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The Royal Entomological Society organises insect science conferences and events around the UK and the world for people at all stages of career and interest. From 13th to 16th of Septembre (2022), In the current climate and biodiversity crises, insects are being increasingly recognised for their value as service providers, indicators of biodiversity loss and models for understanding ourselves and other animals. The RES recently recognised a series of ‘Grand Challenges in Entomology’, and at Ento22, our first in person meeting for 2 years, we will provide a platform for the key themes. The meeting will include three plenary speakers, one each morning, followed by relevant ‘Grand Challenges’ sessions. The eleven themes are of this meeting are: Taxonomy; Blue Skies; Methods and Techniques; Anthropogenic Impacts; Conservation Options; Ecosystem Benefits; Technology and Resources; Pests; Knowledge Access; Training and Collaboration; Society Engagement.

Understanding how topography influences ecological responses to climate change is needed to assess the scope of mountains to act as refugia. Here, we show how topographic variation buffers the effects of climate change on butterflies in the Iberian Peninsula, by combining 10 km atlas data with repeat field samples from 78 sites in four mountain ranges. At 10 km resolution, more topographically variable regions showed reduced rates of change between 1901-1979 and 1980-2016 both in climatic conditions and butterfly community responses to the climate. In contrast, butterfly communities at the 78 field sites are now increasingly composed by warm- or dry-adapted species in comparison with recent decades. The results suggest that regional faunal changes are moderated in topographically heterogeneous regions because local communities differ in their rates or trajectories of change. Protecting sites varying in topography or habitat across landscapes is therefore important for adapting conservation to climate change.

Genus Polyommatus Latreille (Fig. 14 C–F and 15–18) In Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg) (Fig. 14 C, D) the chorion structure is made up of a network of triangular or quadrangular cells with thick walls, without tubercles in the transition zone. The tubercle-aeropyle area has thick, blunt tubercles opening into aeropyles at the tip. The annular zone bears three series of cells with smooth surface and irregular chorionic ridges in their centre. The egg of P. e ros (Ochsenheimer) (Fig. 14 E, F) has a very characteristic, fine structure, mainly made up of small quadrangular cells. The tubercles are blunt and not very prominent, they are found at the rib intersections of four or five cells. P. daphnis (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Fig. 15 A, B) has a transition zone with irregular cells; the tubercle-aeropyle zone has cells with thick walls that congregate together in numbers of five to nine to form massive tubercles, with rounded ends and aeropyles on their top. The five species traditionally grouped within the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner share very similar egg morphology (Fig. 15 C–F and 16). These species are P. ripartii (Freyer) P. fulgens (Sagarra) P. fabressei (Oberthür) P. v i ol et a e (Gómez-Bustillo, Expósito & Martínez), and P. damon (Denis y Schiffermüller). In the network of cells that form the chorion structure the cell size increases when further away from the micropyle. The micropylar area is extremely reduced and the tubercle-aeropyle area is conspicuous with cells in groups of six or seven and very prominent tubercles with characteristic starry sections. Tubercles are up to 50 microns long and have aeropyles at the end. The cells from this area have fine walls that extend past the edges to reinforce the tubercles. P. amandus (Schneider) (Fig. 17 A, B) shows a reduced transition zone; the tubercles of the tubercle-aeropyle zone are large and somewhat flattened and orientated towards the equator of the egg and not towards the micropyle. The tubercles have ridges that are extensions of the cell walls. The species of the P. doryl as (Denis & Schiffermüller) group have a network of quadrangular cells whose angles are arranged to form short tubercles, crowned with aeropyles (Fig. 17 C–F and 18 A, B). The transition zone has thick cell walls with a rough surface and the annular zone inner cells with smooth walls. The micropylar rosette has four to six petals, each with a prominent outcrop next to the micropyle. In P. nivescens (Keferstein) the appearance of the reticulum is more regular than in P. golgus (Hübner) and P. d or y l as (Munguira & Martín 1989). The egg of P. escheri (Hübner) (Fig. 18 C, D) has a wide and flattened transition zone, with rounded cell corners and an irregular pattern. The tubercle-aeropyle zone is garnished with large, star like tubercles resulting from the joining of cell walls. The cells have predominantly triangular form and they group together to form hexagons. The annular zone has several series of rounded cells with scattered spots in their inside and a smooth surface. Comparatively, Polyommatus thersites (Cantener) (Fig. 18 E, F) has the chorion surface with a fine framework of quadrangular, irregular cells and in the tubercle-aeropyle zone small, flattened tubercles which open into aeropyles. The annular zone has only two or three series of cells which give way to the transition zone that shows cells gradually increasing in size., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on pages 220-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855, {"references":["Munguira, M. L. & Martin, J. (1989) Paralelismo en la biologia de tres especies taxonomicamente proximas y ecologicamente diferenciadas del genero Lysandra: L. dorylas, L. nivescens y L. golgus (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Ecologia, 3, 331 - 352."]}

