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Purpose: The amniotic membrane (AM), the inner layer of the placenta, is a semitransparent, avascular, and thin tissue that is useful due to its structure. Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) avoids the need for keratoplasty to prevent corneal perforating. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the visual (gain of or no change in visual acuity) and corneal outcomes (closure of the ulcer or corneal healing) of AMT in patients with ocular surface diseases., Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective case control study (success or failure of the surgery). It was undertaken at a single academic center. The study cohort consisted of subjects with ocular surface diseases. Patients were treated with AMT for refractory ocular surface diseases. They were divided into five subgroups according to the preoperative diagnosis. The technique of AMT used was the onlay method with two layers of AM. Primary outcome measures included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the number of AMTs, and reepithelization of the corneal epithelium at the end of the treatment. Two weeks to six months were given to consider epithelial closure. Treatment success was defined as corneal healing within 6 months., Results: A total of the 66 eyes of 66 patients (39 male/27 female) with a mean age of 44 ± 23 years (range 1-88 years) were included in the study. A single AMT procedure achieved epithelial closure in 74.2% ( n  = 49) of the eyes (53% in <15 days, 19.6% in 15-30 days, and 1.5% in 1-6 months). The fastest reepithelization occurred in neurotrophic keratopathy, 76.9% of which cases occurred within 15 days after the AMT procedure. Treatment failure was observed in five patients (7.5%), four with keratitis and one with neurotrophic keratopathy. The highest closure rates were found in persistent epithelial defects, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and bullous keratopathy, although there was no statistically significant difference in BCVA. Pairwise comparisons were made of neurotropic keratoplasty versus bullous keratopathy ( P  = 0.025), neurotrophic keratopathy versus keratitis ( P  = 0.004), GVHD versus keratitis ( P  = 0.003), and lastly, GvHD versus bullous keratopathy ( P  = 0.023)., Conclusions: AMT is a safe, valuable, and fast treatment technique to treat corneal epithelial defects stemming from different etiologies that are refractory to conventional treatment.

This study aims to investigate and compare the stress distribution, displacement, and bone loading of monoblock and dual custom-made subperiosteal implant systems in atrophic maxilla using finite element analysis (FEA). A total of 11 patients with insufficient bone tissue for conventional implant treatment were included in the study. Customized subperiosteal implant designs were generated using the 3D average models obtained from patients' computed tomography (CT) scans. Two different models were produced: a monoblock that covered the entire maxillary bone and a dual implant system where two mirror-imaged implants covered the left and right halves of the maxillary bone separately. We have calculated residual stress values formed on the implant models and jaw bone models separately. In addition, the highest displacement values formed on the implants and the highest stress values formed on abutment parts have also been observed in this study. Results showed that the stresses formed on implants that are under the mastication forces were significantly lower than the yield strength of the selected material, indicating that plastic deformation would not occur under static load. The dual implant geometry demonstrated a substantial reduction in stress compared to the monoblock structure. The highest von Mises stress values for the monoblock implants ranged from 131 MPa to 206 MPa, while those for the dual structure ranged from 124 MPa to 178 MPa. The highest residual stress values on the upper jawbone were observed in the M6 implant model, and the lowest was seen in the M1 and M3 models at 12 MPa. Displacement values under static load showed that loads on the implant would be below 0.21 mm. In conclusion, custom subperiosteal implants are a viable treatment option for patients with insufficient bone tissue for conventional implants. Dual implant systems were found to have lower stress and displacement values compared to monoblock structures, indicating a potential advantage in clinical use. However, mono implants may have benefits in cases of immediate teeth loading due to their ability to absorb and distribute occlusal forces better., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists., (© The author(s).)

Background: The combined presence of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), or glaucoma and diabetes mellitus (DM), occur fairly frequently, especially in elderly patients. This study was intended to compare the effect of resolving macular edema due to DM and wet ARMD on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness., Methods: This cross-sectional study included 76 patients with macular edema secondary to DM (n = 40, 52.6%) or wet ARMD (n = 36, 47.4%). The control group was comprised of 34 age and sex-matched healthy subjects. All study participants underwent evaluation of central macular thickness (CMT) and the peripapillary RNFL using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Data from eyes that received an anti-VEGF injection were obtained one month after the procedure and were compared with pre-injection data., Results: The average initial thickness of the global peripapillary RNFL was 98.9 ± 16.7 (61-163) µm in the macular edema group and 92.0 ± 16.0 (84-115) µm in the control group (p = 0.045). The post-injection global peripapillary RNFL thickness was 97.3 ± 19.0 (61-163) µm in the macular edema group and 92.2 ± 18.0 (81-126) µm in the control group (p = 0.187). In the DM group, the changes in global RNFL thickness, as well as central and temporal quadrant thicknesses, were found to correlate significantly with the change in CMT (r = 0.356, p = 0.024; r = 0.545, p < 0.001, respectively)., Conclusions: Macular edema in wet ARMD appeared not to affect RNFL thickness. Differences in the etiology of macular edema can have varied effects on peripapillary RNFL. It is recommended that peripapillary RNFL thickness be evaluated cautiously in DM patients receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To compare vascular microcirculation changes of the optic nerve head (ONH) and to evaluate the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in the patients with unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS), other eyes of these patients without PEXS and healthy control eyes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)., Methods:  This cross-sectional study enrolled 29 pseudoexfoliative (PEX) and 29 fellow eyes of patients with unilateral PEXS, and 28 healthy eyes as controls. According to inclusion criteria the study group with asymmetric PEXS were normotensive and no glaucoma diagnosis. The vascularity of optic disc was evaluated with OCTA and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer with SD-OCT. ONH 4.5 × 4.5 mm OCTA gave us perfusion density (PD) and flow index (FI). Differences between the groups according to continuous variables were determined by independent samples t test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant., Results: Twenty-nine patients with the mean age of 66.21 ± 7.55 (49-79) years was compared with 28 individuals in control group with mean age of 66.79 ± 4.43 (60-75) years. There was no difference regarding the age (p = 0.725). Female and male distribution in two groups were same (p = 0.219). Intraocular pressure (IOP) in PEXS group was measured as 16.17 ± 4.58 (10-21) mmHg, however IOP in the fellow eye was measured as 14.79 ± 3.35 (11-19) mmHg (p = 0.064) and control group was measured as 12.53 ± 1.66 (10-17) mmHg (p = 0.000). In the group with PEXS, the superior FI was found to be lower 0.39 ± 0.06 (0.26-0.45) (p = 0.008) than control group 0.42 ± 0.21 (0.36-0.45), and temporal FI in PEXS eyes was measured 0.42 ± 0.06 (0.32-0.52), which was significantly lower than control group (p = 0.022). Nasal FI was the parameter which was found significantly different from the PEXS free fellow eyes. The nasal FI value of eyes with PEX was 0.40 ± 0.05 (0.30-0.46), while the same value in PEX free fellow eyes was 0.42 ± 0.04 (0.33-0.47) (p = 0.029)., Conclusions: ONH evaluation with OCTA especially in the nasal segment is important for early diagnosis. OCTA can be a new method in follow-up and early diagnosis of patients with asymmetric PEXS to control ONH microcirculation and to evaluate early glaucomatose changes in both eyes., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Purpose: To determine the association between ocular biometric parameters and macular ganglion cell layer (MGCL) thickness in normal eyes., Methods: This observational cohort study was conducted with 76 eyes of 76 healthy subjects. Keratometry, pachymetry, corneal volume, iridocorneal angle were measured with Sirius (CSO, Florence, Italy); axial length, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, corneal diameter were measured with IOL Master (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California). For all participants, serial horizontal Spectralis Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany) scans of the macula and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analysis were obtained using SD-OCT. The relationship between numerical variables was given by Pearson correlation coefficient., Results: The mean age of the subjects was 36.3 ± 11.9 years (between 19 and 70 y). Fifty-one patients were female (67.1%) and twenty-five patients were male (32.9%). MGCL was found to be correlated with anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, iridocorneal angle, axial length and white to white ( p = .015 r = 0.594, p = .002 r = 0.365, p = .013 r = 0.299, p = .004 r = 0.335, p = .013 r = 0.289, respectively). In addition, MGCL was correlated positively with the mean global and superotemporal RNFL (p ≤ 0.005). However, neither central corneal thickness nor keratometry values were found to be correlated with MGCL., Conclusion: The results of this study showed that MGCL thickness is affected by ocular biometric parameters. Therefore, these parameters should be taken into consideration when interpreting MGCL thickness measurements in the diagnosis of glaucoma.

