance of all the compositions decreased with an increase in temperature which indicated a semiconducting behavior. For the sample with x = 0.10, enhancement in the overall properties was observed, i.e., stored energy density (Ws) ∼2.67 J/cm3, recoverable energy density (Wrec) ∼1.691 J/cm3 and efficiency (η) ∼63% at a dielectric breakdown strength (BDS) ∼200 kV/cm. This composition may be suitable as an energy storage capacitor for pulsed power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in 3D printing technology have enabled the rapid production of complex structures, yet the dielectric performance of 3D printing materials and their potential for manufacturing electrical components remain insufficiently studied. In this study, a capacitor rated at 10 kV with a capacitance of 1 nF was designed and developed for high-voltage applications. During the production of the capacitor, the insulating and conductive parts were fabricated using a 3D printer. While PLA, ABS, ASA, and PETG were employed as insulating materials, aluminum was chosen as the conductive part. Theoretical calculations and the finite element method were used to validate the measured capacitance of the equipment. The performance of the prototype capacitor was analyzed through partial discharge inception voltages (PDIV), dissipation factor (tanδ), and breakdown voltage measurements. Dissipation factor measurements were performed at 2 and 4 kV voltages in the 50–400 Hz frequency range. The performance of employed materials was comparatively analyzed through experimental and simulation results. Finally, the impact of different insulating materials on the dielectric performance of the prototype capacitors was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, many high-gain topologies have been derived. However, there is a need for a high-gain converter with fault-tolerant features. In this paper, a fault-tolerant reconfigurable quadratic boost converter is proposed for DC microgrid application. In this novel topology, 2-level redundancy is achieved by addressing the fault in the switch and capacitors. The operation of the converter in normal operating conditions and reconfiguration mode is discussed. The derived topology can achieve the same voltage gain even in the reconfiguration mode. The proposed topology exhibits better performance in the reconfiguration state. The voltage stress across the input and output capacitor is reduced in that state. The reliability analysis of capacitors in both states is carried out and compared with the aid of the reliability handbook. Finally, the topology operation in a normal and reconfiguration state is validated by building a 1-kW hardware setup. The results show that the quadratic boost converter in a reconfiguration state operates without altering the voltage gain of the converter and with reduced voltage stress across the capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, biomaterials are gaining popularity due to high need to make energy storage devices greener and safer. After the carbonization process, lignin has a slightly larger specific surface and a porous structure, which can provide a significant electrochemical double-layer capacity. When combined with kraft lignin as a binder, which helps maintain the structural integrity of the electrode, the efficient use of the active material can be enhanced. The binder facilitates better dispersion of carbonized lignin particles, reducing agglomeration and ensuring greater availability of active sites for electrolyte ions. The aim of this work is to present a novel lignin-based hard carbon as an electrode material for applications in electrochemical capacitors. To this end, a detailed physicochemical and electrochemical analysis was conducted. Kraft lignin was carbonized at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 °C. The resulting material is characterized by thermal stability, a low polydispersion index (PDI), and mesoporosity. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was used to determine changes in structure, while functional groups were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In electrochemical applications, the material exhibits high cyclic stability and no redox reactions, with the primary mechanism of charge accumulation being based on the electrochemical double layer. Additionally, low resistances contribute to improved charge storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of phosphorous (P), and oxygen (O) heteroatoms in the natural honeydew chemical structure is one of the most effective, and practical approaches to synthesizing activated carbon for possible high‐performance energy storage applications. The performance metrics of supercapacitors depend on surface functional groups and high‐surface‐area electrodes that can play a dominant role in areas that require high‐power applications. Here, we report a phosphorous and oxygen co‐doped honeydew peel‐derived activated carbon (HDP‐AC) electrode with low surface area for supercapacitor via H3PO4 activation. This activator forms phosphorylation with cellulose fibers in the HDP. The formation of heteroatoms stabilizes the cellulose structure by preventing the formation of levoglucosan (C6H10O5), a cellulose combustion product, which would otherwise offer a pathway for a substantial degradation of cellulose into volatile products. Therefore, heteroatom doping has proved effective, in improving the electrochemical properties of AC‐based electrodes for supercapacitors. The specific