Genus Laeosopis Rambur (Fig. 4 A, B) The single species of the genus, Laeosopis roboris (Esper), has an egg with a characteristic volcano profile, with the annular area elevated and the rest sunken, with the equator occupying a basal position. The micropyle is found within a circular depression, surrounded by tiny rounded cells and a crown of grooves. The transition zone has thick walls, a character shared with T. betulae. The tubercle-aeropyle zone is made up of rounded regularly shaped cells, surrounded by elevated walls with prominent, blunt corners (Verhulst 1986)., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855, {"references":["Verhulst, G., (1986) L'elevage de Laeosopis roboris (Esper, 1793). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 14, 43 - 46."]}

Genus Scolitantides Hübner (Fig. 11) The three species of the genus show two very differnt egg morphology patterns which could be held as an argument for splitting this taxon into two distinct genera. Scolitantides orion (Pallas) (Fig. 11 A, B) has a depressed annular zone and a transition zone whose cells are radial, elongated and with very thick walls. The tubercle-aeropyle zone has equatorially orientated cells with walls equally thick and without tubercles, giving the chorion a robust appearance. S. panoptes (Hübner) (Fig. 11 C, D) shows an extremely reduced micropylar area, with two or three series of cells and a transition zone formed from very small, triangular or quadrangular cells. The tubercle-aeropyle zone shows a high number of short tubercles. In S. abencerragus (Pierret) (Fig. 11 E, F) the transition zone is mainly occupied by rhomboidal cells that adjoin the annular area to form a star like pattern. The tubercles are prominent and fewer than in S. panoptes (40 on the equator versus 60 in the former species)., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Glaucopsyche Scudder (Fig. 12 A–D) The annular area is reduced, the micropylar rosette formed by three petals and the transition zone made up of very small cells in the two species that are present in our area. In Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda) the transition zone has abundant cells of an irregular profile that, in the equator, are almost the same size as the tubercles which are arranged in the intersections of the cell walls. The egg of G. melanops (Boisduval) (Fig. 12 C, D) is perhaps indistinguishable from that of G. a l e xi s except for the cells in the transition and the tubercle-aeropyle zones that are regularly triangular and the tubercles which are finer and smaller than the cells (Fig. 12 A, B). The annular zone is also different between the two species, having only one speck per cell in G. alexis and more than one in G. melanops (Fig, 12 B, D)., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh, Cancela, Juan Pablo (2015): Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 3937 (2): 201-247, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1

Genus Eumedonia Forster (Fig. 21 C, D) The egg of Eumedonia eumedon (Esper) has a micropylar rosette surrounded by cells with rounded walls and a characteristic rough interior formed by undulating ridges. The transition zone is very narrow and the tubercleaeropyle zone has a moderately prominent structure of quadrangular cells with spongy background from which the tubercles hardly protrude (Munguira et al. 1988; Munguira 2006)., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855, {"references":["Munguira, M. L. (2006) Tras los pasos de Rambur en busca de la rayacorta en la Sierra Prieta, Malaga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 39, 423 - 424."]}

Genus Lysandra Hemming (Fig. 19) Egg features are distinctive in this genus that is otherwise taxonomically complex. In Lysandra coridon (Poda) (Fig. 19 A, B) the egg has a chorion surface with a robust framework, in L. albicans (Gerhard) (Fig. 19 C, D) it has high and flattened cell walls and in L. bellargus (Rottemburg) (Fig. 19 E, F) the surface structure of the chorion is thinner. The three species have small and depressed annular zones with two or three series of cells that have smooth walls and surfaces in L. coridon and L. bellargus and spotted surfaces in L. albicans. The transition zone is particularly flattened in the three species, less remarkably in L. bellargus and lacks tubercles. Distinctive features are more marked in the tubercle-aeropyle area where L. coridon has triangular cells with thick cell walls which are grouped in hexagons whose angles give rise to rounded tubercles (Schurian 1975). In L. albicans the flattened cell walls lead in the intersections to thick, blunt ended tubercles. L. bellargus has small and short tubercles in the tubercle-aeropyle area and thinner walls of the cells than in the other species of the genus., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855, {"references":["Schurian, K. (1975) Zur biologie von Lysandra caelestissima (Lep. Lycaenidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 85, 34 - 36."]}

