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The paper presents a wide-bandwidth, low-polarization semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based on strained quantum wells. By enhancing the material gain of quantum wells for TM modes, we have extended the gain bandwidth of the SOA while reducing its polarization sensitivity. Through a combination of tilted waveguide design and cavity surface optical thin film design, we have effectively reduced the cavity surface reflectance of the SOA, thus decreasing device transmission losses and noise figure. At a wavelength of 1550 nm and a drive current of 1.4 A, the output power can reach 188 mW, with a small signal gain of 36.4 dB and a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 128 nm. The linewidth broadening is only 1.032 times. The polarization-dependent gain of the SOA is below 1.4 dB, and the noise figure is below 5.5 dB. The device employs only I-line lithography technology, offering simple fabrication processes and low costs yet delivering outstanding and stable performance. The designed SOA achieves wide gain bandwidth, high gain, low polarization sensitivity, low linewidth broadening, and low noise, promising significant applications in the wide-bandwidth optical communication field across the S + C + L bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization-insensitive semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) in all-optical networks can improve the signal-light quality and transmission rate. Herein, to reduce the gain sensitivity to polarization, a multi-quantum-well SOA in the 1550 nm band is designed, simulated, and developed. The active region mainly comprises the quaternary compound InGaAlAs, as differences in the potential barriers and wells of the components cause lattice mismatch. Consequently, a strained quantum well is generated, providing the SOA with gain insensitivity to the polarization state of light. In simulations, the SOA with ridge widths of 4 µm, 5 µm, and 6 µm is investigated. A 3 dB gain bandwidth of >140 nm is achieved with a 4 µm ridge width, whereas a 6 µm ridge width provides more output power and gain. The saturated output power is 150 mW (21.76 dB gain) at an input power of 0 dBm but increases to 233 mW (13.67 dB gain) at an input power of 10 dBm. The polarization sensitivity is <3 dBm at −20 dBm. This design, which achieves low polarization sensitivity, a wide gain bandwidth, and high gain, will be applicable in a wide range of fields following further optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the interior sound quality of Electric Vehicles (EV), solve the problem of low sense of power and comfort of the interior sound as well as the large electromagnetic excitation order noise of motor and the sharp interior sound, this article designs a dynamic active sound control system for EV under accelerated driving conditions. Firstly, by comparing and analyzing the sound spectrum characteristics of fuel vehicle (FV) and EV during acceleration, a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is adopted to extract and synthesize the engine sound. Secondly, the influence of the engine order composition and the energy distribution in the frequency domain on the sound quality of the vehicle is analyzed, and an active control system for sound quality is proposed. And the software and hardware development of the active control sound system is completed. Finally, through real-vehicle testing and verification, the sense of comfort and power of the EV interior sound has been greatly improved during acceleration, and the total value of interior sound can meet the requirement. The sound pressure level and loudness of interior sound have been increased, and the sharpness of the sound inside the vehicle has been improved, with a maximum reduction of 1.0acum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity of nanoplastics (NPs) at relatively low concentrations to soil fauna at different organismal levels is poorly understood. We investigated the responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) to polystyrene NPs (90–110 nm) contaminated soil at a relatively low concentration (0.02 % w:w) based on multi-omics, morphological, and intestinal microorganism analyses. Results showed that NPs accumulated in earthworms' intestinal tissues. The NPs damaged earthworms' digestive and immune systems based on injuries of the intestinal epithelium and chloragogenous tissues (tissue level) and increased the number of changed genes in the digestive and immune systems (transcriptome level). The NPs reduced gut microorganisms' diversity (Shannon index) and species richness (Chao 1 index). Proteomic, transcriptome, and histopathological analyses showed that earthworms suffered from oxidative and inflammatory stresses. Moreover, NPs influenced the osmoregulatory metabolism of earthworms as NPs damaged intestinal epithelium (tissue level), increased aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption (transcriptome level), inositol phosphate metabolism (proteomic level) and 2-hexyl-5-ethyl-furan-3-sulfonic acid, and decreased betaine and myo-inositol concentrations (metabolic level). Transcriptional-metabolic and transcriptional-proteomic analyses revealed that NPs disrupted earthworm carbohydrate and arachidonic acid metabolisms. Our multi-level investigation indicates that NPs at a relatively low concentration induced toxicity to earthworms and suggests that NPs pollution has significant environmental toxicity risks for soil fauna. [Display omitted] • Nanoplastics (NPs) induced oxidative and inflammatory stress on earthworms. • NPs damaged intestinal epithelium and chloragogenous tissues of earthworms. • NPs reduced biodiversity and species richness of earthworm gut microbiota. • NPs disturbed osmoregulatory and carbohydrate metabolisms of earthworms. • NPs induced anormal arachidonic acid metabolisms in earthworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict of filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) algorithm between convergence speed and steady-state misalignment restricts the performance of the adaptive system. The convex combination approach can successfully avoid this contradiction as it combines two adaptive filters that adopt different step sizes. Firstly, the generalized versoria function is applied as the cost function to develop the filtered-x maximum versoria criterion (FxMVC) algorithm, which has good performance in the face of impulsive noise and performs better than the FxLMS algorithm. Then, inspired by the convex combination approach, C-FxMVC is developed by combining the FxLMS algorithm with the FxMVC algorithm to obtain better behavior, and the FxLMS algorithm is employed in the fast filter. To further optimize the performance of the presented algorithm, we use the method of amplitude-constraint, and the amplitude of e (n) and X (n) are restrained nicely. Numerous simulations are employed to verify the effectiveness and rationality of the presented algorithm, where the impulsive noise required for the simulation environment is consistent with symmetric α -stable (S α S) distribution model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed C-FxMVC algorithm can possess better efficacy in terms of convergence speed and noise reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feedforward hybrid active noise control (HANC) system combines the strengths of the narrowband ANC (NANC) system and the broadband ANC (BANC) system. Taking this advantage into account, this paper applies it to attenuate the vehicle interior noise mixed with narrowband and broadband components. However, in the HANC system, the NANC subsystem and BANC subsystem are fed a common error signal which depends on the combined secondary signals from the both subsystems. This causes the problem of mutual coupling and hence affects the noise reduction performance. To tackle the problem, we propose a modified HANC (MHANC) system in this paper. In the MHANC system, the error signal of each ANC subsystem is independently synthesized on the basis of the estimated primary and secondary signals. Note that the NANC system for engine order noise control suffers performance deterioration when the fluctuating real-time engine speed signal is used for constructing internal reference signals. For performance improvement, an enhanced NANC (ENANC) system is developed by smoothing the fluctuating engine speed signal. Meanwhile,the ENANC system is incorporated in the MHANC system to form an enhanced MHANC (EMHANC) system. Simulations were performed on the vehicle interior noise recorded under actual driving conditions. The corresponding results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed MHANC and EMHANC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]