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The effect of increased levels of carbon dioxide on the growth (fresh weight), morphogenesis (formation of leaves, roots and shoots) and tissue concentrations of the naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin) was determined for St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Plants, started from shoot cuttings in a vermiculite-peat moss mixture within a greenhouse employing natural sunlight, were grown for eight weeks under CO[2] levels of 350, 1500, 3000, 10,000 and 30,000 microl CO[2]/liter atmospheres. Elevated CO[2] levels (>/= 1500 microl CO[2]/liter) significantly increased growth and morphogenesis compared with ambient (350 microl CO[2]/liter) levels (control). Levels of hypericin were significantly higher at 1500 and 3000 microl CO[2]/liter than at ambient CO[2], while the higher (10,000 and 30,000 microl CO[2]/liter) CO[2] atmospheres caused reductions in levels of both naphthodianthrones in plant tissues. Because of increased plant growth, however, naphthodianthrone yields were significantly increased at elevated CO[2] levels as compared with controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural product (NP)-based pesticides have emerged as a compelling alternative to traditional chemical fungicides, attracting substantial attention within the agrochemical industry as the world is pushing toward sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches to safeguard crops. Microbes, both bacteria and fungi, are a huge source of diverse secondary metabolites with versatile applications across pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the food industry. Microbial genome mining has been accelerated for pesticide/drug discovery and development in recent years, driven by advancements in genome sequencing, bioinformatics, metabolomics/metabologenomics, and synthetic biology. Here, we isolated and identified Pseudomonas vancouverensis that had shown antifungal activities against crop fungal pathogens Colletotrichum fragariae , Botrytis cinerea , and Phomopsis obscurans in a dual-plate culture and bioautography assay. Further, we sequenced the whole bacterial genome and mined the genome of this bacterium to identify secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) using antiSMASH 7.0, PRISM 4, and BAGEL 4. An in-silico analysis suggests that P. vancouverensis possesses a rich repertoire of BGCs with the potential to produce diverse and novel NPs, including non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), polyketides (PKs), acyl homoserine lactone, cyclodipeptide, bacteriocins, and ribosomally synthesized and post-transcriptionally modified peptides (RiPPs). Bovienimide-A, an NRP, and putidacin L1, a lectin-like bacteriocin, were among the previously known predicted metabolites produced by this bacterium, suggesting that the NPs produced by this bacterium could have biological activities and be novel as well. Future studies on the antifungal activity of these compounds will elucidate the full biotechnological potential of P. vancouverensis .

The sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786), is a major vector for Leishmania major in the Middle East, which has impacted human health and US military operations in the area, demonstrating the need to develop effective sand fly control and repellent options. Here, we report the results of spatial repellency and avoidance experiments in a static air olfactometer using the female P. papatasi testing essential oils of Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Pimenta dioica (allspice), Amyris balsamifera (amyris), Nepeta cataria (catnip), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree); the 9-12 carbon saturated fatty acids (nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid); and the synthetic repellents DEET and IR3535. The materials applied at 1% exhibited varying activity levels but were not significantly different in mean repellency and avoidance from DEET and IR3535, except in regards to nonanoic acid. Some materials, particularly nonanoic and undecanoic acids, produced sand fly mortality. The observed trends in mean repellency over exposure time included the following: (1) P. dioica oil, M. alternifolia oil, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, DEET, and IR3535 exhibited increasing mean repellency over time; (2) oils of N. cataria , A. balsamifera , M. piperita , and dodecanoic acid exhibited relatively constant mean repellency over time; and (3) L. graveolens oil and nonanoic acid exhibited a general decrease in mean repellent activity over time. These studies identified the essential oils of N. cataria and A. balsamifera as effective spatial repellents at reduced concentrations compared to those of DEET. Additional research is required to elucidate the modes of action and potential synergism of repellents and essential oil components for enhanced repellency activity.

