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Taxus contorta (family Taxaceae) is a native plant of temperate region of western Himalaya. The current study investigated the effect of altitude on the phytochemical composition and mycorrhizal diversity, associated with distribution of T. contorta in Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts indicated that alkaloid levels decreased with altitude, with the highest value in Himri's methanol extracts (72.79 ± 1.08 mg/g) while phenol content increased with altitude, peaking in Nankhari's methanol extracts (118.83 ± 5.90 mg/g). Saponin content was higher in methanol extracts (78.13 ± 1.66 mg/g in Nankhari, 68.06 ± 1.92 mg/g in Pabbas, and 56.32 ± 1.93 mg/g in Himri). Flavonoid levels were notably higher in chloroform extracts, particularly in Nankhari (219.97 ± 2.99 mg/g), and positively correlated with altitude. Terpenoids were higher in chloroform extracts at Himri (11.34 ± 0.10 mg/g) and decreased with altitude. Taxol content showed minimal variation between solvents and altitudes (4.53–6.98 ppm), while rutin was only detected in methanol extracts (1.31–1.46 ppm). Mycorrhizal spore counts in T. contorta's rhizosphere varied with altitude: highest at Himri (77.83 ± 2.20 spores/50 g soil), decreasing to Pabbas (68.06 ± 1.96 spores/50 g soil) and lowest at Nankhari (66.00 ± 2.77 spores/50 g soil), with 17 AMF species identified overall, showing significant altitudinal influence on spore density. The rhizosphere of T. contorta was shown to be dominated by the Glomus species. The rhizospheric soil of the plant was found to be slightly acidic. Organic carbon and available potassium content decreased contrasting with increasing available nitrogen and phosphorus with altitude. Correlation data showed strong negative links between organic carbon (−0.83), moderate positive for nitrogen (0.46) and phosphorus (0.414), and moderate negative for potassium (−0.56) with the altitude. This study provides a comprehensive insight into changes in phytochemical constituents, mycorrhizal diversity and soil composition of T. contorta along a range of altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTA major data gap in tropical river ecology is the limited documentation of natural water purification of upstream rivers. This study documented the improvement of water quality of downstream Balili River as affected by environmental factors and macrophyte diversity using a mixed-method approach (water quality assessment, plant inventory, field observation, canonical correspondence analysis, community interview). Results showed that the distance from pollution plays a significant role in the self-purification of the river while the floral diversity maintains the riparian from further contaminating the water and at the same time absorbing air pollutants. Generally, the pollution reduction and %change is exponential at 2 and 3 km from point source then taper at 4 and 5 km. At 3 km from the point source, 30% improvement in TDS, BOD and salinity, 25% for EC, 20% in TSS, 35% in WQI, 36% in CPI, and 50% for DO were noted. Key factors that influence the self-purification process in the river were distance from pollution source, elevation, human disturbance (as indicated by %tree canopy) and temperature. These findings highlight the importance of distance from pollution sources and floral diversity in driving water quality improvements, with implications for sustainable water resource management in tropical regions.This study documented the improvement of water quality of downstream Balili River as affected by environmental factors and macrophyte diversity – as contribution to the major data gap in tropical river ecology which currently has limited documentation on natural water purification of upstream rivers. The study also shows the mosaic interplay of water quality, plant diversity, distance from pollution, human disturbance, and air quality in understudied tropical river. Further, this study is unique in documenting the downstream of Balili River since majority of the previous studies were concentrated in the upstream portion of the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bumblebee species are crucial pollinators for both crops and natural ecosystems. Managing diversity and securing the services they provide requires sufficient data to manage these systems effectively. In this study, seventeen environmental factors were selected to understand their contribution to shaping species assemblages and to provide baseline information for understanding drivers of community assembly. The study focused on Gansu Province because it has some of the highest richness of bumblebees within China, and China represents a major data gap for bee distribution data. Net primary productivity followed by water vapor pressure were top-ranked drivers of species distributions. The results enhance our understanding of the importance of environmental factors in shaping bumblebee community assemblages. Understanding the influence of factors responsible for shaping community assemblage is crucial for biodiversity management and conservation. Gansu is one of the richest regions for bumblebee species in the world. We explored the distribution data of 52 bumblebee species collected in Gansu and its surroundings between 2002 and 2022, predicting habitat suitability based on 17 environmental variables using MaxEnt. The factors influencing community assemblage were assessed using canonical correspondence analysis. Net primary productivity, water vapor pressure, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, and precipitation seasonality were some of the most influential drivers of species distributions. Based on Ward's agglomerative cluster analysis, four biogeographic zones are described: the Southern humid zone, the Western Qilian snow mountain zone, the Eastern Loess plateau zone, and the Western dry mountain zone. In the clusters of grid cells based on beta diversity values, the Southern humid zone comprised 42.5% of the grid cells, followed by the Eastern Loess plateau zone (32.5%), the Western dry mountain zone (20%), and the Western Qilian snow mountain zone (5%). Almost all the environmental factors showed a significant contribution to the assemblages of bumblebees of different groups. Our findings highlight the need for better data to understand species biogeography and diversity patterns, and they provide key baseline data for refining conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTWater is necessary for the survival of any living being on this planet and in today’s world, it has become a limiting resource because of anthropogenic pressures like pollution, climate change, overexploitation etc. To maintain the water bodies in a proper condition from time to time, analysis of the water quality is highly recommended. So an attempt was made to have a detailed analysis of the surface water quality of the deepest freshwater lake in India, the Manasbal Lake, and to know the impact of these parameters on the distribution of fish fauna in the lake. The different physicochemical aspects of the lake were analyzed spatially and seasonally for a period of two years. The results from the principal component analysis revealed that the main parameters affecting the water quality in Manasbal Lake include total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, nitrates, pH, free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity. The study also reported a similarity in physicochemical aspects as well as the type of fish fauna from Sites-I and Site-III. Overall the physicochemical aspects were seen to impact the distribution of different fish species in the lake as reported from the canonical correspondence and cluster analysis. pH and nitrates were found to impact the distribution of fish species like Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Schizothorax niger and S. curvifrons whereas the main parameters affecting the distribution of Pethia conchonius, Crossocheilus diplochilus and Gambusia holbrooki were dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide and water temperature. The overall water quality of the lake is good for the proper growth and survival of the fish species and also for domestic purposes. This study will be very helpful to form baseline information for future research, as very scanty information is available related to such work.