Background/purpose: Reducing orthodontic treatment duration has many advantages for both clinicians and patients. This study was designed to compare the effects of alveolar decortication and low level laser therapy methods on tooth movement rate and alveolar bone metabolism., Materials and Methods: A total of 42 Wistar albino rats were divided into three main groups as: Alveolar decortication (AD), low level laser therapy (LLLT) and only orthodontic force (F). The groups were evaluated at 7 and 14 day time points. Tooth movement rates were calculated by measuring the space between the contact points of the first and second molars. Comparisons regarding the alveolar bone metabolism were accomplished by evaluating osteoclast counts and RANKL - OPG expressions., Results: The rate of tooth movement, at all time points, was significantly higher for the AD group than the other groups and was significantly higher in the LLLT group than the F group. At both time points, the RANKL and OPG expression in the AD group was significantly higher than the other groups and these parameters in the LLLT group was significantly higher than the F group. The osteoclast count values in the AD and LLLT groups were significantly higher than the F group and there were no significant differences between these two groups at all time points., Conclusion: This study shows that, to be more effective at AD, both AD and LLLT therapy significantly increases the level of tooth movement in the early period through their stimulating effects on the alveolar bone metabolism., (© 2019 Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: Previous studies have shown the effect of amalgam removal on the healing of oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs); however, no specific replacement materials have been suggested. The present series evaluated long-term results following the complete replacement of amalgam restorations with feldspathic ceramic inlay-onlay restorations for a group of patients with OLLs whose lesions were suspected to be related to amalgam restorations., Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients who had OLLs suspected to be related to their amalgam restorations were initially recruited. The patients underwent patch tests for a series of dental materials, in addition to clinical and histopathological examination. Sixteen (67%) of the 24 patients had their amalgam replaced with feldspathic ceramic inlay-onlay restorations and were examined within a follow-up period of 3 months to 5 years., Results: After 3 months of clinical follow-up, complete healing (63%) was noted in all patients with OLLs whose lesions were in only close contact with their amalgam restorations. Healing was significantly related to the combination of lesions with close contact with the amalgam restoration and a diagnosis of OLL (x 2 test, P=0.02)., Conclusion: Feldspathic ceramic can be safely used as a replacement material for patients with OLLs to diminish adverse reactions to amalgam restorations.

Aim: Malfixed miniplates can impair fracture healing, and the screw pilot holes may widen during repeated fixation trials. This in vitro study explored the extent to which screw fixation of mandibular angle fractures could be improved by augmenting the drilling holes with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Materials and Methods: We measured stabilization by recording specimen displacement under a vertical force of 50 N applied using a hydraulic tester. We included 20 hemimandibles from sheep (average weight 40 kg). The specimens were randomly divided into two groups of 10 and pilot holes were created in the angulus region using a drill 1.2 mm in diameter. Next, we performed osteotomies simulating angulus fracture repair. In group 1, the fracture site was fixed using non-compression miniplates and four screws were inserted to the maximal possible extent employing a mechanical screwdriver. In group 2, the pilot drill holes were filled with PMMA prior to miniplate fixation. Then vertical forces of 50 N were applied to the molar region and the displacements were measured. The Shapiro-Wilks test was used to compare the two groups. Result: The maximum average displacement in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p=0.026). Thus, PMMA-augmented screws better stabilized bone, affording reliable fixation., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Purpose: To evaluate macular pigment optical density in healthy children and to compare the values with those of strabismic children with respect to fixation preference., Methods: The study recruited 54 healthy and 41 strabismic children. Two groups were matched in terms of gestational age, birth weight, and body mass index. All participants underwent complete ophthalmological evaluation and macular pigment optical density measurement and filled a self-reported food frequency questionnaire. Strabismic children were categorized according to fixation preference., Results: The mean age was 9.87 ± 2.39 years in healthy children and 9.07 ± 2.07 years in children with strabismus (p = 0.091). Mean macular pigment optical density was 0.23 ± 0.25 in healthy eyes and 0.25 ± 0.27 in non-preferred eyes of strabismic children (p = 0.964). Macular pigment optical density was significantly higher in preferred eyes of strabismic children (0.43 ± 0.34) compared to non-preferred eyes (p = 0.004) and healthy eyes (p = 0.001). There was a difference of macular pigment optical density between both eyes in patients with grades 1, 2, and 3 fixation preference, whereas patients with grade 4 preference had similar macular pigment optical density in both eyes (p = 0.008). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between macular pigment optical density in preferred eyes and body mass index (r = 0.354, p = 0.023)., Conclusion: Preferred eyes of children with strabismus seem to have higher macular pigment optical density readings. This difference may emerge from the higher tendency of recognizing the flicker stimulus while preferred eye is under testing. Similar macular pigment optical density in healthy and non-preferred eyes and the fact that both lower than preferred eyes remain unexplained. It should be kept in mind that macular pigment optical density results should be carefully interpreted and macular pigment optical density in cases with strabismus should be further investigated.