As part of a program to discover novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides, a series of new pyrazole acyl(thio)urea compounds containing a diphenyl motif were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by 1 H NMR, HRMS, and single X-ray crystal diffraction analysis. Most of these compounds possessed excellent activity against 10 fungal plant pathogens at 50 μg mL -1 , especially against Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Botrytis cinerea , and Cercospora arachidicola . Interestingly, compounds 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl- N -((3',4',5'-trifluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1 H -pyrazole-4-carboxamide ( 9b , EC 50 = 0.97 ± 0.18 μg mL -1 ), 1,3-dimethyl- N -((3',4',5'-trifluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1 H -pyrazole-4-carboxamide ( 9a , EC 50 = 2.63 ± 0.41 μg mL -1 ), and N -((4'-chloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamoyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1 H -pyrazole-4-carboxamide ( 9g , EC 50 = 1.31 ± 0.15 μg mL -1 ) exhibited activities against S. sclerotiorum that were better than the commercial fungicide bixafen (EC 50 = 9.15 ± 0.05 μg mL -1 ) and similar to the positive control fluxapyroxad (EC 50 = 0.71 ± 0.11 μg mL -1 ). These compounds were not significantly phytotoxic to monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed by substituent effects/molecular docking, and density functional theory analysis indicated that these compounds are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors.

Developing environmentally friendly fungicides is crucial to tackle the issue of rising pesticide resistance. In this study, a series of novel pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives containing N -phenyl substituted amide fragments were designed and synthesized. The structures of target compounds were confirmed by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HRMS, and the crystal structure of the most active compound N -(1-(4-(4-( tert -butyl)benzamido)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)- N -methoxy-1-methyl-1 H -pyrazole-4-carboxamide ( U22 ) was further determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The bioassay results indicated that the 26 target compounds possessed good in vitro antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with EC 50 values for compounds U12 , U13 , U15 , U16 , U18 , U22 , and U23 being 4.17 ± 0.46, 8.04 ± 0.71, 7.01 ± 0.71, 12.77 ± 1.00, 8.11 ± 0.70, 0.94 ± 0.11, and 9.48 ± 0.83 μg·mL -1 , respectively, which were the similar to controls bixafen (6.70 ± 0.47 μg·mL -1 ), fluxapyroxad (0.71 ± 0.14 μg·mL -1 ), and pydiflumetofen (0.06 ± 0.01 μg·mL -1 ). Furthermore, in vivo antifungal activity results against S. sclerotiorum indicated that compounds U12 (80.6%) and U22 (89.9%) possessed excellent preventative efficacy at 200 μg·mL -1 , which was the same as the control pydiflumetofen (82.4%). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies found that the compound U22 could destroy the hyphal morphology and damage mitochondria, cell membranes, and vacuoles. The results of molecular docking of compound U22 and pydiflumetofen with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) indicated they interact well with the active site of SDH. This study validated our approach and design strategy to produce compounds with an enhanced biological activity as compared to the parent structure.

Pinus heldreichii Christ. (Bosnian pine), a Tertiary relict and Balkan sub-endemic, has not been comprehensively studied for its essential oil (EO) profile and bioactivity of its different plant parts. This study aimed to determine the EO yield, composition and antimicrobial activity from different parts of P. heldreichii at three different populations (mountains) in Bulgaria. Furthermore, the study assessed the antioxidant activities of plant tissue, including leaves (needles), twigs wood, male and female cones. The EOs yield from different plant parts ranged from 0.09 % (leaves) to 0.74 % (wood of twigs), with monoterpenes being the predominant class. Limonene, α -pinene, β- caryophyllene, germacrene D, β- pinene, and β -myrcene were detected in the EO extracted from all analyzed trees. However, these compounds were not found in the EO extracted from all plant parts of the same trees. Four chemical groups (chemotypes) were identified for EO from twigs, and three chemotypes were identified for EO from leaves. The chemotypes were based on the percent ratio of the main EO constituents (>5 %). Leaves tissue showed the highest values in terms of polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as higher ABTS radical scavenging activity, while the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus was seen in the EOs obtained from twigs. This is the first study to identify several chemotypes based on leaf and twigs EO of P. heldreichii distributed in Bulgarian flora. Furthermore, the EO of twigs tips (TT), male cones (MC), and wood of one-two-year-old twigs (WT) of the same trees were reported for the first time. The total polyphenol, flavonoid content, and radical scavenging activity of tissues of annual twigs wood and biennial twigs wood, leaf tissue, MC tissue, and the twigs tips tissue is also reported for the first time in the accessible literature. These findings highlight the potential of P. heldreichii to provide EOs with varying compositions and bioactivities, making them suitable for nutraceutical, pharmacological, and potentially food additive applications. Furthermore, the identification of chemotype accessions in this study suggests their selection for the development of new forest crop as a source for natural products with desirable composition and bioactivity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Capsiate is a key ingredient in the fruits of a nonpungent cultivar of Capsicum annuum . We investigated the effects of a C. annuum extract (CE) and a capsiate-rich fraction of CE (CR) on nuclear receptors involved in multiple signaling pathways, glucose uptake, and adipogenesis in comparison to pure capsiate (Ca). Similar to the effect of Ca (100 μM), CE (500 μg/mL) and CR (100 μg/mL) caused the activation of PPARα and PPARγ (>3-fold), while CR also activated LXR and NRF2 (>2 fold). CR (200 μg/mL) and Ca (100 μM) decreased lipid accumulation (22.6 ± 14.1 and 49.7 ± 7.3%, respectively) in adipocytes and increased glucose uptake (44.7 ± 6.2 and 30.1 ± 12.2%, respectively) in muscle cells and inhibited the adipogenic effect induced by rosiglitazone by 41.2 ± 5.6 and 13.9 ± 4.3%, respectively. This is the first report to reveal the agonistic action of CR and Ca on multiple nuclear receptors along with their enhanced glucose uptake and antiadipogenic effects. The results indicate the potential utility of the capsiate-rich fraction of C. annuum in alleviating the symptoms of metabolic syndrome and in preventing the undesired adipogenic effects of full PPARγ agonists such as rosiglitazone.