We conducted a comprehensive study on the diversity of Silene aucheriana Boiss. populations by analyzing both morphological data and nrDNA ITS sequences. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods on representative material from 15 populations throughout Iran demonstrated that they did not form a monophyletic group. Strong positive correlation occurred between epipetalous filaments length to claw (EFLC), basal leaf length (BLL), basal leaf width (BLW), and plant height (PLH) with elevation. While negative correlation achieved between anthophore length (AnL) with the average air temperature and rainfall. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that most morphological traits were more correlated to elevation than to average rainfall and temperature. Multivariate analysis of morphological traits with ITS analysis displayed a slight divergence between two types of regions based on their elevation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examines the significant variability in grain yield, thousand-grain weight, protein content, sedimentation value, and falling number among winter wheat cultivars across diverse trial locations, elucidating the profound influence of environmental factors on these traits. Employing Shukla's stability variance and a multi-trait stability index (MTSI), cultivar stability is comprehensively assessed across multiple traits. Cultivars are ranked based on stability variance and cumulative ranking across all traits, with Bataja emerging as the most stable cultivar according to Shukla variance, while Apostel exhibits the lowest stability. Contrarily, MTSI rankings reveal distinct top performers, such as Medalistika and KWS Spencer. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) is utilized to discern relationships between stability and genotype characteristics, as well as trait values and soil properties/weather conditions. These findings contribute to the recommendation of stable cultivars for breeding programs and the optimization of crop management practices. Furthermore, this study underscores the need to explore causal relationships between accompanying variables, facilitating informed recommendations for plant breeders and advancing breeding progress amidst a changing climate. The use of multivariate statistical methods, including CCA, enhances our understanding of cultivar traits and stability, offering valuable insights for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to clarify the environmental driving factors of soil fertility indicators in artificial forests of Guangxi and comprehensively evaluate the soil fertility level. By collecting data on the current status of soil in artificial forests, the spatial distribution of major soil fertility indicators was analyzed, and the distribution map of the fertility index of artificial forests in the entire region and the comprehensive fertility index of artificial forests of different soil types were obtained. Canonical correspondence analysis method was used to analyze soil fertility indicators and environmental factors, and the environmental driving factors of soil fertility indicators for artificial forests of the main soil types in Guangxi were obtained. The results showed that over 90% of the soil fertility index of artificial forests in the entire region was between 0. 20 and 0. 50. The order of soil fertility index of different soil types of artificial forests from high to low was yellow brown soil > yellow red soil > yellow soil > red soil > limestone soil > latosolic red soil > laterite. In artificial forests of latosolic red soil, the correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and organic matter, annual average temperature was high, while the correlation between soil available phosphorus and organic matter, pH was high, and the correlation between soil available potassium and environmental factors such as slope, altitude, rainfall, accumulated temperature, and slope aspect was high. In artificial forests of red soil, the correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and slope, altitude was high, while the correlation between soil available phosphorus and accumulated temperature, rainfall was high, and the correlation between soil available potassium and pH was high. In artificial forests of limestone soil, there was a high correlation between soil alkaline nitrogen and slope, organic matter, a high correlation between soil available phosphorus and accumulated temperature, rainfall, and a high correlation between soil available potassium and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objectives were to examine the species composition and diversity of soil seed bank (SSB) and standing vegetation (SV), explore association between compositional diversity of SV, SSB and selected environmental factors and assess the implications of SSB on regeneration of flooded riparian vegetation in Hamedan province, Iran. We estimated the ground cover of SV and SSB composition in 90 plots (1 m × 1 m) distributed across 15 sites in the river riparian zone. We evaluated the SSB by seedling emergence method. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used in a direct gradient analysis of the SV/SSB with the environmental factors. In total, 136 species were identified from germinated seed bank in the greenhouse and there were 131 plant species recorded in the aboveground vegetation. 31 species were observed in the SSB while they were absent in the SV, while there were also 26 species that were only present in the SV. Dominant species in the SSB were floatable seed species, i.e. Cyperus difformis and Dactylis glomerata. In addition, the results indicated a more pronounced effect of environmental factors on SV than on SSB distributions in which a higher number of environmental factors associated significantly with SV than with SSB (6 vs. 4). However, elevation, soil moisture content and total organic matter had significant effects on community distribution of both SSB and SV. The species diversity and composition evenness were significantly higher in the SSB than SV. Although, 105 species were common to SSB and SV, the mean Czekanowski similarity between SV and SSB was very low (15.5%). However, we argue that the recovery of vegetation in degraded sites can still rely on SSB. We concluded that the seed movement among plant communities through hydrochory led to a spatial homogenization of SSB, resulting in a decrease in SSB-SV similarity and an increase in SSB species diversity and compositional evenness. Differences in plant diversity and richness between the SSB and the SV are supposed to be a complementation of diversity between below- and above-ground and therefore, greater community resilience is predicted under stochastic disturbance events such as flooding in the riparian area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study focused on the morphological and chemical characteristics of 200 Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. genotypes found in natural habitats of eight regions in west of Iran. The primary objective of the study was to assess the morphological and phytochemical variability within populations grown in their natural habitats, with the aim of identifying their potential for domestication and utilization in pre-breeding programs. The plant height (PH) ranged from 50.32 to 69.65 cm, with the highest observed in population P8. The internode distances ranged from 4.7 to 6.47 cm, with the maximum distance found in P4. Flower lengths varied from 1.95 to 2.45 cm, with the minimum and maximum values observed in P4 and P3, respectively. The highest leaf length (5.20 cm) and width (3.87 cm) were recorded in P2. The aerial parts of the plant were utilized to extraction and determine the essential oil (EO) content and composition, which ranged from 0.40 to 0.78% (v/w). The analysis of EO by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified 26 compounds, constituting 99–99.5% of the EOs. The main compounds in the EO and their percentage range (v/w DW) were tau-cadinol (0.62–55.56), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (8.10–94.70), elemol (0.21–19.11), β-spathulenol (0.08–14.39), 4-terpineol (0.23–10.19), and β-eudesmol (0.21–9.94). The main chemical groups found in EOs included oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.12–68.43), and phthalates (9.73–94.72). Cluster analysis revealed three distinct chemotypes: chemotype I (populations 1 and 2) with major components of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, tau-cadinol, and α-elemol; chemotype II (population 5) rich in mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; and chemotype III (populations 3, 4, 6–8) containing tau-cadinol, β-eudesmol, and 4-terpineol. The study also evaluated total phenolic, total flavonoid, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in the fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) in leaf and flower samples of the genotypes, along with estimating total anthocyanin content in the flower samples. The total phenolic content (TPC) in leaf and flower samples ranged from 7.89 to 107.18 mg GAE/g DW and 39.98 to 86.62 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, respectively. Total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 81.04 to 143.46 mg QUE/g DW in leaf samples and from 94.82 to 133.26 mg quercetin equivalent (QUE)/g DW in flower samples. DPPHsc IC50 (µg/mL) ranged from 0.65 to 78.74 in leaf samples and from 4.38 to 7.71 in flower samples. Anthocyanin content ranged from 1.89 to 3.75 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3GE)/g DW among populations. Canonical correspondence analysis and simple correlation demonstrated a strong association and correlations among the studied attributes. The negative correlations between leaf DPPH (DPPH L) IC50 and TFC (− 0.73), TPC (− 0.63), Elemol (− 0.90), and EO (− 0.85) indicate that these compounds have a significant impact on the antioxidant activity of the leaves. Furthermore, Fruit DPPH (DPPH F) IC50 showed a negative correlation with TPC (− 0.79) and TFC (− 0.78), but a positive correlation with flower anthocyanins (0.51), (Z)-β-Farnesene (0.66), and 4-Terpineol (0.57). Circular cluster analysis categorized the genotypes of all individuals in the eight studied populations into three main categories based on all the studied traits, indicating significant variation in phytochemical and morphological traits among populations, surpassing the within-populations variation.

