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This study aimed at studying the feasibility of using a sediment model built in HEC – HMS incorporating Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) in aiding the separation of sediment contribution as point and non-point, an important aspect in sediment pollution control. The model was developed and verified using a representative sub-catchment and a canal reach of a tropical climate. The field observations and model developed had a good agreement and indicated about 16% and 35% of total sediments in the canal may be from nonpoint sources for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Results suggested that a major fraction of eroded sediment ended up in the main canal through the dense drainage network across the catchment. This meant sediment trapping should focus tributary drainage ditches or at point source inputs to canal rather than the main canal banks. The study recognized that HEC – HMS is also capable of simulating sediment generation with acceptable errors. Being a free software package, HEC – HMS would be an effective sediment modelling tool for jurisdictions where sediment analysis has been constrained by cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this essay is to pierce behind the veil to understand better how social and environmental conditions have shaped the development of Britain's canal network across time. The first part of the argument looks at the place of climate and technology in regulating the water supply in the canal system. The second examines the role of draft animals in supplying motive power for barge transport. Inspiration for this dual framework comes from two closely related methodological strands: the perspectives of political ecology and the labor history of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroplastics are a global threat to the aquatic environment and will degrade into microplastics over time. Its presence in canal causes pollution and inhibits water flow, causing flooding in urban areas; therefore, it is essential to identify and monitor its presence. Addressing knowledge gaps is critical in determining solutions for mitigation purposes. In visual object detection studies, aerial mapping is developed with advanced technology, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). This research aims to conduct aerial mapping experiments to find the right formula or technical reference for detecting macroplastic waste objects floating on the surface of the canal, including flight altitude, exposure to sunlight, and the influence of season on object detection. Aerial mapping will be done in densely populated urban canals in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Makassar City. The aerial mapping survey method will be used, and then the data will be processed in the digitization process and object detection with GIS. The analysis kernel in GIS tools will be used to see the distribution density of macroplastics. The research results show that autoblock occurs at heights of 5m and 10m, but this autoblock can be minimized at a flight height of 15 m. Apart from that, height also affects flight duration. The lower flying height will result in better visual accuracy and better resolution. However, at a height of 15m, macroplastic objects were still detected on a moderate scale. This research successfully distinguished various plastic waste materials, the most found being the soft polyolefin category in plastic bags. Monitoring results detected 321 items of macroplastics in the dry season and 1,163 in the rainy season, or a threefold increase with conditions spread thinly in the dry season. In the rainy season, they gather densely on one side of the canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on stationary and expeditionary hydrological data and information about the water management complex and volumes of water use, we have calculated for the first time the minimum permissible, average, and optimal hydrographs (in monthly increments) of the influx of Ural waters from Russia to the West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions, which would not limit the functioning of the main participants of the Kazakhstan water management complex, would not deteriorate the quality of life of the population and existence conditions for aquatic and near-water biocenoses, and would preserve the river as a hydrographic object. The resulting hydrographs summarize (1) the values of current and future water consumption in the cities of Uralsk and Atyrau and numerous rural settlements, as well as water intake by irrigation and water supply canals, including the Kushum Canal; (2) the needs of river navigation for controlling depths and continuous navigation from May to October; (3) the environmental flow necessary for the reproduction of sturgeon fish species and the preservation of the bioproductivity and biodiversity of floodplain ecosystems. The latter element required nonstandard solutions, including those based on the existing domestic approaches to determining critical and optimal values (with respect to floodplain–channel ecosystems) values. Another and completely new result of this