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Controlling the excessive fracture burden in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages G4–G5D remains an impressive challenge. The reasons are 2-fold. First, the pathophysiology of bone fragility in patients with CKD G4–G5D is complex and multifaceted, comprising a mixture of age-related (primary male/postmenopausal), drug-induced and CKD-related bone abnormalities. Second, our current armamentarium of osteoporosis medications has not been developed for, or adequately studied in patients with CKD G4–G5D, partly related to difficulties in diagnosing osteoporosis in this specific setting and fear of complications. Doubts about the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approach fuel inertia in daily clinical practice. The scope of the present consensus paper is to review and update the assessment and diagnosis of osteoporosis in patients with CKD G4-G5D and to discuss the therapeutic interventions available and the manner in which these can be used to develop management strategies for the prevention of fragility fracture. As such, it aims to stimulate a cohesive approach to the management of osteoporosis in patients with CKD G4–G5D to replace current variations in care and treatment nihilism.

Background: Besides advances in haemodialysis (HD), mortality rates are still high. The effect of the different types of HD membranes on survival is still a controversial issue. The aim of this COSMOS (Current management Of Secondary hyperparathyroidism: a Multicentre Observational Study) analysis was to survey, in HD patients, the relationship between the use of conventional low- or high-flux membranes and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Methods: COSMOS is a multicentre, open-cohort, 3-year prospective study, designed to evaluate mineral and bone disorders in the European HD population. The present analysis included 5138 HD patients from 20 European countries, 3502 randomly selected at baseline (68.2%), plus 1636 new patients with

COSMOS is sponsored by the Bone and Mineral Research Unit (Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias), SAFIM (Sociedad Asturiana Fomento Investigaciones Óseas), the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association, the National Program of I+D+I 2008–2011 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the ISCIII Retic REDinREN (RD06/0016/1013 and RD12/0021/1023), the ISCIII (ICI14/00107 and PI17/00384), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013–2016, Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2013–2017 del Principado de Asturias (GRUPIN14-028) and Fundación Renal Ínigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Carrero, J.J., Cabezas-Rodríguez, I., Qureshi, A.R., Floege, J., Ketteler, M., London, G., Locatelli, F., Memmos, D., Goldsmith, D., Ferreira, A., Nagy, J., Teplan, V., Martínez-Salgado, C., Fernández-Martín, J.L., Zoccali, C., Cannata-Andia, J.B., on behalf of the COSMOS group

Objectives.: To assess the prevalences across Europe of radiological indices of degenerative inter-vertebral disc disease (DDD); and to quantify their associations with, age, sex, physical anthropometry, areal BMD (aBMD) and change in aBMD with time. Methods.: In the population-based European Prospective Osteoporosis Study, 27 age-stratified samples of men and women from across the continent aged 50+ years had standardized lateral radiographs of the lumbar and thoracic spine to evaluate the severity of DDD, using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) scale. Measurements of anterior, mid-body and posterior vertebral heights on all assessed vertebrae from T4 to L4 were used to generate indices of end-plate curvature. Results.: Images from 10 132 participants (56% female, mean age 63.9 years) passed quality checks. Overall, 47% of men and women had DDD grade 3 or more in the lumbar spine and 36% in both thoracic and lumbar spine. Risk ratios for DDD grades 3 and 4, adjusted for age and anthropometric determinants, varied across a three-fold range between centres, yet prevalences were highly correlated in men and women. DDD was associated with flattened, non-ovoid inter-vertebral disc spaces. KL grade 4 and loss of inter-vertebral disc space were associated with higher spine aBMD. Conclusion.: KL grades 3 and 4 are often used clinically to categorize radiological DDD. Highly variable European prevalences of radiologically defined DDD grades 3+ along with the large effects of age may have growing and geographically unequal health and economic impacts as the population ages. These data encourage further studies of potential genetic and environmental causes.

Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is a heterogeneous group of metabolic bone diseases complicating progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Bone biomarkers and bone imaging techniques may help to assess bone health and predict fractures in CKD but do have important inherent limitations. By informing on bone turnover and mineralization, a bone biopsy may help to guide prevention and treatment of ROD and its consequences. According to a recent survey conducted among European nephrologists, bone biopsies are performed rather exceptionally, both for clinical and research purposes. Obviously, clinical research in the field of ROD is threatened by vanishing clinical and pathological expertise, small patient cohorts and scientific isolation. In March 2016, the European Renal Osteodystrophy (EU-ROD) initiative was created under the umbrella of the ERA-EDTA CKD-mineral and bone disorder (MBD) Working Group to revitalize bone biopsy as a clinically useful tool in the diagnostic workup of CKD-MBD and to foster research on the epidemiology, implications and reversibility of ROD. As such, the EU-ROD initiative aims to increase the understanding of ROD and ultimately to improve outcomes in CKD patients.

The article “Identification and management of patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fracture: outcomes of an ESCEO expert consensus meeting”, written by J.A. Kanis, C. Cooper, R. Rizzoli, B. Abrahamsen, N. M. Al-Daghri, M. L. Brandi, J. Cannata-Andia, B. Cortet, H. P. Dimai, S. Ferrari, P. Hadji,N. C. Harvey, M. Kraenzlin, A. Kurth, E. McCloskey, S. Minisola17, T. Thomas, and J.-Y. Reginster for the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), was originally published Online First without open access. After publication in volume 28, issue 7, pages 2023–2034 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an open access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to

Prevention of fragility fractures in older people has become a public health priority, although the most appropriate and cost-effective strategy remains unclear. In the present statement, the Interest group on falls and fracture prevention of the European union geriatric medicine society (EUGMS), in collaboration with the International association of gerontology and geriatrics for the European region (IAGG-ER), the European union of medical specialists (EUMS), the Fragility fracture network (FFN), the International osteoporosis foundation (IOF) – European society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (ECCEO), outlines its views on the main points in the current debate in relation to the primary and secondary prevention of falls, the diagnosis and treatment of bone fragility, and the place of combined falls and fracture liaison services for fracture prevention in older people.

Introducción: La causa más frecuente de estenosis aórtica es la acumulación activa de calcio en los velos valvulares, lo que conlleva graves consecuencias clínicas. Diversas metaloproteasas de matriz extracelular (MMPs) han sido implicadas en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad. Por ello, se estudió la posible asociación entre un polimorfismo funcional de MMP1 y la cantidad de calcio depositado en la válvula aórtica. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio 45 pacientes sometidos a reemplazo valvular. El contenido en calcio de los velos de las válvulas extraídas en la cirugía se determinó mediante microtomografía computarizada. De muestras de sangre periférica se extrajo ADN para genotipar el polimorfismo -1607 1G>2G de MMP1 por PCR y posterior digestión. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en el contenido en calcio de las válvulas aórticas en individuos con distintos genotipos de -1607 1G>2G (p=0,042). Así, los portadores del alelo 2G (en homocigosis o heterocigosis) presentan valores más altos de calcio medido tanto como DMO (p=0,004) como BV/TV (p=0,002). La asociación con BV/TV fue independiente del sexo, la edad, el grado de función renal y la anatomía de la válvula (p=0,02), y se observó también una tendencia con la DMO (p=0,07). Conclusión: La asociación entre el polimorfismo 1G>2G de MMP1 y el contenido en calcio de la válvula aórtica sugiere que el alelo 1G tendría un efecto protector ante el depósito de calcio. Estos resultados apoyarían la importancia de ampliar el estudio para confirmar si este polimorfismo se podría usar como un posible predictor del desarrollo de estenosis aórtica. Introduction: The most common cause of aortic stenosis is active calcium accumulation in the valve cusps, which implies serious clinical consequences. Various extracellular matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) have been implicated in the development of this disease. Therefore, the possible association between a functional MMP1 polymorphism and the amount of calcium deposited on the aortic valve is studied. Patients and methods: 45 patients undergoing valve replacement were included in the study. The calcium content in valve cusps removed during surgery was determined by computed micro-tomography. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples for genotyping the -1607 1G>2G polymorphism of MMP1 by PCR and subsequent digestion. Results: Significant differences were observed in the calcium content in aortic valves in individuals with different -1607 1G>2G genotypes (p=0.042). Thus, 2G allele carriers (homozygous or heterozygous) present higher calcium levels measured as BMD (p=0.004) as well as BV/TV (p=0.002). The association with BV/TV was independent of sex, age, degree of renal function and anatomy of the valve (p=0.02). BMD tendency (p=0.07) was also observed. Conclusion: The association between 1G>2G MMP1 polymorphism and calcium content of the aortic valve suggests that the 1G allele would have a protective effect against calcium deposits. These results support the importance of further study to confirm whether this polymorphism could be used as a possible predictor of aortic stenosis development.