Natural products are a main source of new chemical entities for use in drug and pesticide discovery. In order to discover lead compounds with high herbicidal activity, a series of new pyrido[2,3- d ] pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized using 2-chloronicotinic acid as the starting material. Their structures were characterized with 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HRMS, and the herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), field mustard ( Brassica campestris ), monocotyledonous bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) were determined. The results indicated that most of the pyrido[2,3- d ] pyrimidine derivatives had no marked inhibitory effect on lettuce at 1 mM. However, most of the pyrido[2,3- d ] pyrimidine derivatives possessed good activity against bentgrass at 1 mM. Among them, the most active compound, 3-methyl-1-(2,3,4-trifluorophenyl)pyrido[2,3- d ]pyrimidine-2,4(1 H ,3 H )-dione ( 2o ), was as active as the positive controls, the commercial herbicides clomazone and flumioxazin. Molecular simulation was performed with molecular docking and DFT calculations. The docking studies provided strong evidence that 2o acts as an herbicide by inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase. However, the physiological results indicate that it does not act on this target in vivo, implying that it could be metabolically converted to a compound with a different molecular target.

Khellin and visnagin furanochromones were recently reported as potential new bioherbicides with phytotoxic activities comparable to those of some commercially available herbicides. In this study, we examined the effect of O-alkylation and O-arylalkylation of both khellin and visnagin on its effect on herbicidal and antifungal activity. Synthetic analogues included O-demethyl khellin and visnagin, acetylated O-demethyl khellin and visnagin, O-benzylated demethyl khellin and visnagin, four O-demethyl alkylated khellin analogues, and six O-demethyl alkylated visnagin analogues, many of which are reported here for the first time. Both acetate analogues of khellin and visnagin indicated more activity as herbicides on Lemna pausicostata than visnagin, with IC 50 values of 71.7 and 77.6 μM, respectively. Complete loss of activity for all O-alkyl analogues with a carbon chain length of greater than 14 carbons was observed. The O-demethyl butylated visnagin analogue was the most active compound with an IC 50 of 47.2 μM against L. pausicostata . O-Demethyl ethylated analogues of both khellin and visnagin were as effective as khellin. In the antifungal bioautography bioassay against Colletotrichum fragariae at 100 μg, the only active O-alkyl and O-arylalkyl analogues were O-ethylated, O-butylated, and O-benzylated visnagin analogues with zones of inhibition of 10, 9, and 9 mm, respectively, an effect comparable to that of visnagin and khellin.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established research programs to fight the phytopathogen Colletotrichum fragariae and the invasive red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta . C. fragariae is known to cause anthracnose disease in fruits and vegetables, while S. invicta is known for its aggressive behavior and painful stings and for being the cause of significant damage to crops, as well as harm to humans and animals. Many plants have been studied for potential activity against C. fragariae and S. invicta . Among the studied plants, Houttuynia cordata Thunb has been shown to contain 2-undecanone, which h is known for its antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloesporioides . Based on the mean amount of sand removed, 2-undecanone showed significant repellency at 62.5 µg/g, similar to DEET ( N , N -diethyl- meta -toluamide), against S. invicta . The 2-Undecanone with an LC 50 of 44.59 µg/g showed toxicity against S. invicta workers. However, neither H. cordata extract nor 2-undecanone had shown activity against C. fragariae despite their known activity against C. gloesporioides , which in turn motivates us in repositioning 2-undecanone as a selected candidate for a Claisen-Schmidt condensation that enables access to several analogs ( 2a - f ). Among the prepared analogs, ( E )-1-(3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)dodec-1-en-3-one ( 2b ) and ( E )-1-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)dodec-1-en-3-one ( 2f ) showed promising activity against C. fragariae , revealing a distinctive structural activity relationship (SAR). The generated analogs revealed a clear regioselectivity pattern through forming the C=C alkene bond at position C-1. These data open the window for further lead optimization and product development in the context of managing C. fragariae and S. invicta .