research is analysis of the long-term dynamics of maximum and minimum levels in the lower reaches of the Ural River and the frequency, duration, and depth of floodplain flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the equation of motion, hydrodynamic derivatives, and course stability with respect to ship maneuvering in a canal. Based on the potential theory, a consistent linearized equation of motion was derived when a ship maneuvers near the center line of a canal with a symmetrical cross-section and uniform length. In the new equation of motion, hydrodynamic derivatives for the lateral force and yaw moment with respect to ship heading angle ψ ( Y ψ , N ψ ) appear, which have not been considered in existing studies. Y ψ and N ψ are measured by captive tests using a container ship model in a canal model, and they are significant. Furthermore, the course stability criterion for ships in the canal was derived by considering the Y ψ and N ψ , and the course stability was investigated. As a result, we found that the effect of Y ψ and N ψ on course stability cannot be neglected when the water depth becomes shallower. In case of the studied container ship, the consideration of Y ψ and N ψ causes the ship to shift to the course stable direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snails are the first intermediate host in the life cycle of trematodes. Previous research found that Trichopodus microlepis fish, cultured in earthen ponds in Tan Nhut Commune, Binh Chanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam had a high infection rate with metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus and Procevorum sp. It is necessary to investigate whether habitats supplying water to the ponds may contribute to the transmission by carrying intermediate hosts and/or cercariae into these ponds or not. A study of cercariae and snail composition in rice fields and canal supplying water directly to these Trichopodus microlepis ponds was carried out with six samplings in the years 2022 and 2023. A total of 1,151 snails were collected, and nine snail species belonging to 8 genera and 6 families were identified. Three snail species in both rice fields and canal were infected with trematode (cercariae stage) including Bithynia siamensis, Lymnaea viridis and Indoplanorbis exustus. The overall prevalence in the dry season (25.9%) was significantly higher than in the wet season (10.6%) (P<0.05). Three cercariae morphotypes were recovered from snails: xiphidio (in all three snails), echinostome (in Lymnaea viridis and Indoplanorbis exustus), and pleurolophocercous in Bithynia siamensis. This finding shows that Bithynia siamensis is one of the infected sources for Trichopodus microlepis fish cultured in ponds, as pleurolophocercous is also the cercariae in the family of Heterophyidae (including Centrocestus formosanus and Procevorum sp.). Further research should be done to clarify the transmission of fish-borne zoonotic diseases to cultured Trichopodus microlepis in other habitats including the actual fishponds, and sources of trematodes in order to produce Trichopodus microlepis free of metacercariae, contributing to clean aquaculture development and safe food for local people in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The diagnosis of lumbar canal stenosis and ectasia is based on the dimensions of the lumbar canal. Midsagittal dimension of a lumbar canal that is

Purpose: to determine the roughness coefficient of the protective coating of a watercourse bed, consisting of geomat – Enkamat grade 7225 with crushed stone filler with a particle size of 6 to 10 mm. Materials and methods. Hydraulic structures are susceptible to water erosion, so the formation of protective coatings for their slopes is currently relevant. To prevent the negative effects of water erosion on soil slopes, a number of measures are carried out, including reinforcement of the upper layer of the slope with anti-erosion clothing. Currently, there is a large number of erosion-protective cloths but with the development of technology modern geosynthetic materials have appeared. The features of a model installation for determining the hydraulic characteristics of an anti-erosion coating are discussed and the methodology for their determination is described. The feasibility of using geomat – Enkamat grade 7225 with crushed stone filler as an anti-erosion agent for reinforcement of the hydraulic structure slopes are discussed in the article. Results. The calculation formulas on the basis of which the values of the roughness coefficients were experimentally obtained were analyzed. The results of experimental studies aimed at determining the roughness coefficient of the protective coating at different flow rates and flume bottom slopes are presented. An analysis of the obtained results was performed and the average value of the roughness coefficient was derived. Conclusions. Laboratory studies conducted to assess the roughness coefficient for an erosion protective coating made of geomat filled with crushed stone showed the possibility of using innovative reinforcement in practice. Recommendations for the use of protective anti-erosion coating are given.