The study focused on the morphological and chemical characteristics of 200 Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. genotypes found in natural habitats of eight regions in west of Iran. The primary objective of the study was to assess the morphological and phytochemical variability within populations grown in their natural habitats, with the aim of identifying their potential for domestication and utilization in pre-breeding programs. The plant height (PH) ranged from 50.32 to 69.65 cm, with the highest observed in population P8. The internode distances ranged from 4.7 to 6.47 cm, with the maximum distance found in P4. Flower lengths varied from 1.95 to 2.45 cm, with the minimum and maximum values observed in P4 and P3, respectively. The highest leaf length (5.20 cm) and width (3.87 cm) were recorded in P2. The aerial parts of the plant were utilized to extraction and determine the essential oil (EO) content and composition, which ranged from 0.40 to 0.78% (v/w). The analysis of EO by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified 26 compounds, constituting 99–99.5% of the EOs. The main compounds in the EO and their percentage range (v/w DW) were tau-cadinol (0.62–55.56), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (8.10–94.70), elemol (0.21–19.11), β-spathulenol (0.08–14.39), 4-terpineol (0.23–10.19), and β-eudesmol (0.21–9.94). The main chemical groups found in EOs included oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.12–68.43), and phthalates (9.73–94.72). Cluster analysis revealed three distinct chemotypes: chemotype I (populations 1 and 2) with major components of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, tau-cadinol, and α-elemol; chemotype II (population 5) rich in mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; and chemotype III (populations 3, 4, 6–8) containing tau-cadinol, β-eudesmol, and 4-terpineol. The study also evaluated total phenolic, total flavonoid, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in the fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) in leaf and flower samples of the genotypes, along with estimating total anthocyanin content in the flower samples. The total phenolic content (TPC) in leaf and flower samples ranged from 7.89 to 107.18 mg GAE/g DW and 39.98 to 86.62 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, respectively. Total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 81.04 to 143.46 mg QUE/g DW in leaf samples and from 94.82 to 133.26 mg quercetin equivalent (QUE)/g DW in flower samples. DPPHsc IC50 (µg/mL) ranged from 0.65 to 78.74 in leaf samples and from 4.38 to 7.71 in flower samples. Anthocyanin content ranged from 1.89 to 3.75 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3GE)/g DW among populations. Canonical correspondence analysis and simple correlation demonstrated a strong association and correlations among the studied attributes. The negative correlations between leaf DPPH (DPPH L) IC50 and TFC (− 0.73), TPC (− 0.63), Elemol (− 0.90), and EO (− 0.85) indicate that these compounds have a significant impact on the antioxidant activity of the leaves. Furthermore, Fruit DPPH (DPPH F) IC50 showed a negative correlation with TPC (− 0.79) and TFC (− 0.78), but a positive correlation with flower anthocyanins (0.51), (Z)-β-Farnesene (0.66), and 4-Terpineol (0.57). Circular cluster analysis categorized the genotypes of all individuals in the eight studied populations into three main categories based on all the studied traits, indicating significant variation in phytochemical and morphological traits among populations, surpassing the within-populations variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The essential role of smaller streams and tributaries indigenous to the area is crucial in revitalizing and restoring the main river system. The present study unraveled the relationship between plankton communities and environmental variables in the Shipra River, a Central Himalayan tributary of the Kosi River in Uttarakhand, India. Plankton distribution, abundance, and presence were investigated at four locations: upstream (S1 and S2) and downstream (S3 and S4). Forty-eight genera of phytoplankton and zooplankton have been identified belonging to ten classes (Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenopyceae, Protozoa, Rotifers, Copepoda, Cladocera, and Insecta) based on the findings. Winter was dominated by phytoplankton (Navicula spp., Nitzchia spp., Diatom spp.); summer and monsoon by zooplankton (Daphnia spp., Cyclops spp., Keratella spp., Brachionus spp.). Plankton communities of the tributary were assessed using diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner's index (H), Simpson's diversity index (1-D), and Evenness Index (E)). Seasonal variations in water temperature, specific conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and ammonium ions were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Canonical Correspondence Analysis, K-dominance plots, cluster analysis, and NMDS analysis showed the dynamic nature of the plankton communities with seasonal physiochemical variations in the unexplored Himalayan tributary. The plankton communities exhibited significant temporal fluctuations with physicochemical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the changes in weed flora in the irrigated wheat fields of Isfahan county over a 15-year period (from 2019 to 2004), a systematic sampling of weeds was conducted in 100 farms with W pattern during wheat tillering to stem elongation stages. In 2004, the dominant weed species was winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) with a abundance index of 76.1; however, in 2019 three weed species, including winter wild oat, wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) were recognized as the dominant species with abundance indices of 70.1, 42.3, and 28.6, respectively. In 2004, the dominant broadleaf weed species were lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) with a dominance index of 67.9 and prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) with a dominance index of 31.96. However, in 2019, the highest dominance indices were observed in lambsquarters, prostrate knotweed, and Flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) with abundance indices of 78.4, 38.5, and 39.04, respectively. The correlation between weed distribution and soil factors (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil texture, and electrical conductivity), crop rotation, and herbicides was examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Littleseed canarygrass, wild barley, field brome (Bromus commutatus), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), hoary cress (Cardaria draba), and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) showed the highest correlation with soil nitrogen levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation embarks on understanding the spatial distribution of the microalgae population in the Hoggar and Tassili regions of the Central Sahara of Algeria. Thirty-eight sites were sampled between April 2016 and April 2017. Environmental parameters were measured at each station. A total of 77 taxa belonging to 7 classes were identified: Bacillariophyceae (27), Cyanophyceae (15), Chlorophyceae (14), Zygnematophyceae (13), Euglenophyceae (5), Dinophyceae (2), and Xanthophyceae (1). The highest values of the Shannon-Weaver and Equitability indexes were recorded at station H5S1 (H’ = 4.62, E = 0.95), respectively, in the region of Hoggar. In the Tassili region, the highest values were recorded at station T1S2 (H’ = 4.50, E = 0.88), respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was established between the environmental parameters and species in both regions. According to the results, pH, altitude, and depth were the most important environmental factors influencing the microalgae diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the changes in weed flora in the irrigated wheat