As a staple crop, potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum ) play an important role in meeting daily caloric needs. To ensure adequate supplies for year-round consumption, potato quality must be maintained throughout lengthy storage periods. Towards this end, potato sprouting during storage must be minimized. Due to changing regulations regarding chemical means of potato sprout suppression, increased focus has turned to alternative products including essential oils (EO) as sprout suppressants in recent years. The complex composition of various EOs promises numerous options for sprout suppression. Furthermore, blends of several EOs may achieve enhanced sprout suppressant properties if synergistic interactions are present. We evaluated Syzygium aromaticum , Artemisia herba-alba , and Laurus nobilis EOs and blends thereof as sprout suppressants in potato cultivar Ranger Russet stored at room temperature and also tested for their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum fragariae , a causal organism of anthracnose disease in strawberries including other vegetables and fruits. A. herba-alba EO was an effective sprout suppressant when used alone and suppressed sprouting over the 90-day storage period. Interactions between A. herba-alba and S. aromaticum affected sprout length whereas interactions between A. herba-alba and L. nobilis EOs affected sprout number. An optimum blend of 50% - 82.31% A. herba-alba , 17.69% - 50% L. nobilis , and 0% - 1.01% S. aromaticum EOs could more effectively minimize tuber sprout length and number than any of the three whole EOs used alone. Among these three EOs, only S. aromaticum EO showed antifungal activity against C. fragariae in bioautography assay. These results exhibit the potential of EOs blends as a novel tactic in potato sprout suppression as well as potential natural product-based fungicides in managing C. fragariae ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Thoma, Cantrell, Tamang and Zheljazkov.)

Hypericum species and especially H. perforatum L. are well known for their therapeutic applications. The present study assessed the essential oil (EO) composition, and antifungal and aphid suppression activity of seven Bulgarian Hypericum species. The EOs were analyzed by GC-MS-FID. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, H. perforatum , H. maculatum , and H. hirsutum were used. Additionally, the EO composition of H. perforatum extracted via hydrodistillation (ClevA) and via commercial steam distillation (Com) were compared. The second experiment compared the EOs of H. perforatum , H. cerastoides , H. rumeliacum , H. montbretii , and H. calycinum (flowers and leaves) extracted via hydrodistillation and collected with n -hexane. Overall, the EO constituents belonged to four classes, namely alkanes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. The main class for compounds in H. maculatum and H. perforatum (section Hypericum ) were sesquiterpenes for both experiments except for H. perforatum (Com). Hypericum montbretii (section Drosocarpium ) EO had monoterpenes (38.09%) and sesquiterpenes (37.09%) as major groups, while H. hirsutum EO (section Taeniocarpium ) contained predominately alkanes (67.19%). Hypericum hirsutum EO contained cedrol (5.04%), found for the first time in Hypericum species. Fatty acids were the main compounds in H. cerastoides (section Campylopus ), while monoterpenes were the most abundant class in H. rumeliacum and H. calycinum EOs. α -Pinene and germacrene D were the major EO constituents of all analyzed Hypericum species except for H. hirsutum and H. cerastoides. Hypericum perforatum EO (Com) had significant repellent and insecticidal activity against two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (Bird Cherry-oat aphid) and Sitobion avenae (English grain aphid) at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, and 5%. The tested EOs did not show significant activity against selected economically important agricultural fungal pathogens Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea , Colletotrichum spp., Rhizoctonia solani , and Aspergillus sp. The EO of the Hypericum species found in the Bulgarian flora could be utilized for the development of new biopesticides for aphid control.