Purpose: To quantify normative corneal optical density (COD) values of healthy individuals and to investigate alterations in the COD in relation to their ocular and demographic characteristics., Study Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, and observational., Methods: In total, 588 eyes from 588 healthy participants with clear corneas were consecutively enrolled. Corneal densitometry values expressed in standardized grayscale units (GSU) from different corneal layers and zones obtained using the rotating Pentacam Scheimpflug system were analyzed., Results: The mean (SD) COD over the 12-mm diameter area was 14.4 ± 2.74 GSU. A significant positive correlation was found between the participants' age and the total COD (r = 0.756, P < .001). No significant differences were found between males and females with respect to COD (P = .51). No significant correlation was found between the COD measurements and refractive error, pachymetry, and keratometry (P > .05 for all comparisons). On the other hand, COD was negatively correlated with white-to-white (WTW) corneal diameter (r = - 0.415, P < .001). Moreover, the WTW corneal diameter was correlated with the COD in any zone and layer of the cornea (P < .05 for all comparisons)., Conclusions: Wide variations in COD can be detected even in corneas deemed clinically clear. Age and corneal diameter that seem to influence corneal transparency should be taken into account when evaluating corneal backscatter.

Background: Dry eye syndrome is one of the complaints of diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tear functions in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using tests: Schirmer, tear break-up time (TBUT), and tear film osmolarity (TFO) tests and the Ocular Surface Disease Index score (OSDI)., Methods: Pregnant women with GDM (Group 1, n=46) and healthy pregnant women (Group 2, n=36) were enrolled. Initially, all participants were asked to answer the OSDI and then they underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including Schirmer, TBUT, and TFO tests. The individuals with ocular or systemic disorders that might affect the tear function tests and who were using topical medications were excluded., Results: The results of Schirmer, TBUT, TFO tests and OSDI scores were 11.20±4.93 mm, 5.59±2.16 sec, 309.65±14.80 mOsm/L, and 9.59 ± 9.69 in Group 1, respectively, and 12.33±5.33 mm, 5.67±2.68 sec, 308.36±16.00 mOsm/L, and 10.62±8.66 in Group 2, respectively. There was no significant difference in any of the tear function tests and OSDI scores between the study groups (p>0.05)., Conclusion: GDM seems to have no negative effects on tear function tests. This may be due to a lack of duration of hyperglycemia long enough to affect the tear function tests of pregnant women.

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) who did not receive any intervention or treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab., Methods: A single-center retrospective comparative study. Seventy eyes of 70 patients were recruited for the study; 27 patients were only observed without any medication or intervention (observation group), 23 were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB group), and the remaining 20 were treated with intavitreal ranibizumab (IVR group). The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) obtained by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were compared between the groups., Results: There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to age, sex, and follow-up periods (p>0.05). The mean time from baseline to initial complete resolution of subretinal fluid was 3.52±1.64 months in the observation group, 1.19±0.60 months in the IVB group, and 1.11±0.47 months in the IVR group; the resolution time was significantly longer in the observation group (p<0.001). While the CMT was significantly thicker in the observation group when compared to the IVB and IVR groups in the first month (p=0.001), it was similar between the groups in the third, sixth, and twelfth months (p>0.05). Additionally, pairwise comparisons of the IVB and IVR groups revealed that there were no significant differences between these groups regarding CMT at any follow-up time (p>0.05)., Conclusions: Compared with observation alone, neither IVB nor IVR had a positive effect in terms of anatomical and functional outcomes for acute CSC. Although the resolution time of SRF is shorter by using ranibizumab, both the ranibizumab and bevacizumab could be effective in achieving rapid resolution of serous detachment in patients with acute CSC.

Odontogenic myxomas represent a small portion of all odontogenic tumors. A myxoma of the bone is a rare lesion that occurs almost exclusively in the jaws. An odontogenic myxoma has a variable clinical and radiological appearance, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of radiolucent and mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesions of both jaws in all age groups. Myxomas consist of an accumulation of mucoid ground substance with little collagen, the amount of which determines whether it is called a myxofibroma. This paper presents the case of a 39-year-old male with a solid whitish red, nonulcerative, nontender expansion of both the buccal and palatal sides of the right upper alveolar bone. Results of a radiological examination revealed a unilocular radiolucency with cortical expansion and displacement of both the right upper second premolar and the first molar. The lesion was totally excised, and the histopathological examination showed a myxofibroma. Healing was uneventful, and there was no recurrence 12 months after surgical excision. Complete removal of the tumor, leaving no remnants attached to the soft tissue or bone, should be considered because of the well-known potential of myxofibromas to recur.