The Jing-Mi Diversion Canal is a large-scale water diversion project in Beijing. Routine monitoring is crucial for the reliability and stability of urban water supply. Compared with traditional monitoring methods, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has the advantages of large scale and high accuracy. Based on the small baseline subset InSAR, 187 ascending and 102 descending SAR images obtained from Sentinel-1 were used to detect the deformation along the diversion canal from 2017 to 2023. The results show that there was a sinking trend along the diversion canal. The subsidence was serious in the first half of the canal, and continued to sink from 2019 to 2020. The subsidence was alleviated in 2023. Combined with leveling measurements, the InSAR deformation monitoring results of important pumping station buildings were verified. The measurement accuracy of InSAR can reach the millimeter level. We extracted the groundwater level time series and subsidence for risky canal segments. Through pixel-by-pixel comparison, it was found that fluctuations in groundwater level would have some impact on surface deformation. Severe local subsidence or uplift deformation occasionally occurred. To ensure the safety of water diversion, the monitoring and maintenance of relevant pump station buildings in risky areas should be increased in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, canals played a crucial role in facilitating the rapid development of factories. Despite economic downturns and the rise of alternative transportation towards the end of the last century, canals have been experiencing a resurgence in recent years, driven by the principles of sustainable development. To gain a deeper understanding of global academic research focus and current trends, this paper systematically reviews publications related to canal-related industrial buildings from 1997 to 22 January 2024. Using the bibliometric software CiteSpace 6.3.1, information such as countries, institutions, authors, keywords, and references from 96 selected articles in the Web of Science (WoS) database was visualized and analyzed. The results reveal that the current research hotspots in this field mainly focus on five clusters: "stakeholders", "green spaces", "conservation areas", "industrial heritage", and "energy-efficient reconstruction". The most popular research topics concerning canal-related industrial buildings are "urban renewal", "industrial heritage", "climate change", and "heritage tourism", with most themes closely linked to sustainable development. However, it is observed that there is still a lack of a systematic research framework in this field. Most studies originate from heritage management and conservation, landscape rejuvenation along canals, and canal water resource management, while systematic research on canal-related industrial buildings remains limited. Based on these findings, this study proposes future trends and potential research directions in this field, aiming to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the status and to support the sustainable preservation and management of industrial buildings and heritage along canals with a more systematic research framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic linear infrastructures (ALIs), including roads, railways, and canals, provide important resources to humans, but they can affect wildlife through habitat fragmentation and reduced movement through landscapes. To mitigate these effects, overpass crossing structures (i.e., overpasses) can facilitate wildlife movement across ALIs and maintain landscape connectivity. Human activities can potentially influence spatial and temporal patterns in wildlife use of overpasses; however, little information is available about human–wildlife interactions across some types of ALIs. Using remote wildlife cameras, we evaluated human and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) use and interactions at 43 overpasses along the Central Arizona Project canal in Arizona, USA, during 2 seasons (warm and cool) from February 2021 to February 2022. Mule deer exhibited spatial avoidance of human activities at overpasses, although the effect varied across seasons and types of human activity. At a broad scale, the presence of recreationists at overpasses did not exclude mule deer from using overpasses to cross the canal; however, human presence reduced mule deer detection probability in the warm season. At a fine scale, mule deer decreased use of overpasses as activity associated with canal personnel (i.e., security and maintenance workers) increased in the cool season. For both seasons, mule deer exhibited greater overlap in daily activity patterns with recreationists compared to canal personnel. Further, mule deer shifted daily activity patterns to be more active earlier in the morning at sites with high amounts of recreational use compared to sites with lower recreational use. Because human activities can influence mule deer crossings at overpasses, managers might consider minimizing human activities at crossing locations to increase wildlife use and promote wildlife movement across canals and other types of ALIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study investigated the effect of different intracanal irrigants on the push-out bond strength of dentin in damaged anterior primary teeth. The crowns of 90 anterior primary teeth were sectioned horizontally, 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Following canal preparation with K-files, all groups except the negative control received normal saline irrigation. Canals were then irrigated with either 3% or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% or 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution (except negative and positive controls). The roots were filled with Metapex material and covered with a calcium hydroxide liner. In root canals, the bond was applied by self-etching and then light-cured for 20 seconds before canals were restored incrementally with composite. Stereomicroscopes were used to assess failure patterns. Push-out bond strengths (MPa ± SD) were: 3% NaOCl (16.92 ± 5.78), 5.25% NaOCl (8.96 ± 3.55), 2% CHX (14.76 ± 5.56), and 0.2% CHX (7.76 ± 2.93). Significant differences were seen across the irrigants regarding the push-out bond strength of dentin sections (P <0.001). The most frequent failures were adhesive and cohesive. NaOCl and CHX irrigants increased the push-out bond strength compared to controls. Compared to controls, both 3% NaOCl and 2% CHX irrigants significantly increased the push-out bond strength of dentin in non-vital anterior primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Mechanics / Gongcheng Lixue is the property of Engineering Mechanics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Performing surgery on the anterior mandible could harm the mandibular incisive canal (MIC). To prevent it, preoperative radiographic assessment is essential. Aims: Aim of our study was to examine the visibility and presence of the MIC along with measurement of the length of MIC by utilizing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Settings and Design: Images from 50 subjects, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years, who had their mandibles examined by CBCT were taken from the archive. Methods and Material: Reconstructed images included cross-sectional and panoramic views. The canal’s visibility was obtained from the mesial to the mental foramen and finally to the incisal extension. The shortest distance between the mesial and distal portions of the canal was determined to be the length of the MIC. Statistical Analysis Used: To analyze independent samples, t-tests were employed. Results: In 40 cases (80%), the visibility of MIC was seen as bilateral, and in 10 cases (20%), as unilateral. The visible length among the population ranged from a minimum of 0.00 to a maximum of 25.25 mm, with an average of 15.37 ± 5.59. Conclusions: Future research could utilize the differences in prevalence with respect to gender and visibility as a point of reference.

Aim To study the character of blood circulation in the bone stump at tight and loose closure of the medullary cavity. Methods Two series of experiments on 39 rabbits with mid-third femoral amputation and muscular plasty were carried out. In the 1st (experimental) series, the bone scapula was closed by thin cortical autograft taken from the epimetaphyseal area, and then the muscles were sutured, and in the 2nd -- the scapula was closed by myoplasty only. Follow-up periods: 1st series -- 7, 14, 21 days and 1, 3, 6 months, 2nd series -- 1, 3, 6 months. Histological methods with infusion of vessels with ink-gelatin mixture and morphometry was used. Results In the 1st series there was a rapid restoration of the disturbed macro- and microcirculation due to the reserve sources of blood circulation and the development of extravascular ways of microcirculation. In the 2nd series, blood circulation recovery was significantly slower and occurred mainly due to the development of extravascular microcirculatory pathways. Conclusion The study established undeniable usefulness of tight closure of the bone marrow cavity during amputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat farming is an important activity in northern Mexico. In this sense, “cabrito” or kid goat is a typical regional dish with high economic and cultural value. However, information on the morphostructural composition and meat quality of these local specimens is scarce. Given this, the objective was to evaluate morphostructural characteristics, carcass and meat quality in local kids according to sex in the northeastern region of Mexico. For this purpose, 14 kids (7 males and 7 females) 57 days old were slaughtered. Morphostructural composition was evaluated with 22 zoomometric and phenotypic variables. Carcass characteristics were evaluated by considering different body structures, carcass yield and degree of fatness. Meat quality was determined by physicochemical characteristics, nutritional value and fatty acid profile. The sex effect was evaluated by t-test of independent means and Chi-square. Meat physicochemical characteristics, nutritional value and morphostructure of local kids were heterogeneous and showed no differences (P≥0.05) concerning sex. Carcass, kidneys, head, neck, rib and loin weights were higher in males than in females (P≤0.05). Fatty acids (FA) found in greater proportion were palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1, n-9), stearic (C18:0), and myristic (C14:0). These FA comprised 80.85 % of the lipid profile of male meat and 76.83% of females. These results are the basis for future programs aimed to improve production systems. Differences found could shed light on future efforts on how to differentiate goat meat from this region of Mexico and enter new markets directly benefiting small producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with the hydrochemistry (EC, DO, pH, HCO3-, SO4-2, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg+, Na+, and K+) and isotopic studies (18O, 2H, and 3 H) of the groundwater of the Thal Doab, between River Indus and Jhelum, to delineate the sources of recharge and quality of groundwater. The groundwater based on isotopic data is recharged by two sources: the Indus River and rainfall shown by the depleted and enriched isotopic concentrations. The tritium concentrations revealed the short residence