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Mycoplasma wenyonii (formerly Eperythrozoon wenyonii) is a hemotrophic, epicellular bacterial parasite of cattle that has been associated with clinical disorders, including hemolytic anemia, decreased milk yield, and peripheral edema. Mycoplasma wenyonii and a related organism, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, have been detected in both ill and apparently healthy cattle, but little is known about their prevalence in US dairy cattle. The objective of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to determine herd-level apparent prevalence of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos in dairy cattle located in Wisconsin and Michigan compared with seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in the same herds. In summer 2018, researchers collected blood samples from 30 lactating cows per herd from randomly recruited farms in selected dairy-intensive counties in each state. During the farm visit, a brief survey was used to collect herd management information. Detection of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos were based on PCR testing, and ELISA was used to test for antibodies to BLV. Blood samples were collected from lactating cows located in 64 Wisconsin herds (n = 1,930 samples) and 18 Michigan herds (n = 591 samples). Herd-level apparent prevalence was 100% for both M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos. Herd-level seroprevalence for BLV was 83 and 100% for Wisconsin and Michigan herds, respectively. Estimated within-herd apparent prevalence of M. wenyonii was 71.7% ± 1.0% (ranging from 23.3 to 93.5%) and for C. M. haemobos was 77.3% ± 1.0% (ranging from 16.7 to 100%). Within-herd prevalence of BLV positive samples was 39.8% ± 1.0% and ranged from 0 to 86.7%. About 22% of cows were concurrently positive for all 3 organisms. Parity and stage of lactation were recorded for 2,317 cows. Prevalence of positive cows for parity groups 1, 2, and ≥3 were 72.0, 73.8, and 67.7% for M. wenyonii; 80.9, 76.8, and 74.9% for C. M. haemobos; and 25.3, 39.7, and 55.5% for BLV, respectively. None or only minor differences in apparent prevalence were observed based on stage of lactation. This is the first report of the prevalence of hemotrophic mycoplasmas in Wisconsin and Michigan dairy herds and indicates that infection with these organisms is endemic. The impact of infection on cattle health and productivity remains unknown, and risk factors associated with infection warrant further study.

Haemotropic Mycoplasma infection among cattle has not been seriously looked into, despite the fact it is associated with poor weight gain and depression. One thousand and forty-five blood samples from apparently healthy cattle from forty-three farms within the entire Peninsular Malaysia were exa­mined over a one-year period. Using polymerase chain reaction to amplify the 16S rRNA gene, the presence of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” as one of the haemotropic Mycoplasma species that affects cattle in the country was detected. Forty-seven percent of the sampled population was positive for “C. M. haemobos”, with the antigen present in all herds sampled. Breed of cattle, gender, age, production type, physiological status, herd size, management system, farm size, farm age, prophylactic treatment against blood parasites, presence of ticks, frequency of de-ticking, zone, closeness to forest, closeness to waste area, closeness to human settlement and closeness to body of water were all significantly associated (P

This study aimed to elucidate the epidemiological status of hemoplasma infection and investigate the interaction between Theileria orientalis and hemoplasmas in Japanese Black breeding cows raised in the Kyushu and Okinawa regions. Blood samples were collected from 400 cows from 80 different farms in eight prefectures (five samples per farm and 10 farms per prefecture). Mycoplasma wenyonii (Mw), “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” (CMh), and T. orientalis were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using whole blood samples. PCR results showed that 91.5% (366/400) of cows were positive for bovine hemoplasma: 40.3% were infected with Mw only, 9.5% with CMh only, and 41.8% with both species. T. orientalis was detected in 36% (144/400) of cows. The infection rate of T. orientalis was higher in the grazing group (P

Tick-borne diseases (TBD) cause enormous losses for farmers. Backyard raising comprises majority of the livestock population in the Philippines, but TBD information in backyard livestock is scarce. In this study, 48 cattle and 114 water buffalo samples from Quezon province, Philippines were molecularly screened for tick-borne pathogens. Anaplasma marginale (16.67%) and hemoplasma (20.99%) were detected in the samples. A. marginale infection (P=0.0001) was significantly higher in cattle, while hemoplasma infection (P=0.011) was significantly higher in water buffaloes. A. marginale isolates from this study were highly similar to previous isolates from the Philippines while Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos were the identified hemoplasma species. Our findings reveal additional information on the TBD situation of Philippine backyard livestock.