Purpose: To determine the relationship between anterior segment and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters., Methods: Two hundred healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The par-ticipants underwent measurement of anterior segment parameters with a Pentacam Scheimpflug system and imaging of the optic disc with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the associations between ONH and anterior segment parameters. Multivariate regression analyses controlling for age and disc area as confounding factors were also conducted., Results: There were significant negative relationships between optic disc area and corneal thickness (p=0.03, r=-0.217) and volume (p=0.017, r=-0.239). Corneal refractive power was significantly correlated with cup area, rim area, rim volume, and cup/disc ratio (p<0.05 for all). An increase of 1 diopter in anterior corneal refractive power corresponded to a decrease of 0.022 in cup/disc ratio. Rim volume was negatively correlated with anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber volume (p<0.05 for both). A 1-mm3 increase in anterior chamber depth corresponded to a 0.154-mm3 decrease in rim volume. Mean and maximum cup depth measurements were not associated with any of the anterior segment parameters., Conclusions: In nonglaucomatous eyes, the dimensions and shape of the ONH may be related to anterior segment morphology. Therefore, it may be helpful to take anterior segment parameters into consideration in evaluating the OHN.

Purpose: To investigate whether blood glucose regulation in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has an influence on the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score and tear function tests such as tear film osmolarity (TFO), tear break-up time (TBUT) and Schirmer tests., Methods: Fifty diabetic patients with a fasting blood glucose (FBG) level greater than 200mg/dL and HbA1c level greater than 10% were recruited for this prospective study. All of the patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including OSDI questionnaire, TFO test, TBUT test and Schirmer test initially. All tests were repeated after obtaining regulation of patients' blood sugar (approximately 6 weeks later)., Results: The mean age of the diabetic patients in the study was 54.96±12.48 years. Initially, the mean FBG, postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and HbA1c levels were 301.40±79.11mg/dL, 431.06±74.47mg/dL and 12.31±1.67%, respectively. After blood glucose regulation; the levels of all parameters (153.78±59.32mg/dL, 252.32±88.34mg/dL and 9.67±1.60%, respectively) statistically significantly decreased (P<0.001). The mean levels of OSDI score, TFO measurement, TBUT test and Schirmer test were 28.38±16.46 points, 349.66±13.09 mOsm/L, 6.44±1.91s and 8.66±3.57mm initially, and 17.82±11.70 points, 314.14±12.80 mOsm/L, 6.62±2.03s and 9.02±3.68mm after blood glucose regulation, respectively. Although the improvements in TBUT and Schirmer test values were not statistically significant (P>0.05), statistically significant reduction was obtained in OSDI scores and TFO levels (P<0.001, for each)., Conclusion: DM, which is a hyperosmolar disorder, appears to cause elevation in OSDI score and increase in TFO level, especially if blood glucose is poorly regulated., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Supernumerary teeth are additional teeth besides the normal series and can be found in any region of the dental arch. Supernumerary teeth can be classified according to their form and locations. Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with supernumerary teeth may prevent or minimize complications. The treatment options depend on the type and position of the supernumerary tooth and its effect on the adjacent structures. Two male patients were referred to our clinic due to swelling in their maxillae and interrupted eruption of teeth. Upon radiological examination of the patients, impacted supernumerary teeth were found. Surgical removal of these teeth were perfomed and they were found to be molariform. We aim to present the two rare cases of molariform supernumerary teeth in this article., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared.

Preload is applied to screws manually or using a torque wrench in dental implant systems, and the preload applied must be appropriate for the purpose. The aim of this study was to assess screw loosening and bending/torsional moments applied by clinicians of various specialties following application of manual tightening torque to combinations of implants and abutments. Ten-millimeter implants of 3.7 and 4.1 mm diameters and standard or solid abutments were used. Each group contained five implant-abutment combinations. The control and experimental groups comprised 20 and 160 specimens, respectively. Implants in the experimental group were tightened by dentists of different specialties. Torsional and bending moments during tightening were measured using a strain gauge. Control group and implants with preload values close to the ideal preload were subjected to a dynamic loading test at 150 N, 15 Hz, and 85,000 cycles. The implants that deformed in this test were examined using an optical microscope to assess deformities. Manual tightening did not yield the manufacturer-recommended preload values. Dynamic loading testing suggested early screw loosening/fracture in samples with insufficient preload.

Purpose: Friction-style and spring-style torque wrenches are used to tighten implant abutments and prosthetic screws. The mechanical stability of these torque wrenches is crucial for the implant-abutment connection. The purposes of this study were to assess the performance of five brands (Straumann, Zimmer, Implant KA, Bredent, and Biohorizons) of wrench and to evaluate possible changes in applied torque values of aged wrenches., Materials and Methods: Five new and aged wrenches that had been used approximately 250 times in a 1-year period were tested. The torque applied by friction- and spring-style wrenches was measured with a specially designed strain gauge indicator. Descriptive statistics, the one-sample t -test, and the independent-samples t -test were used to analyze values obtained from all torque wrenches., Results: The accuracy of new and aged torque devices of all brands except Bredent differed significantly from the target values, but the mean values for aged and new wrenches did not differ significantly from each other ( p > 0.05). Values for the spring- and friction-type torque wrenches deviated from the target values by 11.6% and 10.2%, respectively., Conclusion: The accuracy of aged torque wrenches is adequate for prosthetic screw tightening, but that of new torque wrenches is unsatisfactory and must be examined carefully before delivery.

Dentigerous cyts are form of benevolent odontogenic cyts which are related to crowns of permament teeth. Often, they are described as unilocular radiolucent lesions and barely seen in childhood era. This article aims to show a case about 11 year old boy having a dentigerous cyst associated with the mandibular canine and a premolar. Extraction of the primary molars and marsupialization of the lesion is also included in this method of treatment. After 9 months of the treatment, impacted teeth spontaneously erupted. Therefore, if we aim to manage of dentigerous cysts in children conservatively, marsupialization might be considered as first and foremost treatment method., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared.