time of shallow groundwater as compared to the deeper groundwater. Furthermore, a deep groundwater upwelling zone has also been identified. Furthermore, it was found that the groundwater evolved in response to rock-water interaction, evaporation, precipitation, land use changes, and other anthropogenic activities. The groundwater system in the Chashma area is relatively safe for consumption. Future planning for the groundwater recharge zones should be the priority areas for protection, by the government water management and public health departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Athar alrafedain is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A system for pumping wastewater and solid sediments from the territories and buildings of the pumping and hydroelectric stations using jet pumps is proposed. The working and suction media have different aggregate state, including water and pulp, containing solid sediments from the station canals. The rate of sediment removal from the flow provided by the jet pump is determined depending on the water turbidity in the supply canal of the pumping station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an escalating global public health threat. Canals are essential in Thailand, including the capital city, Bangkok, as agricultural and daily water sources. However, the characteristic and antimicrobial-resistance properties of the bacteria in the urban canals have never been elucidated. This study employed whole genome sequencing to characterize 30 genomes of a causal pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella enterica, isolated from Bangkok canal water between 2016 and 2020. The dominant serotype was Salmonella Agona. In total, 35 AMR genes and 30 chromosomal-mediated gene mutations were identified, in which 21 strains carried both acquired genes and mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Virulence factors associated with invasion, adhesion, and survival during infection were detected in all study strains. 75.9% of the study stains were multidrug-resistant and all the strains harbored the necessary virulence factors associated with salmonellosis. One strain carried 20 resistance genes, including mcr-3.1, mutations in GyrA, ParC, and ParE, and typhoid toxin-associated genes. Fifteen plasmid replicon types were detected, with Col(pHAD28) being the most common type. Comparative analysis of nine S. Agona from Bangkok and 167 from public databases revealed that specific clonal lineages of S. Agona might have been circulating between canal water and food sources in Thailand and globally. These findings provide insight into potential pathogens in the aquatic ecosystem and support the inclusion of environmental samples into comprehensive AMR surveillance initiatives as part of a One Health approach. This approach aids in comprehending the rise and dissemination of AMR and devising sustainable intervention strategies.IMPORTANCEBangkok is the capital city of Thailand and home to a large canal network that serves the city in various ways. The presence of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is alarming and poses a significant public health risk. The present study is the first characterization of the genomic of Salmonella strains from Bangkok canal water. Twenty-two of 29 strains (75.9%) were multidrug-resistant Salmonella and all the strains carried essential virulence factors for pathogenesis. Various plasmid types were identified in these strains, potentially facilitating the horizontal transfer of AMR genes. Additional investigations indicated a potential circulation of S. Agona between canal water and food sources in Thailand. The current study underscores the role of environmental water in an urban city as a reservoir of pathogens and these data obtained can serve as a basis for public health risk assessment and help shape intervention strategies to combat AMR challenges in Thailand.

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de los diferentes protocolos de castración por medio del meta-análisis de los indicadores del consumo diario de alimento, conversión alimenticia, ganancia diaria de peso, peso al rastro, peso de la canal caliente y rendimiento de la canal. Se revisaron 179 publicaciones de tres fuentes electrónicas (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science) en un periodo de 24 años, de las cuales se seleccionaron los 26 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El efecto se analizó con seis comparaciones: C1=castración quirúrgica vs enteros; C2=inmunocastración estándar vs enteros; C3= inmunocastración estándar vs castración quirúrgica; C4= inmunocastración alternativa vs enteros; C5= inmunocastración alternativa vs castrados quirúrgicamente; y C6= inmunocastración alternativa vs inmunocastración estándar. Las medias obtenidas fueron de consumo de alimento (kg) (0.23, 0.23, -0.05, 0.32, 0.11, -0.09), de conversión alimenticia (kg:kg) (0.27, 0.05, -0.16, 0.11, 0.11, -0.19), ganancia diaria de peso (g) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), peso de la canal (kg) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), y peso de la canal en caliente (kg) (1.23, 0.85, 0.46, 1.03,1.02, -0.42) respectivamente. Los indicadores de consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia, ganancia diaria de peso, peso al rastro y peso de la canal caliente fueron diferentes (P0.05). Se concluye que, la inmunocastración mejora el desempeño en indicadores productivos y de la canal, la castración quirúrgica mejora el rendimiento de la canal, los cerdos enteros tienen mejor conversión alimenticia, y la inmunocastración estándar y alternativa difieren en su respuesta en indicadores de producción y medición de la canal.