fields of Isfahan county over a 15-year period (from 2019 to 2004), a systematic sampling of weeds was conducted in 100 farms with W pattern during wheat tillering to stem elongation stages. In 2004, the dominant weed species was winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) with a abundance index of 76.1; however, in 2019 three weed species, including winter wild oat, wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) were recognized as the dominant species with abundance indices of 70.1, 42.3, and 28.6, respectively. In 2004, the dominant broadleaf weed species were lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) with a dominance index of 67.9 and prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) with a dominance index of 31.96. However, in 2019, the highest dominance indices were observed in lambsquarters, prostrate knotweed, and Flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) with abundance indices of 78.4, 38.5, and 39.04, respectively. The correlation between weed distribution and soil factors (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil texture, and electrical conductivity), crop rotation, and herbicides was examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Littleseed canarygrass, wild barley, field brome (Bromus commutatus), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), hoary cress (Cardaria draba), and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) showed the highest correlation with soil nitrogen levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ichthyofaunal diversity of Son stream, main tributary of Beas River in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh has been described in relation to selected physicochemical parameters (Water temperature, pH, TDS, Total alkalinity, Total hardness) in present research paper. Detailed analysis of the influence of physicochemical parameters on fish-faunal composition and distribution is also done. 4 orders and 6 families, consisting of 12 fish, have been reported for the first time from the stream. As per IUCN, out of 12 species, 2 species belongs to VU (Vulnerable) category, one each species belongs to EN (Endangered), NE (Not Evaluated) and DD (Data Deficient) category. Remaining 7 species falls under LC (Least Concern) category. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to derive the relation among physicochemical parameters and fish species variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the influence of factors responsible for shaping community assemblage is crucial for biodiversity management and conservation. Gansu is one of the richest regions for bumblebee species in the world. We explored the distribution data of 52 bumblebee species collected in Gansu and its surroundings between 2002 and 2022, predicting habitat suitability based on 17 environmental variables using MaxEnt. The factors influencing community assemblage were assessed using canonical correspondence analysis. Net primary productivity, water vapor pressure, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, and precipitation seasonality were some of the most influential drivers of species distributions. Based on Ward’s agglomerative cluster analysis, four biogeographic zones are described: the Southern humid zone, the Western Qilian snow mountain zone, the Eastern Loess plateau zone, and the Western dry mountain zone. In the clusters of grid cells based on beta diversity values, the Southern humid zone comprised 42.5% of the grid cells, followed by the Eastern Loess plateau zone (32.5%), the Western dry mountain zone (20%), and the Western Qilian snow mountain zone (5%). Almost all the environmental factors showed a significant contribution to the assemblages of bumblebees of different groups. Our findings highlight the need for better data to understand species biogeography and diversity patterns, and they provide key baseline data for refining conservation strategies.

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forests in Ethiopia are of high ecological value, but their area is declining at an alarming rate due to various anthropogenic pressures. We identified and characterized plant communities, species diversity, and their determinants in forest patches in Wolaita, Southwest Ethiopia. We recorded the number of individuals of plants, species cover-abundance, and environmental factors in 126 (20 m × 20 m) quadrats. We sampled soils from three layers of 10 cm depth each and took air-dried composite samples to soil laboratory of Arba Minch University for analyses. The plant community–environment relationship was determined using canonical correspondence analysis. We used various diversity indices to compute species diversity. Species composition resemblance between the plant communities was determined using Sorensen's similarity coefficient. We identified five distinct plant communities using hierarchical agglomerative clustering. Diospyros abyssinica—Combretum collinum community was rich, while Combretum molle—Ficus vasta community was poor in species. Juniperus procera—Olea europaea community and Cordia africana—Prunus africana community showed the highest species similarity. D. abyssinica—C. collinum community had the maximum Shannon entropy (H = 4.19), while C. molle—F. vasta community had the minimum (H = 3.17). Shannon entropy was high in the study area (H = 3.75; Evenness = 0.86; Number of effective species = 41.7). J. procera—O. europaea community was dense (1014 individuals' ha−1), whereas C. molle—F. vasta community was sparse (762 individuals ha−1). Altitude, pH, EC, total nitrogen, sand, and clay explained most of the variations among community types. In general, low level of disturbance was detected in the study areas. Anthropogenic pressures, such as livestock grazing, and browsing, tree cutting for construction material and fuelwood, and mowing of grasses for livestock feed and roof cover may expose the soil to erosion and can alter the composition and structure of the forest patches in the study area. The low disturbance value, the high Shannon entropy, and other metrics show that these communities are of high natural value; thus, their preservation is of utmost importance. Monitoring and conservation intervention are necessary to sustain the importance of forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deforestation for the development of agricultural land is a critical driver of biodiversity loss. We examined the relationships between tree species and environments after the abandonment of a plot of land at the Mae Klong Watershed Research Station, Western Thailand. Vegetation monitoring was conducted every two years on a 16-ha permanent plot established in 2011 until 2019. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH)≤1 cm were measured. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to investigate the relationships between tree species and environments. We found a total of 199 tree species in the plot, which comprised both pioneer and climax species. The high tree density and low basal area were 1,280 stem/ha and 7.30 m2/ha, respectively. During 2011-2019, the species richness and total tree density were decreased by nine species (from 206 to 197 species) and 83 stem/ha (from 1,120 to 1,037 stem/ha). In contrast, the total basal area increased from 6.41 to 7.26 stem/ha. According to the measured environmental variables, mixed deciduous species such as Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii preferred higher elevations and drier sites compared to dry evergreen species such as Dipterocarpus alatus. Early colonizing species such as Trema orientalis and Ficus species exhibited rapid population decreases, whereas climax species such as Lagerstroemia tomentosa exhibited highly successful regeneration under natural conditions. Artificial reforestation efforts may be required in areas with large disturbance, including the planting of mixed tree species to promote natural regeneration and reduce the recovery period.