Purpose: To perform a comparison of the corneal optical density (COD) parameters in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES) and age-matched controls., Methods: This study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional study. Pentacam HR-Scheimpflug imaging system was used to observe the COD of PES, normal fellow, and normal control eyes. Forty-two patients with unilateral PES and 40 age- and sex-matched normal subjects were included. Group 1 included eyes with PES, group 2 included the clinically unaffected fellow eyes, and group 3 included right eyes of healthy patients. Main outcome measures were densitometry values of the cornea., Results: There was no significant difference between groups in means of central corneal thickness (P > 0.05). Eyes of unilateral PES patients and eyes of controls differed in COD parameters. Mean total COD in group 1 eyes (21.9 ± 4.9) and group 2 eyes (21.95 ± 5.1) was higher than that in group 3 eyes (17.72 ± 4.7) (P < 0.0001)., Conclusions: This research demonstrates that the presence of pseudoexfoliation material can cause decrease in the transparency of clear cornea.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a bone disorder in which fibrous tissue replaces normal bone. FD can be monostotic (10%-25%) or polyostotic (50-90%) and is typically diagnosed accidentally on radiographs. Craniofacial lesions are typically unilateral and are diagnosed by clinical assessment and radiographic evaluation. This report describes the case of a 50-yearold female patient who had presented with painless swelling of the right maxilla and was diagnosed with FD. Subsequent bone scintigraphy identified the lesion as monostotic. Based on the patient's age and the radiographic data, contour correction was performed. However, 1 year after surgery, the lesion regrew and the treatment was repeated., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared.

Aim: To evaluate total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and the oxidative stress index (OSI) of the aqueous humor (AH) in patients with glaucoma., Methods: The prospective study was composed of a study group (n=31) and a control group (n=31). Fifteen patients in the study group were diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and 16 patients were diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG). The control group was composed of non-glaucomatous patients with cataracts. AH samples were collected and analyzed for TAS, TOS, and OSI levels., Results: Mean AH TAS level was significantly higher in patients with glaucoma than that in the control group (P<0.01). Mean TOS and OSI levels tended to increase in patients with glaucoma. No significant differences in TAS, TOS, or OSI levels were observed between patients with POAG and PEG., Conclusion: High levels of TAS were observed in patients with glaucoma, which was likely a response to the increased oxidative stress observed in these patients.

Hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors which represent a rapid growth pattern followed by the involution phase. Generally, they are located in the soft tissues and are usually diagnosed in the first decade of life. Hemangiomas are mostly asymptomatic and rarely affect jaw bones. Mandible is affected more often than maxilla. If there is no complication present, treatment may not be necessary. Treatment planning of hemangiomas should be done by considering the location and the size of the lesion as well as the proximity to vital anatomical structures. The aim of this case report is to describe the procedures of tooth extraction in a patient who had been diagnosed as having maxillary cavernous hemangioma., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared.

Rhinoliths are calcified masses located in the nasal cavity and may cause symptoms such as nasal obstruction, fetid odour and facial pain. They are usually diagnosed incidentally on radiographic examinations or depending on the symptoms. In this paper we report a 27-year-old Caucasian woman with a calcified mass in the right nasal cavity causing nasal obstruction, anosmia and facial pain. The calcified mass was removed by endonasal approach., (2015 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

The principles of management of mandibular fractures differ in children when compared to adults and depend on the specific age-related status of the growing mandible and the developing dentition. This paper presents a case report with a complex facial trauma affecting the mandibular body and condyle region and dentoalveolar complex. Clinical examination revealed soft tissue injuries, limited mouth opening, lateral deviation of the mandible, an avulsed incisor, a subluxated incisor, and a fractured crown. CBCT examination revealed a nondisplaced fracture and an oblique greenstick fracture of the mandibular body and unilateral fracture of the condyle. Closed reduction technique was chosen to manage fractures of the mandible. Favorable healing outcomes on multiple fractures of the mandible throughout the 6-year follow-up period proved the success of the conservative treatment. This case report is important since it presents a variety of pathological sequelae to trauma within one case.

Dentigerous cysts (DCs) are benign odontogenic cysts that are associated with the crowns of permanent teeth. The purpose of this study is to describe the management of DCs in four children. Four boys aged between 7 and 9 years were referred to our clinics with the complaints of intraoral alveolar swelling or facial asymmetry on the affected area. The panoramic radiographies showed large, well-defined radiolucent lesions associated with the deciduous teeth and displaced tooth buds. The treatment consisted of the extraction of the involved deciduous tooth and marsupialization of the cyst to allow eruption of the permanent tooth. Permanent teeth displaced by the DCs in three cases erupted spontaneously within one-year period. The case with horizontally displaced permanent tooth was managed by replantation. This is the first time that underlying permanent tooth in a DC case was intentionally replanted.

Purpose: To establish the total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the aqueous humour in patients presenting exfoliation syndrome (EXS) without glaucoma., Methods: The TOS, TAC and OSI of the aqueous humour of patients with EXS (group 1, n = 17) and patients without EXS (group 2, n = 25) who underwent cataract surgery were evaluated. Samples were measured spectrophotometrically using a colourimetric method. The Mann-Whitney U, independent-samples t tests, Pearson correlation and analysis of covariance tests were used in the statistical analyses., Results: The mean TOS in group 1 and 2 patients was 57.6 ± 32.4 and 30.4 ± 22.6 mmol/L, respectively, which is a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001). The mean TAC level in group 1 and 2 patients was 2.3 ± 0.7 and 2.5 ± 0.7 mmol/L, respectively, and although TAC was decreased in group 1 relative to group 2, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.55). The mean OSI in group 1 and 2 patients was 27.4 ± 17.1 and 12.5 ± 8.3 mmol/L, respectively, with the mean OSI level statistically higher in group 1 (p = 0.03)., Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that the aqueous humour of EXS patients is characterised by increased oxidative stress and a disturbed oxidant/antioxidant balance. The increased oxidative stress and decreased levels of antioxidants in ocular fluids of EXS patients may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and complications of EXS.

Aim: To measure changes of total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of aqueous humor (AH) in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients, and to determine if there were any differences in TOS and TAC of AH in diabetic patients without retinopathy compared with non-diabetic patients., Methods: One hundred and three eyes of 103 patients who were enrolled for cataract surgery were included in this study. Patients were grouped according to presence of diabetes and stage of DR. Prior to cataract surgery, 0.1mL to 0.2mL of AH was aspirated and analyzed for TAC and TOS level using a colorimetric method., Results: TOS levels were highest among proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients and lowest in patients with only cataracts. Results were statistically significant between all groups (P<0.05). Whereas result between diabetic without retinopathy patients and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients was not statistically significant (P=0.757). TAC levels were highest in patients with only cataract and lowest among PDR patients and results were statistically significant between all groups (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Aqueous humor TAC levels are low in diabetic patients and reduced further in DR patients, TOS levels are increased in diabetic patients and this is exacerbated in DR patients.