El arroz es regado por inundación manteniendo una altura de agua constante y alcanzando unos requerimientos de agua elevados. A la salida de la parcela hay un canal de desagüe cuyo control permitirá establecer prácticas para reducir el gran consumo de agua. Se ha diseñado un aforador de estrechamiento largo para cubrir el intervalo completo de caudales a aforar. Puesto que el canal de desagüe tiene una sección trapecial, la garganta del aforador será también trapecial para disminuir las pérdidas de carga. Un nuevo procedimiento se ha desarrollado en una hoja de cálculo Excel que permite diseñar directamente las dimensiones de la sección estrechada, talud de las paredes y anchura de la base, eligiendo previamente el límite modular, la altura del umbral y la longitud del estrechamiento más en concordancia con las características del canal. Los resultados demuestran la precisión y viabilidad del procedimiento.

The cell wall of Candida yeast grown on presence of hexadecane as a sole carbon source undergoes structural and functional changes including the formation of specific supramolecular complexes—canals. The canals contain specific polysaccharides and enzymes that provide primary oxidization of alkanes. In addition, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) was identified in Candida maltosa canals. The aim of the work was a comparative study of the features of cell walls and extracellular structures in yeast C. maltosa, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with special attention to inorganic polyphosphates as possible part of these structures when grown on the widely used xenobiotic hexadecane (diesel fuel). Fluorescence microscopy with DAPI has shown an unusual localization of polyP on the cell surface and in the exovesicles in the three yeast species, when growing on hexadecane. Electron-scanning microscopy showed that the exovesicles were associated with the cell wall and also presented in the external environment probably as biofilm components. Treatment of hexadecane-grown cells with purified Ppx1 polyphosphatase led to the release of phosphate into the incubation medium and the disappearance of polyP in vesicles and cell wall observed using microscopic methods. The results indicate the important role of polyP in the formation of extracellular structures in the Candida yeast when consuming hexadecane and are important for the design of xenobiotic destructors based on yeast or mixed cultures.

Round goby Neogobius melanostomus is one of the three invasive Ponto-Caspian gobies found in the Sava River basin in Croatia. It has a negative effect on the native ecosystems due to its high invasive potential that enables its rapid spread upstream in inland watercourses. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in sagittal otolith and scale shape of the frontal and established populations of N. melanostomus in two different habitat types. At two sampling sites in the main course of the Sava (Babina Greda, Slavonski Brod) and in a modified habitat (Sava-Odra canal), 20 individuals of N. melanostomus were collected and analysed. The geometric morphometric method was used together with Procrustes analysis of variance, canonical variate analysis and discriminant function analysis to analyse the otolith and scale shape. Significant differences in both otolith and scale shapes were found between settled (Babina Greda) and frontal (Slavonski Brod) populations from the main course of the Sava River. The main differences were the wider anterior part of the scales and a more pronounced open indentation on the otolith of the Babina Greda population. The settled population in the Sava-Odra canal was significantly different in otolith shape from the Babina Greda population but not from the Slavonski Brod population, suggesting that the upstream migration consisted of individuals with specific phenotype and genotype. Otoliths generally expressed greater shape variability than scales and thus may be more useful for differentiating between closely related populations on a finer scale. The results of this study suggest that the shape of otoliths and scales can be used to distinguish between closely related populations of N. melanostomus from different habitats but more comprehensive studies are needed due to the small number of samples.