Micoplasmas hemotrópicos (hemoplasmas) são microrganismos gram-negativos e que ficam aderidos aos eritrócitos de diversas espécies de mamíferos. Em pequenos ruminantes, Mycoplasma ovis, e em bovinos, Mycoplasma wenyonii e ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ são as espécies já descritas. Nessas espécies animais a transmissão dos hemoplasmas pode estar relacionada à infestação por carrapatos ou picadas de moscas hematófagas. A infecção por hemoplasmas pode causar anemia hemolítica aguda, porém os sinais clínicos diferem de acordo com a espécie de hemoplasma envolvido, do animal parasitado, idade e sistema de produção em que é criado. Embora a hemoplasmose tenha sido relatada causando perdas econômicas significativas na criação de ruminantes em todo o mundo, dados de hemoplasmas em sistema de criação consorciada são inexistentes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é determinar a prevalência de hemoplasmas em bovinos e pequenos ruminantes provenientes de um sistema de criação consorciada no nordeste do Brasil. Até o momento, um total de 15 amostras (10 ovinos e cinco bovinos) foram triadas utilizando um protocolo de PCR para o gene 16S rRNA de hemoplasmas. As amostras positivas foram submetidas a uma PCR para o gene 23S rRNA de hemoplasmas. Todas as amostras foram positivas para o gene endógeno gliceraldeído 3-fosfato desidrogenase (gapdh). Todos as amostras de ovinos foram negativas para hemoplasmas. Três de cinco (60%) bovinos foram positivos para Mycoplasma spp. O estudo envolverá a triagem das amostras por PCR em tempo real.

Mycoplasma wenyonii (fmr. Eperythrozoon wenyonii) is a hemotrophic, epicellular bacterial parasite of cattle and is associated with clinical disorders including hemolytic anemia, decreased milk yield, and scrotal, teat, and hindlimb edema. M. wenyonii and related organism, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos have been found in apparently healthy cattle in other countries, but little is known about their prevalence in the U.S. The objective of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to determine herd-level prevalence of M. wenyonii and C.M. haemobos in dairy cattle located in WI and MI., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2019

Hemoplasma "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" infections in cattle have been reported in East Asia, Europe, and South America, whereas same cases were documented in buffalo and cattle in Southern China. From April 2018 to May 2018, a mycoplasma epidemic was reported in the mountainous area of central China; Boophilus microplus has also been documented, causing severe haematuria in goats and sheep. The infected animals slowly recovered after diminazene aceturate and praziquantel treatment. To determine whether the hemoplasma caused this infection, 67 blood samples (42 from goats, 25 from sheep) and 132 B. microplus samples were collected for PCR and sequence analysis. The results showed that 19 out of the 42 goat blood samples, 10 out of the 25 sheep blood samples, and 70 out of the 132 B. microplus samples (53%) tested positive for "C. M. haemobos". This study provides molecular evidence of "C. M. haemobos" infections in goat and sheep, and that B. microplus harbours "C. M. haemobos".