Natural products are a source for pesticide or drug discovery. In order to discover lead compounds with high fungicidal or herbicidal activity, new niacinamide derivatives derived from the natural product niacinamide, containing chiral flexible chains, were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HRMS analysis. The fungicidal and herbicidal activities of these compounds were tested. The fungicidal activity results demonstrated that the compound ( S )-2-(2-chloronicotinamido)propyl-2-methylbenzoate ( 3i ) exhibited good fungicidal activity (92.3% inhibition) against the plant pathogen Botryosphaeria berengriana at 50 μg/mL and with an EC 50 of 6.68 ± 0.72 μg/mL, which is the same as the positive control (fluxapyroxad). Compound 3i was not phytotoxic and could therefore be used as a fungicide on crops. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) were studied by molecular docking simulations with the succinate dehydrogenase of the fungal mitochondrial respiratory chain.

As a global staple, potato plays an important role in meeting human dietary needs and alleviating malnutrition. Potato sprouting during storage is a major issue that threatens food security by increasing food waste and must therefore be controlled. Biopesticides, including essential oils (EOs), have a history of use as potato sprout suppressants, and interest in their use has been renewed in response to stricter regulations on CIPC, the dominant chemical sprout suppressant over the last half-century. We evaluated twenty-one EOs as potential sprout suppressants in cv. Ranger Russet potatoes at room-temperature storage. Treatment with Artemisia herba-alba EO was the most effective at suppressing both sprout length and sprout number over a 90-day storage period. GC—MS—FID analysis of A. herba-alba EO revealed the presence of α-thujone, hexadecenoic acid, β-thujone, camphor, sabinene, and camphene at amounts >1%. Cistus ladanifer, Ocimum basilicum, Ormenis mixta, and Salvia sclarea EOs significantly reduced sprout length for shorter storage periods, whereas Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark) and Laurus nobilis EOs also significantly reduced sprout number. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) EO did not significantly suppress sprouting at room temperature. These results indicate the potential of certain EOs to be used as sprout suppressants for room-temperature potato storage, providing needed alternatives for both organic and conventional potato industries.

Chlorpropham (CIPC) has been the dominant method of chemical sprout suppression for the last half-century. However, stricter regulations including outright bans on its use in several countries has prompted investigation into alternative products to replace it. Growing interest in organic foods has increased focus on the use of biopesticides, including essential oils (EOs), as potential sprout suppressants in stored potato. We evaluated the potential of ten EOs for sprout suppression in potato cultivar Ranger Russet at room temperature. Treatment with Cymbopogon citratus EO was found to be the most effective sprout suppressant, completely suppressing sprouting over the 90-day storage period. The EOs of Myrtus communis and Melaleuca quinquenervia significantly reduced sprout length relative to the control but did not have any effect on sprout number. These findings demonstrate the potential of select EOs as effective potato sprout suppressants that could replace CIPC use in this industry while also giving more power to organic potato producers and processors to control sprouting in their operations.

The goal of this research was to screen plant essential oils (EOs) as sprout inhibitors or suppressors in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). Three controlled environment experiments were conducted to screen 18 EOs and several pure compounds as sprout inhibitors. The EOs were applied using the wicked method on potato cv. Gala in 19 L plastic containers. The results indicated that Melissa officinalis L. EO inhibited sprouting, while Coriandrum sativum L. seed oil and the EO blend of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and Salvia sclarea L. suppressed sprouting. The EOs of interest were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or a flame ionization detector (GC-FID); the detailed chemical profiles are provided. The M. officinalis EO was fractionated into seven fractions, and these were tested on minitubers. We identified two fractions (F and A) that suppressed potato sprouting better than the whole oil. The GC-MS-FID analyses of M. officinalis EO fraction A identified myrcene, Z -ocimene, E -ocimene, trans -caryophyllene, and α-humulene as the main constituents, while the main constituents of fraction F were α-terpineol, β-citronellol, and geraniol. The pure isolated compounds, together with the major compound in M. officinalis EO (citral), were tested for sprout suppression on three potato cultivars (Ranger Russet, Terra Rosa, and Dakota TrailBlazer), which revealed that β-citronellol reduced the sprout length and the number of sprouts in all three cultivars, while citral and (+)-α-terpineol reduced the sprout length and the number of sprouts in Ranger Russet relative to the two controls in all three cultivars. Myrcene had a stimulating effect on the number of sprouts in Cv. Terra Rosa. However, none of the pure compounds suppressed sprouting completely or were comparable to the EO of M. officinalis .