Traumatic bone cysts were first defined by Lucas and Blum in 1929. It is classified as an intraosseous pseudocyst. They are asymptomatic and are usually seen during routine radiographical examination. According to the 2002 classification of the WHO, traumatic bone cysts are in miscellaneous lesions. This report describes a 16-year-old male patient who had a traumatic bone cyst that mimicked a radicular cyst.

Fibro-osseous lesions are disturbances in bone metabolism in which normal bone is replaced by a connective tissue matrix that then gradually develops into cemento-osseous tissue. Typically, the lesion is asymptomatic and is detected on routine radiographic examination. Radiologically, this lesion has three stages of maturation: pure radiolucent, radiopaque/mixed radiolucent, and radiopaque appearance. During these stages the lesion can be misdiagnosed. In this case report a 69-year- old patient with a a complaint of painless swelling of the left mandibular molar and premolar area is presented along with a review of the differential diagnoses considered in order to reach a final diagnosis of focal cemento-osseous dysplasia.

Background and Objective: To evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) characteristics and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements in patients with nonglaucomatous keratoconus., Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study in which 46 patients with keratoconus and 74 healthy subjects were included. Analysis of ONH and RNFL imaging were performed by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography, respectively., Results: Eyes with keratoconus had larger disc area (2.37 ± 0.5 vs 2.17 ± 0.36 mm(2)) (P = .013), larger cup area (0.65 ± 0.53 vs 0.49 ± 0.28 mm(2)) (P = .035) and deeper cup depths (for mean cup depth 0.24 ± 0.09 vs 0.20 ± 0.07 mm, P = .008 and for maximum cup depth 0.69 ± 0.27 vs 0.60 ± 0.17 mm, P = .037) than control group eyes. Height variation contour also differed in the two groups (P = .007) but RNFL measurements did not., Conclusion: RNFL thickness between patients with keratoconus and healthy subjects seems to be more comparable than ONH parameters., (Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.)

Purpose: To determine and compare the corneal biomechanical properties in myopic patients who use contact lenses and those who do not use contact lenses., Methods: The study consisted of 56 myopic patients who used contact lenses (study group) and 123 myopic patients who did not use contact lenses (control group). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with an ocular response analyzer (ORA) and a Goldmann applanation tonometer. Central corneal thickness was measured with an ultrasonic pachymeter. Axial length and anterior chamber depth measurements were acquired with contact ultrasound A-scan biometry. The differences in ORA parameters between study and control group participants were analyzed., Results: The mean corneal hysteresis in study and control groups was 10.1 ± 1.6 mm Hg (6.5-15.9 mm Hg) and 9.7 ± 1.5 mm Hg (6.3-14.2 mm Hg), respectively (P = 0.16). The mean corneal resistance factor was 10.4 ± 1.9 mm Hg (4.6-15.5 mm Hg) in the study group compared with 9.6 ± 1.9 mm Hg (5.1-15.0 mm Hg) in the control group. The difference for corneal resistance factor was statistically significant (P = 0.014). There was no significant difference in corneal-compensated IOP (P = 0.24). Mean Goldmann-correlated IOP was significantly higher in the study group than in control subjects (15.8 ± 3.2 vs. 14.7 ± 3.7 mm Hg) (P = 0.044). None of the corneal biomechanical parameters was significantly correlated to duration of contact lens usage in the study group., Conclusions: Our results suggest that ORA-generated parameters may be different in subjects with and without contact lens usage. Further longitudinal studies need to be performed to establish the relevance of our results.

Background: The aim of this work was to investigate the differences in corneal biomechanical parameters between healthy and exfoliation syndrome (EXS) and exfoliative glaucoma (EXG) patients., Methods: Two hundred and forty-four eyes of 102 healthy, 64 EXS, and 78 EXG patients were included in the study. Corneal biomechanical parameters were measured using an ocular response analyzer (ORA). Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured with an ultrasonic pachymeter. The differences in ORA parameters between study and control group participants were analyzed using Student's t test., Results: In healthy subjects, EXS and EXG eyes mean corneal hysteresis (CH) values were 9.4 ± 1.4 mmHg, 8.5 ± 1.5 mmHg and 6.9 ± 2.1 mmHg, respectively. The difference in mean CH between the EXG and the other two groups were statistically significant (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). CH was significantly lower in EXS patients than that of healthy eyes (p < 0.001). Mean corneal resistance factor (CRF) values were 9.8 ± 1.6 mmHg, 9.3 ± 1.8 mmHg and 9.5 ± 2.6 mmHg, respectively. Except for the difference between the control and EXS eyes (p = 0.004), no statistically significant difference was found between the groups in relation to mean CRF. There were no significant differences in CCT between the control eyes and exfoliative eyes with or without glaucoma., Conclusions: In this study, CH was found to be significantly lower in eyes with exfoliation. Further studies are needed to establish the relationships between exfoliation, ocular biomechanics, and glaucoma.

Condylar fractures in children are especially important because of the risk of a mandibular growth-center being affected in the condylar head, which can lead to growth retardation and facial asymmetry. The purpose of this article is to follow up the two and half year clinical and radiological evaluation of the conservative treatment of a 10 year-old patient, who had a unilateral green-stick type fracture. The patient presented with painful facial swelling localized over the left condylar region, limited mouth-opening and mandibular deviation to the left. Panoramic radiography and computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis of incomplete fracture on the left condyle with one side of the bone fractured and the other bent. Closed reduction was chosen to allow for initial fibrous union of the fracture segments and remodeling with a normal functional stimulus. A non-rigid mandibular splint was applied in order to remove the direct pressure on the fracture side of the mandible. Clinical and radiologic examination after 30 months revealed uneventful healing with reduction of the condylar head and remodeling of the condylar process following conservative treatment.