This study examines the significant variability in grain yield, thousand-grain weight, protein content, sedimentation value, and falling number among winter wheat cultivars across diverse trial locations, elucidating the profound influence of environmental factors on these traits. Employing Shukla’s stability variance and a multi-trait stability index (MTSI), cultivar stability is comprehensively assessed across multiple traits. Cultivars are ranked based on stability variance and cumulative ranking across all traits, with Bataja emerging as the most stable cultivar according to Shukla variance, while Apostel exhibits the lowest stability. Contrarily, MTSI rankings reveal distinct top performers, such as Medalistika and KWS Spencer. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) is utilized to discern relationships between stability and genotype characteristics, as well as trait values and soil properties/weather conditions. These findings contribute to the recommendation of stable cultivars for breeding programs and the optimization of crop management practices. Furthermore, this study underscores the need to explore causal relationships between accompanying variables, facilitating informed recommendations for plant breeders and advancing breeding progress amidst a changing climate. The use of multivariate statistical methods, including CCA, enhances our understanding of cultivar traits and stability, offering valuable insights for sustainable agriculture.

Deforestation for the development of agricultural land is a critical driver of biodiversity loss. We examined the relationships between tree species and environments after the abandonment of a plot of land at the Mae Klong Watershed Research Station, Western Thailand. Vegetation monitoring was conducted every two years on a 16-ha permanent plot established in 2011 until 2019. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH)=1 cm were measured. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to investigate the relationships between tree species and environments. We found a total of 199 tree species in the plot, which comprised both pioneer and climax species. The high tree density and low basal area were 1,280 stem/ha and 7.30 m2/ha, respectively. During 2011-2019, the species richness and total tree density were decreased by nine species (from 206 to 197 species) and 83 stem/ha (from 1,120 to 1,037 stem/ha). In contrast, the total basal area increased from 6.41 to 7.26 stem/ha. According to the measured environmental variables, mixed deciduous species such as Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii preferred higher elevations and drier sites compared to dry evergreen species such as Dipterocarpus alatus. Early colonizing species such as Trema orientalis and Ficus species exhibited rapid population decreases, whereas climax species such as Lagerstroemia tomentosa exhibited highly successful regeneration under natural conditions. Artificial reforestation efforts may be required in areas with large disturbance, including the planting of mixed tree species to promote natural regeneration and reduce the recovery period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree distribution has been considered crucial to assess the relationships between species occurrence and changing climate across the globe, and accordingly in designing the conservation action plans. Therefore, it becomes imperative to understand the most influential parameters for tree species distribution and its regeneration pattern. We used National Forest Inventory data collected in Western Himalaya (WH) and environmental parameters to reveal the aforesaid relationship and pattern. Three topographical factors (altitude, aspect, and slope), four major climatic variables (temperature, temperature seasonality, precipitation and its seasonality) and four edaphic factors (soil depth, soil humus, soil consistency and soil coarse fragments) were considered. The results indicated that the altitude and temperature were the major determining factors followed by temperature seasonality in shaping the distribution of major tree species in WH. The study also indicated an upward shift of regenerating individuals of these tree species toward higher altitude. These information about the extent of current tree distribution and their regeneration over the last one and half decade might help in systematic conservation planning and monitoring tree range dynamics under climate change scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are considered as the heart of natural feeding and breeding grounds of many indigenous fishes of Bangladesh. These are also the most diversified habitat in the world. However, the wetlands of Bangladesh are in danger of extinction due to various manmade and natural causes. Therefore, wetlands need special attention to conserve this unique ecosystem of Bangladesh. As a part of the conservation measures needed for wetland ecosystem, the present study was undertaken to describe the abundance and diversity status of fish in Dingapota wetland of Bangladesh and to identify the key environmental factors influencing the fish community assemblage. A total of 52 fish species were recorded from 7 orders during the study period. Cypriniformes comprises the most abundant order (47.91%) followed by Perciformes (20.71%) and Clupeformes (20.22%). Higher number of species was recorded in post-monsoon season. Fish community assemblage was significantly differentiated among the three seasons (ANOSIM, Global R = 0.803, P < 0.05), while the overall average differences in the period of three seasons was estimated as 39.92% and similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) revealed the greater contribution of Osteobrama cotio, Esomus danricus, Nandus nandus, Gudusia chapra and Chanda nama to ascertain this dissimilarity. Multivariate analysis based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) generated three separate groups of each seasonal samplings and cluster analysis to find out natural grouping of samples according to their abundance. Diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner diversity (H), Margalef’s richness (D) and Pielou’s evenness (e)) were found to vary significantly among the seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed the significant roles of temperature, depth, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity for structuring the community assemblage of fish in Dingapota wetland. Essential baseline information generated by this study will help the respective authority to formulate sustainable conservation measures for Dingapota wetland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic diversity of soil microbiota embodies diverse functional capabilities that support ecosystem resilience, driving essential biogeochemical processes and facilitating the optimization of sustainable agricultural systems. Integrating cover crops into agricultural systems cultivates a diverse array of metabolic activities among soil microbes, synergistically enhancing ecosystem services and bolstering soil health for sustainable and productive farming practices. In an effort to gain deeper insights and expand our knowledge, we conducted a study examining the effects of cover crops and fertilizer sources, thereby shedding light on their combined impacts on the metabolic activity dynamics of soil microbial communities. In this investigation, we employed a split-plot design with two factors: (a) cover crop with three solo cover crop species—Cereal rye (Secale cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), and one mixture of mustard (Brassica rapa) and cereal rye (Secale cereale) (CC-mix), (b) Fertilizer source includes poultry litter, chemical fertilizer, and no-fertilizer treatments. We assessed the metabolic potential of soil microbiota by using carbon substrates utilizing Biolog EcoPlates. The findings revealed that the plots with CC-mix treatment exhibited greater metabolic diversity compared to the other treatments, while among the fertilizer sources, poultry litter demonstrated higher metabolic activity. Furthermore, both treatment factors predominantly metabolized carbohydrates and polymers compared to other carbon substrate categories. The principal component analysis accounted for 46.4% of the variance, collectively represented by PC1 and PC2, emphasizing the substantial contributions of carbohydrates, amino acids, and carboxylic acids to the observed metabolic diversity. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that pH had positively correlated with microbial functional diversity, whereas total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and water-stable aggregates (WSA) showed a negative correlation. In conclusion, cover cropping and type of fertilizer source had a notable impact on soil microbial functional diversity, with the cover crop mixture exhibiting a more pronounced influence than the individual cover crop treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clarification of drinking water leads to the production of large quantities of water treatment residuals (WTRs). DNA was extracted from six WTR samples collected from water treatment plants within the UK to compare their bacterial communities and examine whether factors such as coagulant usage (aluminium versus iron salt), the type of water source (reservoir or river), or leachable chemical composition influence these communities. Bacterial 16S variable region 4 (V4) was amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The most abundant phyla in WTR samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes, collectively representing 92.77–97.8% of the total bacterial sequences. Statistical analysis of microbial profiles indicated that water source played a significant role in microbial community structure, diversity, and richness, however coagulant type did not. PERMANOVA analysis showed that no single chemical variable (pH, organic matter, or extractable element concentration) influenced microbial composition significantly; however, canonical correspondence analysis of WTR microbiomes yielded a model using all these variables that could be used to explain variations in microbial community structures of WTRs (p < 0.05). No common, potentially toxic cyanobacteria, or related pathogens of concern were found. Analysis with PICRUSt showed that WTRs all had similar predicted microbial functional profiles. Overall, the results indicate that WTRs analysed in this study are unlikely to pose any threat to soil microbial community structure when applied to land as a soil conditioner or enhancer and may help to enhance the soil microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nearshore ecosystem of Hainan Island plays a crucial role as a breeding habitat for a wide variety of economically valuable fish species. Gaining insight into the structure of the fish community and the environmental factors that may impact them is highly significant in this marine region. This study collected fish data from 50 sampling sites using bottom trawling surveys. Methods including the swept area method, ecological indices, and abundance/biomass curve (ABC) analysis were employed to assess fish resource density and diversity. A comprehensive identification revealed a total of 363 fish species, encompassing 24 orders, 114 families, and 226 genera, with Perciformes being the dominant group. Spring exhibited higher fish abundance and biomass compared with autumn, with the southwestern waters as the primary concentration area. Acropoma japonicum, Decapterus maruadsi, and Navodon xanthopterus were dominant in spring, while Leiognathus bindus, Saurida tumbil, and Champsodon atridorsalis were dominant in autumn, indicating a seasonal shift towards smaller and lower-value fish species. A variability exceeding 80% was observed through SIMPER analysis, and a disrupted community structure was evident in the eastern and southern waters. Temperature and salinity were identified as primary environmental factors influencing the fish community. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the nearshore fish community of Hainan Island, aiding in the understanding of its structure and dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current state of the mangrove ecosystem on Bangka Island requires urgent attention from the local government to protect, restore, and conserve the remaining mangrove areas. Hence, this study endeavors to assess the species composition of mangroves on Bangka Island, examining their correlation with edaphic factors and shedding light on the zonation pattern within the region. We examined species composition, edaphic factors, and zonation patterns along 20 m × 100 m transects perpendicular to the waterfront at 22 sampling sites distributed across Bangka Island. Our findings revealed the presence of 21 mangrove species from ten families, including two mangrove associates. Among the documented species, the Rhizophoraceae family exhibited the highest floristic abundance with nine species. Edaphic factors (soil texture, pore-water salinity, N-total, P, and K) significantly influenced mangrove species composition (p < 0.05). However, these factors explained only 37.2% of the overall variability, suggesting additional factors contribute to the diverse zonation and composition of mangroves on Bangka Island. This study has relevant implications for the conservation and management of mangroves on Bangka Island. By gaining insight into the specific site's floristic composition, overall richness, and distribution, our findings can guide effective conservation and restoration strategies by understanding the factors shaping mangrove composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding waterbird abundance and distribution in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors can contribute to effective waterbird management in high altitude wetlands, although it remains a logistical challenge due to the harsh climate. Improved conventional method, the independent count- double observer was used to monitor waterbird population in 24 wetlands, including two Ramsar sites in Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh, India. Waterbirds in these wetlands were double-counted in all three seasons over two years, during that a range of environmental and anthropogenic variables and their influence on waterbirds were recorded. Detection probability models were used to get corrected waterbird abundance estimates. Ruddy shelduck, bar-headed goose, and brown-headed gull were the most abundant waterbirds, and autumn was the most abundant season due to the presence of passage migrants. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that distance to human settlement and distance to nearest road had profound effects on the abundance of waterbird species. Thus, human activities such as tourism need to be regulated, considering the ecological requirements of waterbirds. Resources need to be mobilised to facilitate regular monitoring for efficient management and informed decision making about the conservation of waterbirds and their habitats in the Trans-Himalayan wetlands.