A new series of cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic (CPD) acid analogues were designed and synthesized. CPD is an inhibitor of ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI), an enzyme of the branched chain amino acid pathway in plants. The structures of CPD analogues were characterized by 1 H NMR and HRMS. The structure of N,N'-bis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide was further elucidated by X-ray diffraction. The herbicidal activities of these compounds were tested against lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Most of these compounds exhibited low herbicidal activity against both plant species. Among them, N,N'-bis(2-ethylphenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide displayed moderate activity against bentgrass. Inhibition of KARI activity by the CPD analogues was also assessed experimentally and by molecular docking simulation with results supporting inhibition of KARI as their mode of action. These results provide the basis for design of more effective KARI inhibitors., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Natural products are a promising source for the development of new pesticides with alternative mechanisms of action. In this study, we evaluated the phytotoxic and antifungal activity of a novel family of natural C 17 -sesquiterpenoids and performed a study of the effect caused by the elimination of the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone system and its importance to their biological activity., Results: Many tested compounds exhibited a strong phytotoxic activity. Lappalone and pertyolide B were the most potent molecules from the tested group. Lappalone displayed a strong inhibition profile against selected weed species, reaching a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 5.0 μm against Echinochloa crus-galli L. shoot and 5.7 μm against the germination rate of Amaranthus viridis L., as well as a good stimulation of the germination of Phelipanche ramosa L. Pertyolide B demonstrated excellent inhibition against Amaranthus viridis L. (IC 50 : 56.7, 70.3 and 24.0 μm against the root and shoot growth, and germination rate, respectively) and Allium cepa L. (representative of the Liliaceae family, with IC 50 values of 25.3 and 64.4 μm against root and shoot growth). Regarding the antifungal activity, pertyolide B presented significant activity against Colletotrichum fragareae and Fusarium oxysporum with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.6 μg μL -1 ., Conclusion: The bioassays revealed that frequently the presence of the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone system is not essential for the bioactivities of sesquiterpene lactones, and suggest that C 17 -sesquiterpenoids may function through a different mechanism of action not related to the widely assumed Michael addition. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

Infected mosquitos from the genus Aedes have become one of the world's most influential contributors to human morbidity and death. To explore new biopesticides with activity against Aedes aegypti , Streptomyces distallicus , a species related to the subspecies group of Streptomyces netropsis , was investigated. Six metabolites, aureothin, allo-aureothin, deoxyaureothin, 4',7-dihydroxy isoflavone, 2-methyl-5-(3-indolyl)oxazole, and 2-ethyl-5-(3-indolyl)oxazole were isolated, and chemical structures, were elucidated based on one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy analyses and HRMS. The A. aegypti larvicidal activity of these compounds was evaluated. Only two isomeric compounds, aureothin and allo-aureothin, showed larvicidal activity against A. aegypti with LC 50 values of 1.5 and 3.1 ppm for 24 h post-treatment, respectively, and 3.8 and 7.4 ppm for 48 h post-treatment, respectively. The crude extract of S. distallicus also demonstrated potent larvicidal activity with LC 50 values of 1.46 and 1.2 ppm for 24 and 48 h post-treatment, respectively. Deoxyaureothin, a furan ring reduced form of aureothin, showed no activity against A. aegypti . The hybrid imported fire ants activity of aureothin was also evaluated, but it did not show any activity at the highest dose of 62.5 μg/g. Described here is the first report on a bioassay-directed investigation of the secondary metabolites of S. distallicus and biological evaluation of isolated compounds aureothin and its isomer and intermediates as potential microbial larvicides. S. distallicus and crude extracts thereof are a promising source of potential microbial biolarvicides.