Gardner's Syndrome is a variant of familial adenomatosis polyposis (FAP) with a triad consisting of polyps of the colon, multiple osteomas and surface tumors of soft and hard tissue. The intestinal polyps have a %100 risk of undergoing malignant transformation, therefore early identification of this disease is very important. There are several symptoms of Gardner's syndrome in the oral and maxillofacial surgery, which can be discovered during routine dental examination. We report a case of a 25-year old male patient with Gardner's syndrome who has not any intestinal polyps but osteomas in the mandible and jaw deformalities.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the optic nerve head parameters of healthy macrodiscs to provide standard measurements for them to be the basis for future quantitative comparisons., Methods: Sixty-nine subjects with macrodisc (disc area larger than 2.82 mm(2)) and 91 healthy controls (disc area between 1.16 and 2.82 mm(2)) were recruited. After a complete ophthalmic examination, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy was performed in all participants. The stereometric parameters of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy examination and the proportion of subjects classified as normal, borderline, and glaucomatous by the Moorfield Regression Analysis were compared between groups., Results: A total of 160 subjects were included in the study. The average disc sizes in the control and macrodisc groups were 2.14 ± 0.33 mm(2) and 3.36 ± 0.36 mm(2), respectively. Cup area (p<0.001), rim area (p=0.01), cup volume (p<0.001), cup/disc area ratio (p<0.001), linear cup/disc ratio (p<0.001), mean cup depth (p<0.001), maximum cup depth (p<0.001), and cup shape measure (p<0.001) differed significantly between the 2 groups. The parameters of the optic nerve head which did not differ significantly between groups were rim volume (p=0.17) and height variation contour (p=0.88). A significantly higher number of eyes were erroneously identified as abnormal (15.1% vs 79.4%) by Moorfield Regression Analysis in the macrodisc group (p<0.001)., Conclusions: Rim volume and height variation contour were the only optic nerve head topographic parameters that were similar in eyes with large and normal disc sizes. They seem to be promising parameters in the evaluation and comparison of the optic nerve head of subjects with macrodisc.

Traumatic injuries may cause anatomic deficiencies in soft and hard tissues. These defects often result in the loss of attached mucosa and alveolar processes, which might reduce potential prosthesis support and require bone and skin grafting. As a result of major maxillofacial trauma, complete or partial avulsion of the palate may require extensive surgical and prosthodontic rehabilitation. The appropriate treatment for the maxillary defect demands a multidisciplinary approach by a team which consists of various fields of dentistry and medicine. The planning prostheses should replace not only missing teeth but also lost soft tissues and bone, and they should include the hard palate, residual alveolar ridges, and, in some instances, the soft palate. This paper describes the treatment procedures including plastic surgery operation procedures and prosthetic rehabilitation in a 19-year-old woman after her severe bicycle accident.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of repeat and initial trabeculectomy with mitomycine C (MMC)., Methods: Eighty seven patients, who had underwent repeat (repeat group) or initial (initial group) trabeculectomy with MMC, were enrolled in this prospective trial. Postoperative outcome measures included the amount of decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of anti-glaucoma medications, and the complications. The success of trabeculectomy was defined on the basis of three definitions which were: IOP ≤18 mmHg (definition 1), IOP ≤21 mmHg (definition 2), and the amount of decrease in IOP from baseline ≥30% (definition 3). Success was further defined as "complete" when these criteria were obtained without any anti-glaucoma medications and "qualified" with or without medical therapy and no further surgical procedures., Results: Fifty nine eyes underwent initial and 28 eyes underwent repeat trabeculectomy. The mean follow-up period was 19.1 ± 5.9 months. Complete success rates were significantly greater in the initial trabeculectomy group (p = 0.02 for definition 1, p = 0.038 for definition 2, p = 0.003 for definition 3). A higher proportion of eyes in the initial group achieved qualified success relative to the group A eyes, but the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.33 for definition 1, p = 0.99 for definition 2, p = 0.24 for definition 3). The mean number of antiglaucomatous medications at the last examination was 1.2 ± 1.2 in repeat group and 0.7 ± 1.1 in initial group (p = 0.01). The number of complications during the follow up period did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.65)., Conclusions: Repeat trabeculectomy with MMC has high success and low complication rates in patients with previously failed trabeculectomy in spite of the need of higher number of anti-glaucoma medications.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the anterior chamber depth (ACD) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients during latanoprost therapy., Methods: We carried out a prospective study in which we enrolled 66 newly diagnosed POAG patients treated with latanoprost 0.005% (group 1) and 50 ocular hypertensive and ⁄ or glaucoma suspect cases who were given no therapy (group 2 [control]). Measurements of the ACD were performed by A-scan ultrasonography before and after cycloplegia at baseline and at 3 months of latanoprost therapy. Differences in ACD and their correlations with the ocular hypotensive effect of the agent as well as the clinical significance of changes in ACD were analysed using Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05., Results: Mean baseline ACD was 3.13 ± 0.35 mm (range 2.45–3.84 mm) in group 1 and 3.14 ± 0.36 mm (range 2.54–3.80 mm) in group 2 (p = 0.89). At 1 hour after instillation of cyclopentolate 1%, mean ACD in groups 1 and 2 was 3.18 ± 0.38 mm (range 2.45–3.92 mm) and 3.19 ± 0.37 mm (range 2.56–3.91 mm), respectively (p = 0.91). After 3 months of treatment, mean ACD in group 1 both without (3.05 ± 0.36 mm, range 2.14–3.76 mm) and with (3.09 ± 0.4 mm, range 2.20–3.96 mm) cycloplegia was significantly reduced compared with baseline values (p < 0.001 for both). However, there was no significant difference between mean ACD at baseline and that at month 3 in group 2. No correlation was demonstrated between the changes in ACD and the ocular hypotensive effect of latanoprost (p = 0.96, r = – 0.006). There were no changes in refractive status or visual acuity., Conclusions: The overall results seem to suggest that latanoprost decreases mean ACD in patients with POAG. The clinical significance of this effect is uncertain., (© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 Acta Ophthalmol.)

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common mixed benign tumor of major salivary glands. Approximately 80% of these tumors arise in the parotid gland, whereas 7% arise in the minor salivary glands. The most common sites for minor salivary gland where pleomorphic adenoma arises are the palates followed by lips and cheek. We report a palate mass in a 46-year-old male patient. The initial cytologic diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy was pleomorphic adenoma. This report describes a case of pleomorphic adenoma regarding all distinctive diagnoses with the review of the literature.