capacitance of HDP‐AC exhibits greatly improved performance with increasing carbon‐to‐H3PO4 ratio, especially in energy density and power density. The improved performance is attributed to the high phosphorous doping with a hierarchical porous structure, which enables the transportation of ions at higher current rates. The high specific capacitance of 486, and 478 F/g at 0.6, and 1.3 A/g in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte with a prominent retention of 98.5 % is observed for 2 M H3PO4 having an impregnation ratio of 1 : 4. The higher yield of HDP‐AC could only be obtained at an activation temperature of 500 °C with an optimized amount of H3PO4 ratio. The findings suggest that the concentration of heteroatoms as surface functional groups in the synthesized HDP‐AC depends on the chosen biomass precursor and the processing conditions. This work opens new avenues for utilizing biomass‐derived materials in energy storage, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in addressing environmental challenges and advancing toward a greener future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) systems has increased significantly over the past few decades, and related technologies have advanced significantly. The electrical characteristics of a PV system change nonlinearly based on irradiation and temperature, and the I–V characteristic curve, expressed in terms of the voltage and current, is used to verify these characteristics. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method was applied to maximize the performance of the PV system. Voltage and current sensors are used to control the I–V characteristic curve and MPPT; however, current sensors have various disadvantages in terms of price and system configuration. Therefore, this study presents a method for calculating the current of a PV system using the charging characteristics of a capacitor. The method presented in this paper analyzes the I–V characteristic curve's qualities through simulations and experiments under normal, shaded, and mismatched conditions of the PV module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical entanglements between carboxymethyl cellulose chains and poly(acrylamide-covinyl imidazole) have resulted in a unique solid hydrogel electrolyte (SHE) material with highly controllable properties. The SHE showed an excellent self-healing property, as confirmed by the "LED glowing" experiment, and the 'self-healed 'material recovered 78 % of its original elongation capacity. The freshly prepared SHE, when put on the copper surface, required a detachment pressure (DP) of 864 Pa, while a fairly high DP of 8909 Pa was required after 24 h of contact. The SHE sample was highly flexible and regained its shape after knotting, folding, and twisting. The hydrogel also exhibited shape memory property. Finally, the samples SHE-I and SHE-IV (containing 0 and 4 mL glycerol per 40 mL of film forming solution) were charged using a 12-volt supercapacitor for 2 min and then employed to glow LED bulb as well as run alarm clock. It was found that sample SHE-I was able to glow the LED bulb for almost 55 min, while sample SHE-IV successfully lit the LED for almost 357 min. Similarly, a small alarm clock was run by the two SHE systems for 118 and 838 min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical polarization and defect transport are examined in 0.8BaTiO3–0.2BiZn0.5Ti0.5O3, an attractive capacitor material for high power electronics. Oxygen vacancies are suggested to be the majority charge carrier at or below 250°C with a grain conduction hopping activation energy of 0.97 eV and 0.92 eV for thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) and impedance spectroscopy measurements, respectively. At higher temperature, thermally generated electronic conduction with an activation energy of 1.6 eV is dominant. Significant oxygen vacancy concentration is indicated (up to ∼1%) due to cation vacancy formation (i.e., acceptor defects) from observed Bi (and likely Zn) volatility. Oxygen vacancy diffusivity is estimated to be 10−12.8 cm2/s at 250°C. Low diffusivity and high activation energies are indicative of significant defect interactions. Dipolar oxygen vacancy defects are also indicated, with an activation energy of 0.59 eV from TSDC measurements. The large oxygen vacancy content leads to a short lifetime during high voltage (30 kV/cm), high temperature (250°C) direct current (DC) electrical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conventional solid‐state reaction route was utilized for the fabrication of Ba0.55Sr0.45Ti1−xMnxO3 (x =.004,.006,.008,.01, and.015) ceramics. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms revealed pseudo‐cubic structural symmetry with a single phase. