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Objective: To explore the effects of tensile force on vascular lumen formation in three-dimensional printed tissue. Methods: The experimental research method was used. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were extracted from discarded umbilical cord tissue of 3 healthy women (aged 22 to 35 years) who gave birth in the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital from September 2020 to May 2021. Human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) were extracted from discarded normal skin tissue of 10 male patients (aged 20 to 45 years) who underwent wound repair in the Department of Hand Surgery of Suzhou Ruihua Orthopaedic Hospital from September 2020 to September 2022. After identification of the two kinds of cells, the 4 th to 6 th passage of cells were taken for the follow-up experiments. HUVECs and HSFs were used as seed cells, and polycaprolactone, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and fibrin were used as scaffold materials, and the three-dimensional printed vascularized tissue was created by three-dimensional bioprinting technology. The printed tissue with polycaprolactone scaffold of 6 and 10 mm spacing, and without polycaprolactone scaffold were set as 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group, 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group, and non-polycaprolactone group, respectively. After 4 days of culture, the printed tissue in 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group was selected to detect the cell survival by cell viability detection kit, and the cell survival rate was calculated. After 14 days of culture, the printed tissue in three groups were taken, and the shape change of tissue was observed by naked eyes; immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the arrangement of filamentous actin, and lumen diameter, total length, and number of branches of vessel in the tissue. The tissue with micro-spring structure in the above-mentioned three groups was designed, printed, and cultured for 9 days, and the tensile force applied in the printed tissue was measured according to the force-displacement curve. The number of samples was all 3 in the above experiments. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test. Results: After 4 days of culture, the cell survival rate in printed tissue in 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group was (91.3±2.2)%. After 14 days of culture, the shape change of printed tissue in non-polycaprolactone group was not obvious, while the shape changes of printed tissue in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group and 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group were obvious. After 14 days of culture, the arrangement of filamentous actin in the printed tissue in non-polycaprolactone group had no specific direction, while the arrangement of filamentous actin in the printed tissue in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group and 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group had a specific direction. After 14 days of culture, The vascular lumen diameters of the printed tissue in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group and 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group were (6.0±1.3) and (10.8±1.3) μm, respectively, which were significantly larger than 0 μm in non-polycaprolactone group ( P <0.05), and the vascular lumen diameter of printed tissue in 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group was significantly larger than that in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group ( P <0.05); the total length and number of branches of blood vessel in the printed tissue in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group and 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group were significantly shorter or less than those in non-polycaprolactone group ( P <0.05), and the total length and number of branches of blood vessel in the printed tissue in 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group were significantly shorter or less than those in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group. After 9 days of culture, the tensile forces applied in the printed tissue in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group and 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group were (2 340±59) and (4 284±538) μN, respectively, which were significantly higher than 0 μN in non-polycaprolactone group ( P <0.05), and the tensile force applied in the printed tissue in 10 mm spacing polycaprolactone group was significantly higher than that in 6 mm spacing polycaprolactone group ( P <0.05). Conclusions: The three-dimensional printed scaffold structure can exert different tensile force in the printed tissue, and the vascular lumen diameter of the printed tissue can be regulated by adjusting the tensile force.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(16)H(16)N(2)O(3), displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 99.0 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along the b axis.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(15)H(13)ClN(2)O(2), displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 77.1 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along the b axis.

The title compound, C(14)H(10)ClN(3)O(4), was synthesized by the reaction of 5-hydr-oxy-2-nitro-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 4-chloro-benzohydrazide in methanol. The mol-ecule displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 3.9 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along the b axis.

The title compound, C(14)H(10)Cl(2)N(2)O, was synthesized by the reaction of 2-chloro-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 4-chloro-benzohydrazide in methanol. The mol-ecule displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 8.6 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along the c axis.

The title compound, C(14)H(9)BrCl(2)N(2)O, was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4-dichloro-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The mol-ecule displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 5.3 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along the c axis.

The title compound, C(15)H(13)BrN(2)O(2)·CH(3)OH, was synthesized by the reaction of 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The benzohydrazide mol-ecule displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 4.0 (2)°. The benzohydrazide and methanol mol-ecules are linked into a chain propagating along the b axis by O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

The title compound, C(14)H(10)BrN(3)O(4), was synthesized by the reaction of 4-hydr-oxy-3-nitro-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The mol-ecule displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 4.6 (2)°. The nitro group is almost coplanar with the attached benzene ring [dihedral angle = 4.7 (2)°]. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked into sheets parallel to (100) by inter-molecular N-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

The title compound, C(14)H(10)BrClN(2)O, was synthesized by the reaction of 2-chloro-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The mol-ecule displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 13.0 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along the c axis.

The title compound, C(15)H(12)Br(2)N(2)O(3), was synthesized by the reaction of 3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 2-methoxy-benzohydrazide in methanol. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 3.4 (2)° and intra-molecular O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed in the mol-ecule. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with a 0.513 (19):0.487 (19) domain ratio.

The title compound, C(18)H(13)BrN(2)O(2), was synthesized by the reaction of 2-hydr-oxy-1-naphthaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the naphthyl ring system is 18.3 (2)°. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond is observed between the phenolate O and imine N atoms. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain running along [101].

The title compound, C(14)H(10)Br(2)N(2)O(2), was synthesized by the reaction of 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 10.5 (4)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form chains parallel to the c axis, and an intra-molecular O-H⋯N inter-action also occurs.

The title compound, C(14)H(10)Br(2)N(2)O(3)·H(2)O, was synthesized by the reaction of 3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde with an equimolar amount of 4-hydroxy-benzohydrazide in methanol. The structure comprises a Schiff base unit and a water mol-ecule of crystallization. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings in the Schiff base is 1.3 (3)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, with the water mol-ecule serving as both donor and acceptor. As a result, layers are formed, which are approximately parallel to the bc plane.

The title compound, C(14)H(11)BrN(2)O(2), was synthesized by the reaction of 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 40.1 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network.