Genus Callophrys Billberg (Figs. 4 E, F and 5 A, B) In the two species of the genus (Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus) and C. avis Chapman) the egg has hemispherical shape with a depressed annular zone. They both have similar areas surrounding the micropyle, with rounded to polygonal smooth bottomed cells and five micropylar openings, with the micropylar rosette having five petals. The cells from this area have stronger walls in C. rubi (Fig. 4 F). The tubercle-aeropyle zone has a hexagonal pattern formed by triangular cells where small, blunt ended and wide pinnacles protrude in C. rubi (Fig. 4 E). In C. avis (Fig. 5 A, B) the tubercle-aeropyle and transition zones are occupied by a reticulum with reduced walls and with tubercles which are not very prominent, this characteristic differentiates it from the egg of C.rubi. Also the bottom of the cells is rather smooth in C. rubi, whereas in C. avis it has a surface with the appearance of a sponge. The cell walls are rather thick in both species., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Leptotes Scudder (Fig. 8 A, B) The egg of Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus) has a very regular pattern in which the cells have a rhomboid shape and are arranged in spiral lines. Cells from the tubercle-aeropyle zone have smooth walls and rounded scarcely prominent tubercles in the intersections. The annular zone occupies a very small area and is located inside a depression. Annular cells are irregular in shape and have short stripes of chorionic elevations in their inside, while the micropylar rosette is four petalled., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 210, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Favonius Sibatani & Ito (= Quercusia Verity) (Fig. 3 E, F) This is a monospecific genus in our area, represented by Favonius quercus (Linnaeus). The micropyle is found within a depression that has a flat reticulated surface whose cells have thick walls. The rest of the egg shows polygonal cells with high walls, whose corners are like small chimneys, often having an aeropyle at the tip. The bottom of these cells has a rough texture., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Phengaris Doherty (Fig. 13) Distinctive features in the egg of the three Iberian species of this genus are striking. Phengaris alcon (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Fig. 13 A, B) has eggs that are similar to those of Scolitantides orion (Fig. 11 A, B), but with more distinct cells and thicker walls. The surface of the cell walls is rough, the annular zone is located in a deep hollow and the transition zone is formed by cells of four to six sides. The chorion is thick except at its base, where it is thin and smooth (details in Munguira 1985, 1989; Thomas et al. 1991; Steiner et al. 2006). P. ar i o n (Linnaeus) (Fig. 13 C, D) shows cells with a background of irregular roughness, which becomes coarser in the transition zone. The cells increase in size towards the tubercle-aeropyle zone, where the corners of the polygons have short elevations and greater length in the equatorial region of the egg. This results in a pattern that is more typical of other lycaenid eggs. In P. nausithous (Bergsträsser) (Fig. 13 E, F) the annular and transition areas are formed by cells with very low reliefs caused by flattened cell walls. The tubercle-aeropyle area has cells with well marked edges but without tubercles and a spongy surface, similar to that of the transition zone., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855, {"references":["Munguira, M. L. (1985) Morfologia de los huevos y datos sobre la puesta de las especies ibericas del genero Maculinea (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia, 1, 287 - 296.","Thomas, J. A., Munguira, M. L., Martin, J. & Elmes, G. W. (1991) Basal hatching by Maculinea butterfly eggs: a consequence of advanced myrmecophily? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44, 175 - 184.","Steiner, F. M., Schlick-Steiner, B. C., Hcttinger, H., Nikiforov, A., Moder, K. & Christian, E. (2006) Maculinea alcon and M. rebeli (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) - one or two alcon blues? Larval cuticular compounds and egg morphology of East Austrian populations. Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museums in Wien, 107 B, 165 - 180."]}