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed fine grain morphology for x =.006, while an obvious increase in grain size was detected at x >.006. A high‐energy storage density (Ws) of 2.47 J cm−3 and a recoverable energy density (Wrec) of 1.36 J cm−3 at an applied electric field of 220 kV cm−1 were achieved for x =.006. An impedance spectroscopic study showed the electrical response relationship with microstructure. The observed two semicircles in Nyquist plots are an indication of the contribution of grains (bulk) and grain boundaries as a resistive medium for conduction of charge carriers, which led to enhanced the capability in capacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical polarization and defect transport are examined in 0.8BaTiO3–0.2BiZn0.5Ti0.5O3, an attractive capacitor material for high power electronics. Oxygen vacancies are suggested to be the majority charge carrier at or below 250°C with a grain conduction hopping activation energy of 0.97 eV and 0.92 eV for thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) and impedance spectroscopy measurements, respectively. At higher temperature, thermally generated electronic conduction with an activation energy of 1.6 eV is dominant. Significant oxygen vacancy concentration is indicated (up to ∼1%) due to cation vacancy formation (i.e., acceptor defects) from observed Bi (and likely Zn) volatility. Oxygen vacancy diffusivity is estimated to be 10−12.8 cm2/s at 250°C. Low diffusivity and high activation energies are indicative of significant defect interactions. Dipolar oxygen vacancy defects are also indicated, with an activation energy of 0.59 eV from TSDC measurements. The large oxygen vacancy content leads to a short lifetime during high voltage (30 kV/cm), high temperature (250°C) direct current (DC) electrical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel experiment has been conducted with a high confidence level of 80%, which confirms for the first time the prediction made by Maxwell's theory. The experiment demonstrated that the near-field displacement current existing between the 1.5 m separated two poles of an air dielectric capacitor is nonlocal in nature, implying instantaneous action at a distance between the two poles. However, we observed signaling and transfer of information in this case, which suggests the possibility of superluminal signaling. Nevertheless, we could not measure any finite signal propagation speed, indicating that the speed may be many times greater than the light speed. These findings are important because, for the first time, it was identified that in the special case of near-field EM signal propagation between the poles of an air dielectric capacitor, the displacement current field of the capacitor behaves as a nonlocal macroscopic effect. However, the non-communication theorem does not apply in this case, and we have clearly demonstrated signaling and transfer of information in the near-field. Based on these findings, any delay in the charging or discharging of an air parallel poles capacitor, along with the corresponding signal propagation delay, is solely due to its conduction electron current and not its displacement current. Furthermore, it appears that the signal propagates instantaneously or possibly at superluminal speeds within the inner air space between the capacitor's poles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A systematic evaluation of deploying Ga x Ce y O z passivation layer (PL) on Si substrate subjected to postdeposition annealing in forming gas-oxygen-forming gas ambient at different temperatures (600–900 °C) was carried out. The inclusion of hydrogen and/or nitrogen ions, in addition to their attachment to oxygen vacancies and Si dangling bonds, has been reported. The attachment became more prominent at 600 and 700 °C while oppositely, the incoming oxygen ions acquired adequate energy to break the attachment at/beyond 800 °C. Therefore, it is conceivable that the Ga x Ce y O z PL annealed at/beyond 800 °C have attained a thicker interfacial layer (IL). The acquisition of a higher N ss has been attributed to the de-passivation of Si dangling bonds by the excessive hydrogen ions present at the interface. The potential of utilizing Ga x Ce y O z PL annealed at 700 °C as a PL for metal-oxide-semiconductor applications was inferred through a thorough electrical analysis conducted in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) is prepared with Bi 1.5 MgNb 1.5 O 7 (BMN) pyrochlores, which has medium dielectric constant, large dielectric tunability, and especially the very small dielectric loss. The multilayer ceramic capacitors with Bi 1.5 MgNb 1.5 O 7 as the dielectric material are prepared by a tape-casting method. The dielectric constant of the BMN thick film was observed to be superior to that of the bulk material, indicating its potential application in electronic devices. The increase in dielectric constant during the preparation of multilayer ceramic capacitors was explained by investigating the interdiffusion between the ceramic thick films and the electrodes. The BMN thick films and Ag 0.7 /Pd 0.3 electrodes showed a dense microstructure and serial interfaces when sintering at 1050 °C for 1.5 h. The capacitor exhibited good temperature stability with a dielectric constant temperature coefficient of −249.94 ppm/°C, a relative dielectric constant of 216, and a dielectric loss of 0.00036. Provides insights for the development and optimization of high-performance dielectric tunable electronic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging energy storage devices are vital approaches towards peak carbon dioxide emissions. Zinc-ion energy storage devices (ZESDs), including zinc ion capacitors and zinc ion batteries, are being intensely pursued due to their abundant resources, economic effectiveness, high safety, and environmental friendliness. Carbon materials play their important role in the development of ZESDs, from cathode, electrolyte, to metallic Zn anode. Though thrilling development has been achieved in ZESDs, they still face the challenges of unsatisfactory capacity and kinetics for cathode, and irreversibility and low utilization rate of Zn anode. Hence, the roles of carbon materials in ZESDs are systematically