Background: Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) is a frequently reported complication. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and histopathological presentation of BONJ with the Hounsfield score and to evaluate the reliability of the score for determining necrosis in an animal model., Material/methods: Eighty rats were prospectively and randomly divided into two groups of 40 each: a control group and an experimental group. Half of the animals from each group underwent extraction of the left mandibular molars, and the other half underwent extraction of the left maxillary molars under pentobarbital-induced general anesthesia. All animals were euthanized 28 days after tooth extraction. Maxillae and mandibles were extracted, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed, and Hounsfield scores were evaluated., Results: The Hounsfield scores of the experimental group were found to be compatible with chronic osteomyelitis and periosteal reactions. The Hounsfield scores of the control group were compatible with a healthy healing period., Conclusion: In light of these results, both cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the Hounsfield Units (HU) evaluations together are thought to be efficient in the diagnosis of BONJ.

Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the behavior of neonatal rat calvarial osteoblast-like cells cultured on different implant surfaces and exposed once or three times to a 660-nm light-emitting diode (LED)., Methods: An LED with a 660-nm wavelength was applied once or three times to cultured cells on standard and modified sandblasted acid-etched surfaces (SLA and SLActive; Straumann, Basel, Switzerland). To analyze the effect of the LED on cell proliferation, numbers, and viability, cells were cultured on titanium discs, and measurements were taken after 72 h. Cell proliferation rates were assessed using a bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemical technique. Cell morphologies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)., Results: Osteoblast-like cells proliferated on all tested surfaces, with differences among groups in cell counts and DNA synthesis values. The application of one LED treatment caused a significant increase in cell count in the SLActive group in comparison with the SLA group (p = 0.001), whereas the application of three LED treatments caused a significant decrease in cell count in the SLA group compared with the SLActive group (p < 0.001). After 72 h, the number of cells was highest in the SLActive group exposed once to the LED., Conclusions: One LED application in the SLActive group resulted in significantly increased cell numbers. However, these findings were not exactly compatible with the SEM findings, which demonstrated fewer cells and weak attachments between cells and to the surface. Thus, further studies using different LED application times are needed to clarify the reason for the increased number of cells that are apparently incapable of attaching to the titanium surfaces after 72 h.

Third molar extraction is one of the most common procedures performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery units. It is sometimes accompanied by complications such as alveolar osteitis, secondary infection, hemorrhage, dysesthesia and, most severely, iatrogenic fracture. This article describes two mandibular angle fractures that occurred in two patients during the surgical extraction of one erupted and one unerupted third molar, including a brief review of the literature.

Background: To investigate the impact of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) on quantitative optic nerve head (ONH) assessment in patients with diabetic retinopathy., Methods: Eighty eyes of 80 diabetic patients who did not undergo PRP and 45 eyes of 45 subjects with diabetes who underwent PRP were enrolled in the prospective, cross-sectional study. Participants were evaluated by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO). The global values of ONH parameters were compared among the groups., Results: The eyes that had been treated with PRP had a significantly greater rim area (1.84 ± 0.45 vs. 1.68 ± 0.30 mm(2)), smaller cup/disc area ratio (0.14 ± 0.12 vs. 0.19 ± 0.12), smaller linear cup/disc ratio (0.34 ± 0.17 vs. 0.42 ± 0.14) and shallower cup depth (0.15 ± 0.09 vs. 0.18 ± 0.07 mm) than controls (p = 0.021, p = 0.019, p = 0.007, p = 0.04, respectively). On the other hand, PRP-treated eyes were found to have a significantly thinner mean peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer compared with the eyes in the control group (0.21 ± 0.08 vs. 0.25 ± 0.09 mm; p = 0.029)., Conclusions: These results suggest that the ONH morphology in eyes treated with PRP may be altered to mask glaucomatous cupping due to PRP itself. Therefore caution must be taken to interpret the CSLO parameters obtained from eyes that have been treated with PRP., (Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Purpose: To evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) characteristics in patients with exfoliation syndrome (EXS)., Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study in which 73 eyes from 73 patients with EXS and 93 eyes from 93 age-matched healthy subjects who met the inclusion criteria were included. Topographic measurements of the ONH and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were performed by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, using a Heidelberg retina tomograph. Outcomes of interest were studied by Student t test and chi-squared test., Results: EXS patients and age-matched controls did not differ in ONH parameters. Nevertheless, the mean cup depth and height variation contour values were higher in the normal subjects (P = 0.07, P = 0.056, respectively). Mean RNFL thickness was 0.22 +/- 0.06 mm in the EXS group and 0.26 +/- 0.06 mm in the control group, (P = 0.001). Likewise, the RNFL cross-sectional area was significantly lower in exfoliative eyes (1.16 +/- 0.35 mm(2)) than in those of the control group (1.31 +/- 0.33 mm(2)) (P = 0.006)., Conclusions: No significant differences in ONH parameters between EXS patients and age-matched healthy subjects were observed; however, RNFL measurements in eyes with EXS showed lower values.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between central corneal thickness (CCT) and topographic parameters of optic nerve head (ONH) in healthy eyes., Methods: Right eyes of 208 healthy subjects between 40 and 59 years of age with refractive error less than 1 D were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Ultrasonic pachymeter was used to measure CCT, and the ONH parameters were obtained by using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Relationship of various topographic parameters to age and sex were also investigated. For statistical analysis Student t test, analysis of variance, Pearson and Spearman test, and partial correlation coefficients were used., Results: Mean CCT of subjects was 540.71+/-35.53 micronm (462-621 micronm), and the mean disc area was 2.37+/- 0.44 mm2 (1.28-3.66 mm2). CCT showed negative correlations to disc area, rim area, rim volume, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) area. These correlations were found to be stronger in females. Negative correlations were demonstrated between age and the mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, RNFL thickness, and RNFL cross sectional area. Women had lesser rim volumes, but bigger cup to disk (C/D) area and linear C/D ratios compared to those of men., Conclusions: In addition to its effect in the accuracy of intraocular pressure measurements, CCT has a structural relationship with the ONH in healthy nonglaucomatous eyes. Therefore, its effect on disc area might be especially important to explain the structural strength of the ONH in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.