Genus Satyrium Scudder (Figs. 5 C–F, 6 and 7 A, B) The eggs of this genus have generally a sea urchin appearance with the only exception of Satyrium w-album (Knoch) that has a lenticular shape and a flat micropylar pole (Fig. 5 C, D). This species has the annular zone with clearly defined cells with smooth walls and interior, a wide transition zone with barely any sculpture and an equatorial area whose cells have prominent walls and tubercles forming a crown. S. spini (Denis & Schiffermüiller) (Fig. 5 E, F) has prominent spiny tubercles protruding from the corners of the cells on the tubercleaeropyle zone, a not well defined transition zone and a depressed flat annular zone with circular holes and a lobed micropyle rosette normally with three primary cells. S. ilicis (Esper), S. esculi (Hübner), and S. acaciae (Fabricius) share very similar egg morphology, with spiny tubercles that are shorter in these three species than those of S. spini. S urrounding the annular zone S. ilicis (Fig. 6 A, B) has a set of rounded tubercles which make the micropylar depression deeper and can be diagnostic from S. esculi (Fig. 6 C, D), that is otherwise a very similar species. S. acaciae (Fig. 6 E, F) has always scales glued to the chorion surface, because the female covers the egg after laying it with scales from a specific tuft located at the end of its abdomen. Finally, S. pruni (Fig. 7 A, B) shows an annular zone almost devoid of ornaments. In the transition and tubercle-aeropyle zone it has a structure of quadrangular cells, whose edges give rise to small pinnacles with opened tips., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Tarucus Moore (Fig. 8 C, D) In Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius) the transition zone has a star like appearance with radially elongated cells. The tubercle-aeropyle zone has elongated cells perpendicular to the radius and large tubercles crowned by aeorpyles. The bottom of the cells has a rough surface. Annular zone is very small with a four petalled micropylar rosette and two series of cells, the first one with simple and the second with numerous chorionic outcrops., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 210, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Plebejus Kluk (Fig. 22 A, D) In this genus the annular zone forms a depression in which the cells have thick and rounded walls, almost obliterating the cells in Plebejus argus (Linnaeus) (Fig. 22 B), but not so wide in P. idas (Linnaeus) (Fig. 22 D). The transition zone is flat in P. idas (Fig. 22 C) with the cells formed by radially arranged pits, while in P. a rgu s (Fig. 22 A) it consists on a undulating plateau with more quadrangular cells. The tubercle-aeropyle zone is arranged into hexagons, with robust walls and cone shaped and ribbed tubercles, which open into aeropyles at their tips. The equatorial zone has the widest cells, with robust walls and conical shaped tubercles., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Iolana Bethune-Baker (Fig. 12 E, F) The egg of Iolana debilitata (Schultz) has a clearly distinctive morphology, with the annular zone and the depressed transition zone formed by large polygonal cells with a grainy background. The micropylar rosette is similar to the other cells in the annular zone and can scarcely be distinguished. The tubercle-aeropyle zone has large, profound cells that are very narrow on the edge of the area and become wider in the centre where they resemble a honeycomb. On the intersections of the cells there are aeropyles but no tubercles., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Agriades Hübner (Fig. 22 E, F and 23) The annular zone is reduced, surrounded by very small, profound cells with a hexagonal or rounded form and undulated walls in Agriades glandon (Prunner) (Fig. 22 F). In A. zullichi Hemming, the micropylar rosette has four petals with a central ridge and the rest of the annulus has cells decorated at the bottom with elongated outcrops (Fig. 23 B). These outcrops are present in A. zullichi but not in A. glandon. The cells that surround the annular zone are less profound in A. zullichi than those of A. glandon in the few examples that have been studied. In both species the tubercle-aeropyle area consists of polygonal or rounded cells and a greater number of tubercles when further away from the annular ring. Tubercles are small, blunt and have an aeropyle at the end (Figs. 22 E and 23 A)., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on pages 233-234, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Cyaniris Dalman (Fig. 14 A, B) The egg of the single Iberian species of the genus, Cyaniris semiargus (Rottemburg), has a reduced micropylar depression. The tubercle-aeropyle zone is made up of small, quadrangular cells with rounded edges and with prominent walls that result in this area being tightly knitted. The tubercles are short and dome shaped. Cells in the annulus have thick rounded walls that surround a micropylar rosette with four petals., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Cupido Schrank (Fig. 9 and 10 A–D) Cupido minimus (Fuessly) (Fig. 9 A, B) possesses a characteristic annular area with smooth and spotted cells and a transition zone with cells with a spongy texture. The cells on the tubercle-aeropyle zone have thin walls and not very prominent tubercles. In C. osiris (Meigen) (Fig. 9 C, D) the characteristic annular area has a variable number of cells that can be noted when comparing the two photographed samples. Tubercles are also not prominent and the number of cells of the tubercle-aeropyle area is lower than in C. minimus. C. lorquinii (Herrich-Schäffer) (Fig. 9 E, F) has the egg surface with a network of quadrangular cells and prominent tubercles. In the annular zone there is a set of cells that are clearly distinct from the rest, having a spotted appearance. Although C. argiades (Pallas) and C. alcetas (Hoffmannsegg) have traditionally been placed in a different genus they share quite similar egg morphologies with the other members of the Cupido genus. Distinctive features are the annular zone with characteristic wavy walls on its cells and the tubercle-aeropyle area bearing large tubercles with aeropyles at their tip for C. argiades (Fig. 10 A, B), and the thin walls and slightly prominent tubercles in the tubercle-aeropyle area for C. alcetas (Fig. 10 D)., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Aricia Reichenbach (Fig. 20 and 21 A, B) The annular zone of the species from this genus is small and formed by cells of smooth surface, only occasionally bearing small ridges in Aricia nicias (Meigen) (Fig. 20 A, B) and A. cramera (Eschscholtz) (Fig. 20 E, F). This contrasts with the transition zone in which the surface of the cells is porous and the cell walls have a rough texture. Cells in this zone are organized in a regular spiral pattern that is more evident in Aricia montensis Verity (Fig. 21 A, B). In A. nicias the tubercle-aeropyle area has well developed ridged tubercles and cells with three or four sides, which adjoin together in groups of five to seven. The size of the tubercles is large in A. nicias, intermediate in A. montensis and short in A. cramera and A. morronensis (Ribbe) (20 C, D). In the latter species this trait is variable in the different areas and tubercles can be larger than in the pictured specimen (see Munguira & Martín 1988; Munguira 1989). Tubercles are also crowned with aeropyles at their tips in all the species of the genus. A. cramera also differs from the eggs of the other species by the higher number of cells, making it quite similar to the egg of A. agestis, while that of A. montensis resembles A. artaxerxes (Fabricius). The egg of A. agestis and A. artaxerxes has been described in detail by Smyllie (2001)., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855, {"references":["Smyllie, B. (2001) Lunulation similarities in the genus Aricia Reich. (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in Britain, Spain and Switzerland. Entomologist's Record, 113, 209 - 226."]}