Satureja pilosa and S. kitaibelii (Lamiaceae) are Balkan endemic plant species, and the composition of their essential oil (EO) is highly variable. The aim of the present study was to establish: (1) the EO variability in two populations of S. pilosa (the intrapopulation), and (2) the EO variation in S. kitaibelii between nine populations (interpopulation) from Bulgaria and two from Serbia. The EOs of two Satureja species were obtained from aboveground plant parts by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC/MS/FID. Overall, the EO yield on the intrapopulation level of S. pilosa varied from 0.54% to 2.15%, while the EO of S. kitaibelii varied from 0.04% to 0.43% (interpopulation). The EO of S. pilosa was found to contain thymol and carvacrol as the main constituents, with other major constituents being p -cymene and γ -terpinene. S. pilosa samples in both studied populations formed six chemical groups. The major constituents ( p -cymene, terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate, γ -muurolene, endo -borneol, cis - β -ocimene, trans - β -ocimene, carvacrol, α -pinene, thymoquinone, geranial, geranyl acetate, spathulenol, and caryophyllene oxide) of S. kitaibelii EO were considered for grouping the populations into ten chemotypes. The present study is the first report on the interpopulation diversity of S. kitaibelii EOs in Bulgaria. It demonstrated variability of the EOs between and within the populations of S. kitaibelii from Bulgaria. This study identified promising genetic material that could be further propagated and developed into cultivars for commercial production of S. kitaibelii and S. pilosa , thereby reducing the impact of collection on wild populations.

Sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.) are dominant wild plants in large areas of the U.S., Canada and Mexico, and they include several species and subspecies. The aim was to determine if there are significant differences in essential oil (EO) yield, composition, and biological activity of sagebrush within the Bighorn Mountains, U.S. The EO yield in fresh herbage varied from 0.15 to 1.69% for all species, including 0.25-1.69% in A. tridentata var. vaseyana , 0.64-1.44% in A. tridentata var. tridentata , 1% in A. tridentata var. wyomingensis , 0.8-1.2% in A. longifolia , 0.8-1% in A. cana , and 0.16% in A. ludoviciana . There was significant variability in the EO profile between species, and subspecies. Some EO constituents, such as α-pinene (0-35.5%), camphene (0-21.5%), eucalyptol (0-30.8%), and camphor (0-45.5%), were found in most species and varied with species and subspecies. The antioxidant capacity of the EOs varied between the species and subspecies. None of the sagebrush EOs had significant antimicrobial, antimalarial, antileishmanial activity, or contained podophyllotoxin. Some accessions yielded EO with significant concentrations of compounds including camphor, eucalyptol, cis-thujone, α-pinene, α-necrodol-acetate, fragranol, grandisol, para-cymene, and arthole. Therefore, chemotypes can be selected and possibly introduced into culture and be grown for commercial production of these compounds to meet specific industry needs.

Thirty novel dioxolane ring compounds were designed and synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed by 1 H NMR, HRMS, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Bioassays indicated that these dioxolane ring derivatives exhibited excellent fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani , Pyricularia oryae , Botrytis cinerea , Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , Fusarium oxysporum , Physalospora piricola , Cercospora arachidicola and herbicidal activity against lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ), and duckweed ( Lemna pausicostata ). Among these compounds, 1-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)methyl)-1 H -1,2,4-triazole ( D17 ), 1-(((4 R )-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)-1 H -1,2,4-triazole ( D20 ), 1-((5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)methyl)-1 H -1,2,4-triazole ( D22 ), and 1-((2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)-1 H -1,2,4-triazole ( D26 ) had broad spectrum fungicidal and herbicidal activity. The IC 50 values against duckweed were 20.5 ± 9.0, 14.2 ± 6.7, 24.0 ± 11.0, 8.7 ± 3.5, and 8.0 ± 3.1 μM for D17 , D20 , D22 , and D26 and the positive control difenoconazole, respectively. The EC 50 values were 7.31 ± 0.67, 9.74 ± 0.83, 17.32 ± 1.23, 11.96 ± 0.98, and 8.93 ± 0.91 mg/L for D17 , D20 , D22 , and D26 and the positive control difenoconazole against the plant pathogen R. solani , respectively. Germination experiments with Arabidopsis seeds indicated that the target of these dioxolane ring compounds in plants is brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Molecular simulation docking results of compound D26 and difenoconazole with fungal CYP51 P450 confirmed that they both inhibit this enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed by substituent effect, molecular docking, and density functional theory analysis, which provided useful information for designing more active compounds.