[Background]: Hunting constitutes an important industry in Europe. However, data on the prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in large game animal species are lacking from several countries. Blood or spleen samples (239 and 270, respectively) were taken from red, fallow and roe deer, as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons and wild boars in Hungary, followed by DNA extraction and molecular analyses for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae. [Results]: Based on blood samples, the prevalence rate of A. phagocytophilum infection was significantly higher in red deer (97.9%) than in fallow deer (72.7%) and roe deer (60%), and in all these compared to mouflons (6.3%). In addition, 39.2% of the spleen samples from wild boars were PCR positive for A. phagocytophilum, but none of the buffalos. Based on blood samples, the prevalence rates of both Mycoplasma wenyonii (Mw) and 'Candidatus M. haemobos' (CMh) infections were significantly higher in buffaloes (Mw: 91.2%; CMh: 73.3%) than in red deer (Mw: 64.6%; CMh: 45.8%), and in both of them compared to fallow deer (Mw: 30.3%; CMh: 9.1%) and roe deer (Mw: 20%; CMh: 1.5%). The prevalence of Mw and CMh infection significantly correlated with the body sizes of these hosts. Furthermore, Mw was significantly more prevalent than CMh in buffaloes, red and roe deer. Mycoplasma ovis was detected in mouflons, M. suis in wild boars, R. helvetica in one fallow deer and one mouflon, and an unidentified Rickettsia sp. in a fallow deer. [Conclusions]: Forest-dwelling game animal species were found to be important carriers of A. phagocytophilum. In contrast, animals grazing grassland (i.e. buffaloes) were less likely to get infected with this Ixodes ricinus-borne pathogen. Water buffaloes, deer species, mouflons and wild boars harbored haemoplasmas that may affect domestic ungulates. Evaluated animals with larger body size had significantly higher prevalence of infection with haemoplasmas compared to smaller deer species. The above host species rarely carried rickettsiae., This study was financially supported by OTKA115854 (molecular work) and 12190–4/2017/FEKUTSTRAT grant of the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities (open access publication).

Two species of hemotropic mycoplasmas (HM) are known to infect large domestic ruminants, Mycoplasma wenyonii and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’. Although HM has been described in cattle worldwide, data in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) remain scarce. Accordingly, the aim was to determine the occurrence of HM in water buffaloes from northeastern Brazil. A total of 101/290 (34.83%) buffaloes were positive for HM (16 M. wenyonii alone, 6 ‘Ca. M. haemobos’ alone and 79 both). This was the first report of M. wenyonii infection in ruminants from Brazil. Clinical signs of hemoplasmosis in buffaloes remain unknown.

'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' is an emerging pathogen in the genus Mycoplasma. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick has been suspected to be the vector of 'C. M. haemobos'. To determine the role of R. (B.) microplus in transmission of 'C. M. haemobos', we tested the competence of R. (B.) microplus larvae to acquire 'C. M. haemobos' from positive female ticks and to serve as a 'C. M. haemobos' vector in mice. Using PCR and sequencing, we also analyzed the epidemic strains of 'C. M. haemobos' among R. (B.) microplus ticks collected from goats and sheep in southern Henan Province, central China. Our results identified three epidemic strains of 'C. M. haemobos', and the positive female ticks naturally infected could pass 'C. M. haemobos' at egg and larval stages. Furthermore, 'C. M. haemobos' infected larvae could transmit the pathogens to mice during feeding, and the negative larvae could acquire 'C. M. haemobos' from infected mice. Our study shows that R. (B.) microplus ticks could serve as a vector and reservoir of 'C. M. haemobos'.

The municipality of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, is one of the major dairy production areas in the north region of Brazil. Thus, it is important to evaluate infectious agents that have the potential to negatively affect productivity in the industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ' Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' by using a PCR-based detection method and correlate this with dairy herd variables (abortion frequency, weak calf birth rate, total cattle number, >24-month-old cow number, farm size, and production system) in family farms of the Ji-Paraná municipality, north region, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 320 dairy cows located across 64 farms (i.e., five animals per farm) from September 2012 to November 2013. Overall prevalence of 'Ca. M. haemobos' was 64.2% and prevalence per herd was 95.3%; the number of >24-month-old cows in the farms studied correlated with ' Ca. M. haemobos' infection rates. Considering the importance of the dairy industry to the study area, additional investigations are necessary to evaluate the effect of chronic infection in these animals on milk production and herd health. RESUMO: O município de Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, é uma das principais áreas de produção leiteira na região norte do Brasil. Assim, é importante avaliar agentes infecciosos que apresentam potencial para afetar negativamente a produtividade na indústria. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de ' Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' usando um método de detecção baseado na PCR e relacionar com variáveis do rebanho leiteiro (frequência de aborto, nascimento de bezerros fracos, número total de vacas, número de vacas >24 meses de idade, tamanho da propriedade e, sistema de produção) na agricultura familiar do município de Ji-Paraná, região norte, Brasil. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 320 vacas leiteiras localizadas em 64 fazendas (ou seja, cinco animais por exploração) de setembro de 2012 a novembro de 2013. A prevalência total de ' Ca. M. haemobos' foi de 64,2% e a prevalência por rebanho foi de 95,3%; o número de vacas >24 meses de idade nas propriedades estudadas correlacionou-se com as taxas de infecção por ' Ca. M. haemobos'. Considerando a importância da indústria de laticínios para a área de estudo, investigações adicionais são necessárias para avaliar o efeito da infecção crônica nestes animais na produção de leite e saúde do rebanho.