Genus Tomares Rambur (Fig. 4 C, D) Tomares ballus (Fabricius) has a spherical egg, flattened at the poles and with a grid formed by scarcely prominent cells. Cells are even less prominent in the micropylar area which clearly differentiates this egg from that of other members of the Eumaeini tribe (Callophrys and Satyrium). The surface of the bottom of the cells is smooth both in the annular and tubercle-aeropyle zones. The annular zone has no distinctive features other than the smaller size of the cells., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Thecla Fabricius (Fig. 3 C, D) This genus has only one species in the area, Thecla betulae (Linnaeus) whose eggs have an hemispherical profile. The micropylar area is surrounded by a circular depression with narrow crescent shaped cells and a four petalled micropylar rosette. This depression is flanked by rounded projections in a radial arrangement on their outside area. The sides are made up of polygonal cells with rounded corners., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Celastrina Tutt (Fig. 10 E, F) Only one species of this genus is present in our area: Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus). As in Cacyreus, Leptotes, Tarucus, and Zizeeria the annular zone is reduced and formed by a micropylar rosette with three petals and two series of rounded cells with chorionic granulations. The transition zone has high-walled cells and rounded corners. In the tubercle-aeropyle area the cells are grouped in hexagonal patterns with large star shaped tubercles with an aeropyle at their end., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855

Genus Lycaena Fabricius (Figs. 1, 2, and 3 A–B) This genus has a very distinctive egg morphology pattern consisting on cells of crater like appearance and with hexagonal or rounded forms. The most distinctive species of the group is Lycaena helle (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Fig. 1 C, D) in which the micropyle is deeply-set within a cavity and the cell walls are extremely swollen, with a rounded appearance and scattered aeropyles. The other species also show annular areas in a depression formed by semicircular smooth walled profound cells and the micropylar rosette with three to five petals. Micropylar openings can be found in the centre of the rosette and can also be variable in number. In L. phlaeas (Linnaeus) (Fig. 1 A, B) the chorionic sculpturing is formed by large cells with star shaped outlines, each with five or six tips. Aeropyles can be found on the tips of the starred structures. The egg of L. bleusei (Oberthür) (Fig. 2 A, B) possesses large cells surrounding the annular depression, which have elevated walls at the points of intersection. It has fewer cells (less than 20 in polar view) in comparison to L. virgaureae (Linnaeus) (Fig. 2 C, D) and L. tityrus (Poda) (Fig. 1 E, F) (which have more than 20). L. bleusei has also cell walls more prominent than the previously mentioned species and protruding pyramids arising from the cell intersections. On the other hand L. virgaureae and L. tityrus have eggs that are very similar in appearance. L. alciphron (Rottemburg) (Fig. 2 E, F) and L. hippothoe (Linnaeus) (Fig. 3 A, B) have cells of rounded outline and characteristic small depressions in the transition zone. These are five or six in L. hippothoe and are larger than those of L.alciphron., Published as part of Munguira, Miguel L., Martín, José, García-Barros, Enrique, Shahbazian, Gayaneh & Cancela, Juan Pablo, 2015, Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), pp. 201-247 in Zootaxa 3937 (2) on page 205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/234855