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water resources seriously restrict the development level of economy. This paper collected the data of agriculture, animal husbandry, industry development and water resources in Haixi prefecture of Qinghai province from 2005 to 2018. After some appropriate indicators were selected, the water use characteristics of different economic structures were analyzed through redundancy analysis and variation analysis. The main influencing factors and development status of agricultural were also analyzed by using canonical correspondence analysis and coupling coordination degree model. The results indicated that the industry water use mainly depended on underground water supply, while agricultural, animal husbandry and ecological water use mainly depended on surface water supply. From 2005 to 2018, the main dependent factors of agricultural development changed from irrigation water consumption and the number of tractors to the surface water reserves. The coupling relationship between the different crop planting area and explanatory variables (water resources, the number of agricultural machinery as well as the number of employees) could be roughly divided into three stages, respectively, the undeveloped stage from 2005 to 2008, the instable development stage from 2009 to 2014, and the steady development stage from 2015 to 2018. Canonical correspondence analysis and coupling coordination degree model showed the similar results. The results can provide quantitative support for water resources management and economic structure adjustment in Qaidam Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snags are highly important for many wildlife species and ecological processes. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between snags and topographic factors in a secondary forest plot in South China. Data on 544 snags were collected and recorded from 236 subplots in a permanent plot (400 subplots). The frequency of Castanopsis carlesii and Schima superba was higher than that of other species. The snags derived mostly from saplings and small trees, and the presence of snags decreased as the DBH and height increased after 25 years of logging. The snags displayed an aggregated spatial pattern distribution, which was strongly correlated with elevation, slope steepness, and slope aspect (p < 0.05), as revealed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA); however, the response of snags varied with topographic factors. Our results demonstrate that topography is an important factor that affects the snag spatial distribution in the subtropical secondary forest. These results will further improve our understanding of forest dynamics and provide guidance for forest management and biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An absolute essential for effective water resource management and ecological restoration is knowing the temporal and spatial variation of runoff. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal changes in runoff at the main hydrological stations along the Minjiang River and the Dadu River between 1961 and 2016 using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and annual variation analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis and regression analysis were used to determine the contribution of anthropogenic disturbance, vegetation, and climatic conditions to runoff change. The runoff at each station of the Minjiang River showed a clear decreasing trend, whereas the decreasing trend of the Dadu River was not significant. Moreover, the discharge at the Shawan (SW) station upstream of the Dadu River and the Gaochang (GC) station downstream of the Minjiang River have changed significantly during the flood and non-flood seasons since 2000, while the discharge at other stations has not changed significantly. The average annual runoff in the non-flood season at SW and GC in 2011–2016 increased by approximately 26.21 and 36.47%, respectively, compared with 1961–2010. Anthropogenic disturbance, vegetation, and climatic conditions in the Minjiang River Basin accounted for 76.24, 13.62, and 10.14%, respectively, of the runoff change in the basin. Water consumption and total reservoir capacity were the specific factors most affecting runoff change in the basin, accounting for 15.10 and 13.94%, respectively, of the changes in runoff. The research can provide important support for the ecological restoration of Minjiang River Basin and Yangtze River Basin. HIGHLIGHTS A mutation occurred around 2010, hereafter the annual average flow at the Gaochang station increased by approximately 36.47% in the non-flood season.; A significant downward trend in runoff from 1960 to 2016 occured in Minjiang.; Hydropower projects and water resources utilization may have contributed greatly to changes in runoff.;

Abstract Background Studying the floristic diversity of a certain forest is a basic aspect of the design and management of forest vegetation; and consequently this study focused on the plant diversity and community analysis of the Sele-Nono forest. For the current study, plants were sampled from 90 plots using a stratified random sampling technique along the established strata of the study forest. In all the plots, both floristic and environmental data that were relevant to the study were collected following the state of the art. Based on the collected data, the community types, ordination, floristic diversity, and threats to the forest were analyzed using R-package and SPSS software. Results Cluster analysis produced seven distinct community types which significantly differed among themselves (Cophentic correlation coefficient = 0.785, P 12) of plant species at the landscape level (i.e., throughout the study forest). Deforestation for agricultural land expansion and degradation through selective logging are the main threats to the Sele-Nono forest. Conclusions The present study revealed that the Sele-Nono forest is a large and heterogenous forest at the landscape level (150, 325.27 ha; $${\beta }_{w}$$ β w >12). Moreover, it is one of the richest and diverse forest ecosystems in terms of plant biodiversity, and it could qualify to be labeled as a keystone ecosystem. However, currently it is exposed to a variety of threats. We recommend the forest to be developed into a biosphere reserve. We also recommend the prioritization of areas belonging to community types 2 and 6 of the forest for any possible conservation actions so as to maximize species richness and diversity of the native plants of the area.

Introduction: There has been limited research conducted on the identifications/methodological approaches of using plant species as indicators of the presence of economically, important mineral resources. Objectives: This study set out to answer the following questions (1) Do specific plant species and species assemblages indicate the presence of mineral deposits? and (2) if yes, then what sort of ecological, experimental, and statistical procedures could be employed to identify such indicators? Methods: Keeping in mind these questions, the vegetation of subtropical mineral mines sites in northern Pakistan were evaluated using Indicator Species Analysis (ISA), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: A total of 105 plant species belonging to 95 genera and 43 families were recorded from the three mining regions. CA and TWCA classified all the stations and plants into three major mining zones, corresponding to the presence of marble, coal, and chromite, based on Jaccard distance and Ward’s linkage methods. This comprehended the following indicator species: Ficus carica, Isodon rugosus and Ajuga parviflora (marble indicators); Olea ferruginea, Gymnosporia royleana and Dicliptera bupleuroides (coal indicators); and Acacia nilotica, Rhazya stricta and Aristida adscensionis (chromite indicators) based on calculated Indicator Values (IV). These indicators were reconfirmed by CCA and SEM analysis. Conclusion: It was concluded that ISA is one of the best techniques for the identification/selection of plant indicator species, followed by reconfirmation via CCA and SEM analysis. In addition to establishing a robust approach to identifying plant indicator species, our results could have application in mineral prospecting and detection.