'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos', sometimes causative of bovine infectious anemia at various extents, has been demonstrated throughout the world. Here, we show two distinct types of 'Ca. M. haemobos' are distributed among cattle in Japan, by examining the primary and secondary structures of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region that has been shown to be a stable genetic marker for mycoplasma species. Our results may explain differences in severity of anemic condition as well as provide a genetic marker for an epidemiological study of bovine hemoplasma infections.

We present here the draft genome sequence of the first “ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” strain found in cattle in Mexico. This hemotropic mycoplasma causes acute and chronic disease in animals. This genome is a starting point for studying the role of this mycoplasma in coinfections and synergistic mechanisms associated with the disease.

IT was good to hear on Radio 4′s Farming Today programme recently that a Cumbrian farmer, who had sustained disastrous losses two years ago, which resulted in him culling his entire herd, was in the process of restocking his dairy farm. He had reported huge milk production losses, arthritis, poor fertility and illthrift caused by ‘multiple strains of three mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma bovis , Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’. Whether the last two organisms can cause disease is unproven but M bovis is well recognised as …

The present work describes the clinical and laboratory examination as well as the treatment of a 7-year-old local dairy breed cow presented with reduced appetite, decreasing milk yield and striking yellowish discoloured skin and mucosa. The laboratory examination revealed a high degree regenerative anaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia. The bovine haemotrophic mycoplasma species Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' were detected in the blood by PCR. Treatment with oxytetracycline rapidly improved the general condition, and milk production was increased. In a follow-up study, blood samples of all 23 animals from the same herd were examined. Fifteen cows were found to be infected with both haemoplasma species, three animals were only infected with 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' and one animal only with Mycoplasma wenyonii. Two out of three tested calves were positive for 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos'. Except for the above described anaemic cow, all other animals were clinically healthy.

A dairy cow, from a herd in the Waikato region of New Zealand, was reported with regenerative anaemia on 12 September 2014. Testing of blood from the animal using PCR assays for Theileria orientalis produced a negative result for both Chitose and Ikeda types.Using PCR and DNA sequencing, blood from the cow was positive for Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos. Further testing of another 12 animals from the case herd, 27 days after the affected cow was first reported, showed 11 animals were positive for Candidatus M. haemobos or Mycoplasma wenyonii in the PCR. None of these cattle were clinically anaemic or positive for T. orientalis Ikeda type using PCR. A convenience sample of 47 blood samples from cattle throughout New Zealand, submitted to the Investigation and Diagnostic Centre (Ministry for Primary Industries) for surveillance testing for T. orientalis Ikeda, was selected for further testing for bovine haemoplasmas. Of these samples, 6/47 (13%) and 13/47(28%) were positive for M. wenyonii and Candidatus M. haemobos, respectively. There was no difference in the proportion of samples positive for the bovine haemaplasmas between cattle with anaemia that were negative for T. orientalis (6/20, 33%), or without anaemia or T. orientalis (10/18, 56%), or from cattle herds experiencing anaemia and infection with T. orientalis Ikeda type (3/9, 33%).Bovine haemoplasmosis.The presence of bovine haemoplasmas in blood does not establish causality for anaemia in cattle. Diagnosis of anaemia associated with haemoplasmosis would require exclusion of other causes of regenerative anaemia and an association of the agent with anaemia in affected cattle herds. The data collected in this study did not provide evidence that bovine haemoplasmas were associated with a large number of outbreaks of anaemia in cattle in New Zealand.

application/pdf, Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' are pathogens associated with bovine hemoplasmosis. Hematological parameters of these two hemoplasma species were compared in a cattle herd that was known to be infected with these 2 pathogens. 'C. M. haemobos'-infected cattle exhibited lower red blood cell levels, hemoglobin concentrations and packed cell volumes than M. wenyonii-infected cattle and hemoplasma-negative controls. On the other hand, cattle infected with M. wenyonii did not show any significant differences in hematological parameters compared with the hemoplasma-negative cattle.