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. is widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of hepatitis, poisoning from snake bites and viral infections. Pharmacological studies confirmed its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The efficacy of E. prostrata (L.) L. extracts has been correlated to phenylpropanoids such as flavonoids, coumestans and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives. In this work, the production of wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA) in hairy root cultures of E. prostrata (L.) L. C19 clone was increased after addition of eliciting agents jasmonic acid (JA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at multiple concentrations. Cultures elicited with 100 μM of JA saw a 5.2 fold increase in wedelolactone (from 0.72 to 3.72 mg/g d.w.), a 1.6 fold increase in demethylwedelolactone (from 5.54 to 9.04 mg/g d.w.) and a 2.47 fold increase in 3,5-diCQA (from 18.08 to 44.71 mg/g d.w.). Obtained data validate the potential of E. prostrata (L.) L. hairy root cultures as a production system of wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone and especially 3,5-diCQA, which has recently been reported to possess activity against coronavirus disease (Covid-19) by in silico computational studies., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11240-021-02201-4., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021.)

Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss (Lamiaceae) is a Bulgarian endemic species. Overall, the essential oil (EO) composition of M. friwaldskyanum was different from that of the other Marrubium species reported in the literature. The main EO constituents of M. friwaldskyanum were ( E )-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and caryophyllene oxide. The effect of the harvest stage was significant only on α-copaene, ( E )-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-muurolol. The concentration of α-copaene (1.26-1.83% range of the total oil), ( E )-caryophyllene (31-41%), caryophyllene oxide (6.4-11.8%), and τ-muurolol (1.3-2.8%) were the highest at 2-3 pair of leaves or before flowering and lower at flowering. The harvest stage did not significantly affect the concentrations of the other six identified EO compounds β-bourbonene (1.1%), α-humulene (2.8%), germacrene D (23.3%), bicyclogermacrene (2.85%), δ-cadinene (1.1%), and spathulenol (2.8%). In a separate experiment, grinding of the biomass prior to EO extraction had a significant effect only on the concentrations of D-limonene (0.24-3.3%) and bicyclogermacrene (3.6-9.1%). Grinding in water or without water, maceration, and addition of Tween ® 20 had rather small effects on the EO profile. The identified EO constituents and their mean concentrations in this experiment were ( E )-caryophyllene (25.4%), germacrene D (17.6%), caryophyllene oxide (9.1%), spathulenol (6.5%), τ-muurolol (5.0%), carvacrol (3.9%), α-copaene (2.5%), β-bourbonene (2.5%), δ-cadinene (2.4%), α-humulene (1.8%), and Z-β-farnesene (1.3%). Embryological studies observed anther and the development of the male gametophyte and ovule and development of the female gametophyte of M. friwaldskyanum . Furthermore, pollen and seed viability assays were conducted, and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of an extract from shoots revealed the presence of 45 natural products, identified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and (tri)terpenoids. Overall, the phytochemistry and some of the microscopic analyses distinguished this endemic species from other species in Marrubium .

An investigation of the secondary metabolites was carried out on Thymelaea hirsuta collected from Lampedusa, the largest island of the Pelagie archipelago, located about 100 km from the North African coast and 200 km from the coast of Sicily. Ten compounds were isolated and found to belong to different classes of natural products as chromenes, cyclohexanones, furanyl, bis-furanyl and furanone polyphenols, and acrylates. Compounds 7 , 8 , 9 and 10 were slightly phytotoxic to lettuce reaching phytotoxicity of 1 ( 7 , 8 and 9 ) and 2 ( 10 ) using a 1-5 point scale. None of the compounds were active against Agrostis stolonifera L., a perennial grass of the Poaceae family. Tested against three Colletotrichum species ( C. acutatum , C. fragarie and C. gloeosporioides ) pathogenic for agricultural plants, only compound 6 had activity against all three species, but it was not as active as captan, the commercial fungicide used as a positive control.