The Himalayan region has several freshwater resources, such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands. These freshwater resources have been adversely affected by environmental factors. Freshwater biological systems are defenseless against outcomes of environmental changes that might prompt the irreversible disintegration of these natural surroundings. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the Benthic macro-invertebrate assemblages of the Asan wetland, Dehradun in Garhwal Himalaya. A determination of the physico-chemical health status of the Asan wetland viz., electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and nutrients parameters like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus were investigated during this study. Three sampling sites (Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3) of wetland were selected and the water samples were collected seasonally, i.e., summer, winter, and monsoon from April 2021-March 2022. Maximum values of EC(163.75 µS/cm), TDS (232.78 (mg/l), alkalinity (141.20 mg/l) and pH(7.8) were recorded in the monsoon season (June-September) and minimum values of EC( 135.80µS/cm), TDS (196.80 (mg/l), alkalinity (119.80mg/l) and pH(7.2) were recorded in the winter season (November--February). An overall total of 18 macrobenthos genera belonging to four classes was identified. Maximum communities of macrobenthos were observed during the winter and minimum communities during the monsoon season. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to determine whether microbenthic genera and habitat ecological parameters and showed a positive or negative correlation. Thus, the present study contributed to the status of various factors and their impacts on the Benthic macro-invertebrate structure of the Asan wetland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate is critical for plant altitudinal distribution patterns. Non-climatic factors also have important effects on vegetation altitudinal distribution in mountain regions. The purpose of this study was to explore the current distribution of plant diversity along the altitudinal gradient in the Taihang Mountain range of northern China and to estimate the effects of climatic and non-climatic factors on the elevational pattern. Through a field survey, a total of 480 sampling plots were established in the central Taihang Mountain range. Alpha diversities (the Shannon–Weiner index and Simpson index) and beta diversities (the Jaccard index and Cody index) were measured based on the survey data. Plant community structure change based on the altitudinal gradient was explored by measuring the diversity indices. Canonical correspondence analysis was carried out to determine the factors influencing plant altitudinal distribution. The contributions of climatic and non-climatic factors on plant distribution were determined by partial methods. The results showed that the plant diversity of the elevational gradient complied with a "hump-shaped" pattern, in which communities in the medium altitude area with higher plant diversity had a higher species turnover rate, and non-climatic factors, particularly the anthropogenic factors, had an important influence on the plant altitudinal pattern. In conclusion, climatic and non-climatic factors both had important effects on the plant altitudinal pattern. It is strongly recommended to reduce human interference in mountain vegetation protection and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Uiam is situated midway through a basin with dams at both the upstream and downstream ends; considerable environmental fluctuations have been observed here. However, studies on changes in environmental factors and plankton community fluctuations remain limited. This study analyzed the seasonal physicochemical factors and changes in the phytoplankton community structure in Lake Uiam (2015–2016). Organic matter, phosphorus, total suspended solids (TSS), and Chl-a concentrations were high in the summer. Seasonal changes in the dominant taxa followed the typical succession pattern of temperate phytoplankton, with Bacillariophyceae (Ulnaria acus) being dominant in spring and Cyanophyceae (Pseudanabaena limnetica) dominant in summer. However, Cryptophyceae (Rhodomonas sp.) showed unusually high dominance in autumn. Cell abundance showed no seasonal differences. Rhodomonas sp. was negatively correlated with water temperature, suggesting its dominance in spring and autumn. Cryptophyceae showed a significant correlation with Chl-a (0.708 **), indicating its contribution to spring Chl-a concentrations. Cryptophyceae (Rhodomonas sp. and Cryptomonas spp.) commonly appear in spring but are dominant in autumn in Lake Uiam. Despite disturbances from various environmental factors, they showed higher adaptability than other algae, resulting in their consistent appearance and dominance, differing from the general succession patterns of temperate phytoplankton.

Do climatic variations and drought magnitude affect large-scale vegetation composition in the Central Zagrosian forests, and to what extent do topographic variables of altitude and aspect play a role in these potential differences? To answer this question, in this research, the flora list of 15 Central Zagros forests was obtained in five plant life forms between the valleys of two rivers, Gerdbisheh and Bazeft, over the distance of 170 km, using 226 half-hectare sample plots. Two-way cluster analysis and multi-reference permutation procedures (MRPP) were used to validate significant differences in plant composition at the landscape level. Subsequently, plant communities were divided into three ecological groups: eastern, central and western. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to determine the correlation between changing plant composition and climatic and topographic variables as well as plant life forms. The results showed that forests in the western ecological group are significantly and positively correlated with the De Marton aridity index, while the drought magnitude differentiates the other two ecological groups. Also, altitude had a significant effect on differentiating the eastern and central ecological groups. The main difference between the three ecological groups in terms of plant life forms, was due to the significant correlation of Therophytes, Cryptophytes and Hemicryptophytes with the driest ecological group (eastern). Despite the fact that all the plots were covered with forests, Phanerophytes were not effective in distinguishing ecological groups.

Quercus-dominated forests are among the most important broad-leaved evergreen forests of the Hindu Kush ranges and are currently prone to drastic anthropogenic and climatic changes. The aim of this study was to provide basic data for the development of a regional oak forest ecosystem framework for ecological restoration and management plan development to maintain local peoples’ livelihoods. Hence, we analyzed distribution patterns and environmental factors that affect regional oak forests’ species composition and diversity. Ward’s Agglomerative clustering divided oak-dominated forest communities into three groups: i.e., Group I, dominated by Quercus baloot had an importance value index (IVI) of 89.87 ± 4.31, Group II, dominated by Quercus dilatata had an IVI of 32.16 ± 15.01, and Group III, dominated by Quercus oblongata had an IVI of 83.14 ± 4.67, respectively. The environmental factors which vary significantly within these communities were latitude, elevation, clay content and bulk density of the soil. Wilting point, saturation point, and electrical conductivity were also considered as ecosystem structural variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that community structure was affected by various environmental factors including precipitation, slope angle, elevation, clay content, and relative humidity.

After applying canonical correspondence analysis to metagenomics data with hugely different library sizes (site totals) it became evident that Canoco and the R-packages ade4 and vegan can yield (at least up to 2022) very different P-values in statistical tests of the relationship between taxonomic composition (species composition) and predictors (environmental variables and/or treatments). The reason is that vegan and Canoco up to version 5.12 apply residualized response permutation (but ignore the model intercept), whereas ade4 applies predictor permutation. Predictor permutation, when extended to residualized predictor permutation, is applicable in partial constrained ordination. This paper shows by simulation that residualized response permutation can yield a very inflated Type I error rate, if the abundance data are both overdispersed and highly variable in site total. In contrast, residualized predictor permutation controlled the type I error rate and had good power, also when the predictors were skewed or binary. After square-root or log transformation of the abundance data, the differences between the permutation methods became small. Residualized predictor permutation is recommended, particularly in testing trait–environment relationships using double constrained correspondence analysis, because this method also critically depends on the species totals, which are generally highly variable. It is implemented in Canoco 5.15 and the R-code of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]