application/pdf, The present study evaluated the effect of hemoplasmosis on cattle productivity. Prevalence of bovine hemoplasma was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using whole blood samples collected from 93 breeding cows and their 71 calves in Hokkaido, Japan. Monthly milk production records and other clinical data were compared between Mycoplasma wenyonii (Mw)-infected, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” (CMh)-infected, co-infected and PCR-negative groups. Blood chemical parameters were obtained from the 93 cows and 64 calves. PCR results showed that 89.2% (83/93) of cows and 14.1% (10/71) of calves were positive for bovine hemoplasma. Based on productivity data obtained from the 93 cows, Mw-infected, CMh-infected and co-infected cows had significantly lower monthly milk yield compared to PCR-negative cows. Furthermore, decline in milk yield was prolonged in CMh-infected and co-infected groups. No significant differences were found for other clinical findings among the four groups. Calf birth weight tended to be lower for Mw-infected, CMh-infected and co-infected groups compared to the PCR-negative group. There were no significant differences in all blood parameters of cows and calves among the four groups. In addition, no significant differences were found in any parameter between hemoplasma-infected and PCR-negative calves.

Bovine hemoplasmas are bacteria found on the erythrocyte surface or free in the plasma of cattle. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' ('C. M. haemobos') in Holstein and Jersey cattle raised in Londrina and surroundings, northern region of the State of Parana, Southern Brazil. PCR testing directed to 16S rRNA gene fragment was performed to investigate the occurrence and characterize the molecular identity of 'C. M. haemobos'. A total of 264/433 (60.97%) blood samples were positive by PCR. Further alignment of 500-bp amplicons to available sequences at the GenBank database showed high identity (100%) to 'C. M. haemobos'. To the author's knowledge, this is the first molecular confirmation of the hemoplasma 'C. M. haemobos' in cattle from Brazil. Moreover, 'C. M. haemobos' was observed in high occurrence in dairy cattle, and may have significant impact in livestock production.

“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” is a hemoplasma species found in cattle and has been recently reported in Switzerland and Japan. In this study, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” was shown to occur in cattle and buffalo in tropical China by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from blood samples. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence, a specific PCR assay was developed. Occurrence of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” in cattle and buffalo in Guangxi, China, was determined by examining 25 buffalo blood samples, 12 yellow cattle blood samples and 42 dairy cow blood samples. The results showed that 32% (8/25) of buffalo, 41.7% (5/12) of yellow cattle, and 14.3% (6/42) of dairy cows were positive for “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos”, respectively. Direct sequencing of representative PCR products confirmed that the amplified partial 16S rDNA sequence represented “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos”. This is the first report of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” in buffalo, yellow cattle, and dairy cows in China.

This is the first identification of ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ from cattle in England some of which were co-infected with Mycoplasma wenyonii and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) were formerly classified within the order Rickettsiales as Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon species. Based on their 16S ribosomal gene sequences, lack of cell wall and resistance to penicillin, these red blood cell parasites have been reclassified within the genus Mycoplasma (Neimark and others 2001) . A number of different haemoplasma species have been described in cattle: Eperythrozoon wenyonii (Adler and Ellenbogen 1934), ‘ Eperythrozoon teganodes ’ (Hoyte 1962) and ‘ Eperythrozoon tuomii ’ (Uilenberg 1967), although only E wenyonii was included in the 1980 approved list of bacterial names (Hoelzle and others 2010). More recently, molecular detection of a new bovine haemoplasma species has been reported in a number of countries (Tagawa and others 2008, Hornok and others 2010, Meli and others 2010, Su and others 2010, Hoelzle and others 2011) and the provisional name ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ (synonym: ‘ Candidatus M haemobovis’) has been proposed for this organism. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, Ehrlichia phagocytophila , Ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (Ismail and others 2010, Woldehiwet 2010). Tick-borne fever (TBF), which is caused by the prototype of A phagocytophilum has been recognised as a disease of cattle …