discussed, starting with investigating carbons with different dimensions as cathodes and the corresponding strategies to improve their performance. Also, carbons as coatings or skeletons for other types of cathode materials are introduced. Besides, the functions of carbons in electrolyte development are explored. Further, the influence of carbon materials on Zn anode is elucidated with the corresponding operational mechanisms. Finally, an outlook for carbon materials in ZESDs is provided. We envision the presented minireview can pay way on exploring novel carbon research towards next-generation energy storage technologies. Highlights: • Zinc-ion energy storage devices (ZESDs) are powerful rechargeable alternatives towards sustainability. • Carbon materials play vital roles on addressing the critical challenges in ZESDs. • Incorporation of redox-active entities serve as a mainstream to enhance the performance of carbon nanostructures for cathodes in ZESDs. • Carbons with high chemical stability are imperative to explore new charge storage mechanism in ZESDs. • Reversibility of metallic Zn anode can be greatly improved by novel carbon coatings or hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many regions of our country, and the world, access to laboratory practice in physics and especially electromagnetics is limited. The lack of access to laboratories has significant consequences for students, including the loss of practical experience, limited learning opportunities and less development of technical skills. For this reason, a prototype is presented in this work that allows, remotely, to recognize the capacitor as an energy storage device. For this purpose, a three-phase methodology was followed: i) first, requirements gathering; ii) then, a use case diagram was elaborated to provide a vision of how users interact with the hardware; iii) finally, the services and functions that the program offers to the user were implemented. This facilitates the student the remote execution of the laboratory test, the data collection, its visualization, the downloading of the required graphs and the calculation of the experimental error. Thus, with the data obtained it was possible to determine the time Tau constant of charge and discharge of the capacitor and to study the behavior of its curves. This ratifies the capacitor as an efficient charge storage device and this conclusion can be reached remotely, this type of laboratory tests also promotes a more accessible and inclusive education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitors are crucial components in power electronic converters, responsible for harmonic elimination, energy buffering, and voltage stabilization. However, they are also the most susceptible to damage due to their operational environment. Accurate temperature estimation of capacitors is essential for monitoring their condition and ensuring the reliability of the converter system. This paper presents a novel method for estimating the core temperature of capacitors using a long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm. The approach incorporates a continued training mechanism to adapt to variable load conditions in converters. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed method's high accuracy and robustness, making it suitable for real-time capacitor temperature monitoring in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Components & Materials is the property of Electronic Components & Materials and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on the influence of the fractional-order (FO) resonant capacitor on the zero-voltage-switching quasi-resonant converter (ZVS QRC). The FO impedance model of the capacitor is introduced to the circuit model of the ZVS QRC; hence, a piecewise smooth FO model is developed for the converter. Numerical solutions of the converter are obtained by using both the fractional Adams–Bashforth–Moulton (F-ABM) method and Oustaloup's rational approximation method. In addition, the analytical solution of the converter is obtained by the Grünwald–Letnikov (GL) definition, which reveals the influence of the FO resonant capacitor on the zero-crossing point (ZCP) and resonant state of the converter. An experimental platform was built to verify the results of the theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents the fabrication and characterization of an interdigitated capacitive (IDC) sensor on a wooden substrate using pencil traces. The resistance of the pencil traces decreased from 100 kΩ to 5 kΩ as the pencil grade shifted from HB to 8B. Concurrently, capacitance measurements revealed an increase from approximately 5 pF for a 5-finger IDC made with HB pencil to around 32 pF for an 8B pencil counterpart. Increasing the number of pencil traces from 10 to 50 resulted in a significant decrease in resistance and a proportional increase in capacitance. Application of the IDC sensor demonstrated notable changes in capacitance upon proximity and touch, with a significant decrease upon removal. The interdigitated capacitance sensor exhibits good proximity effects and contact sensitivity in touch, with capacitance increasing exponentially from 0.3 pF (7 cm) to 1.2 pF (direct contact), highlighting its ability to detect objects with high precision. Additionally, environmental factors such as temperature and humidity influence capacitance values. These findings underscore the potential of pencil-drawn IDC sensors for responsive and adaptable applications in various fields.