No abstract available

Background: The randomized, double-blind Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial found that 4 years of raloxifene therapy decreased the incidence of invasive breast cancer among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis by 72% compared with placebo. We conducted the Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista (CORE) trial to examine the effect of 4 additional years of raloxifene therapy on the incidence of invasive breast cancer in women in MORE who agreed to continue in CORE. Methods: Women who had been randomly assigned to receive raloxifene (either 60 or 120 mg/day) in MORE were assigned to receive raloxifene (60 mg/day) in CORE (n = 3510), and women who had been assigned to receive placebo in MORE continued on placebo in CORE (n = 1703). Breast cancer incidence was analyzed by a log-rank test, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: During the CORE trial, the 4-year incidences of invasive breast cancer and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive invasive breast cancer were reduced by 59% (HR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.71) and 66% (HR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.66), respectively, in the raloxifene group compared with the placebo group. There was no difference between the two groups in incidence of ER-negative invasive breast cancer during CORE (P = .86). Over the 8 years of both trials, the incidences of invasive breast cancer and ER-positive invasive breast cancer were reduced by 66% (HR = 0.34; 95 % CI = 0.22 to 0.50) and 76% (HR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.40), respectively, in the raloxifene group compared with the placebo group. During the CORE trial, the relative risk of thromboembolism in the raloxifene group compared with that in the placebo group was 2.17 (95% CI = 0.83 to 5.70). This increased risk, also observed in the MORE trial, persisted over the 8 years of both trials. Conclusions: The reduction in invasive breast cancer incidence continues beyond 4 years of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. No new safety concerns related to raloxifene therapy were identified during CORE. © Oxford University Press 2004, all rights reserved.

Objective - Vertebral deformity is associated with back pain and disability. The aim of tiffs analysis was to determine whether location within the spine influences the strength of association between vertebral deformity, back pain and disability. Methods - Men and women aged 50 years and over were recruited from population registers in 30 European centres. Subjects were invited for an interviewer administered questionnaire, and for lateral spinal radiographs. The questionnaire included questions about back pain, general health and functional ability. The spinal radiographs were evaluated morphometrically and vertebral deformity defined according to the McGloskey-Kanis method. Results - 756 (11.7%) men and 885 (11.8%) women had evidence of one or more vertebral deformities. Among women with a single deformity, after adjusting for age and centre, those with a lumbar deformity were more likely than those with a thoracic deformity to report back pain, both currently (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.0, 2.0) and in the past year (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.0, 2.3). No association was observed in men. Among women with two deformities, those with adjacent deformities were more likely than those with non-adjacent deformities to report poor general health (OR = 2.2; 95%CI 0.9, 5.6), impaired functional ability (OR = 1.9; 95%CI 0.8, 4.7) and current back pain (OR = 2.1; 95%CI 0.9, 4.9), though none of these associations were statistically significant. By contrast, among men, non-adjacent deformities were associated with impaired functional ability compared with those with adjacent deformities. Conclusions - Location within the spine influences the strength of association between self reported health factors and vertebral deformity.