Frost damage is a complex and critical issue for canal construction in seasonally frozen regions, posing a challenge to agriculture and industry. This study combines in-situ monitoring and numerical simulation in field-scale to investigate the freeze depth, frost heave, and the effect of accumulated water on slope deformation in a canal in Jilin Province, China. The results reveal that the canal experiences intense frost heave of approximately 15 cm during winter due to low temperatures and sufficient water supply. The shallowly buried groundwater and seepage from accumulated water were the dominant water sources driving migration during frost heave. While accumulated water insulated the canal lining below the water surface and reduced frost heave, the combined effect of ice pressure and subsoil frost heave also caused damage to the canal. It is necessary to enhance protection measures for canal slopes at locations, where ice cover occurs. In addition, the freezing process differs between the sunny and shady slopes of canal. Shady slopes experience longer and more intense frost heave, leading to asymmetrical damage to the canal. This study presents the development and characteristics of frost damage for canal with high water table in seasonally frozen areas. It can serve and guide the design and management of water conveyance infrastructure in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cell wall of Candida yeast grown on presence of hexadecane as a sole carbon source undergoes structural and functional changes including the formation of specific supramolecular complexes—canals. The canals contain specific polysaccharides and enzymes that provide primary oxidization of alkanes. In addition, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) was identified in Candida maltosa canals. The aim of the work was a comparative study of the features of cell walls and extracellular structures in yeast C. maltosa, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with special attention to inorganic polyphosphates as possible part of these structures when grown on the widely used xenobiotic hexadecane (diesel fuel). Fluorescence microscopy with DAPI has shown an unusual localization of polyP on the cell surface and in the exovesicles in the three yeast species, when growing on hexadecane. Electron-scanning microscopy showed that the exovesicles were associated with the cell wall and also presented in the external environment probably as biofilm components. Treatment of hexadecane-grown cells with purified Ppx1 polyphosphatase led to the release of phosphate into the incubation medium and the disappearance of polyP in vesicles and cell wall observed using microscopic methods. The results indicate the important role of polyP in the formation of extracellular structures in the Candida yeast when consuming hexadecane and are important for the design of xenobiotic destructors based on yeast or mixed cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A false image dominates too many recent surveys of Canadian history: that Lower Canada opposed canals, which Upper Canada supported. This pervasive image is not borne out by an examination of the public support for canals in the two legislatures. Both supported large-scale ventures (Lachine and Welland). French Canadians also supported smaller regional canals as well as canals above Montreal. Upper Canadians were more sharply divided along regional and party lines in support for the Welland Canal than were Lower Canadians over any canal. Legislatures in both the Canadas supported canals that they saw as most beneficial for their supporters whether conceived as a region or a party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ICSS model has been used in various researches in irrigation canals. Due to the new capabilities of recent versions of the HEC-RAS model and its advanced strategies, this model has also been considered. The combination of upstream and downstream control systems of classical controller with nonlinear channel simulation models (HEC-RAS and ICSS), the way of implement, and the results comparison are the main objectives of this research. The utilization of the rules strategy in HEC-RAS and comparison of the model is the novelty of this research. For this purpose, a controller has been developed for each regulating structure and an operational program has been developed for each turnout in advanced boundary conditions in the Eastern Dez Canal. The results showed that the HEC-RAS model performed very well and showed a lower error value in the upstream control system than the downstream control, and the maximum MAE and IAE were equal to 5.3% and 1.8%, respectively. Also, the water flow is stable most of the time and there are no fluctuations in the water depth. In the ICSS model, almost similar results were observed, so that the upstream control performs better than the downstream control, but there are more depth changes and instability, and the maximum MAE and IAE were obtained as 9.9% and 0.3%, respectively. In terms of discharge delivery indicators, HEC-RAS outperformed ICSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ingeniería del Agua is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Availability of wetlands with low salinities during the breeding season can influence waterfowl reproductive success and population recruitment. Salinities as low as 2 ppt (3.6 mScm–1) can impair duckling growth and influence behavior, with mortality occurring above 9 ppt (14.8 mScm–1). We used satellite imagery to quantify the amount of available water, and sampled surface water salinity at Grizzly Island, in the brackish Suisun Marsh, at three time-periods during waterfowl breeding (April, May, July) over 4 years (2016–2019). More water was available and salinity was lower during wetter years (2017, 2019) than during drier years (2016, 2018), and the amount of water in wetlands decreased 73%–86% from April to July. Across all time-periods and years, the majority (64%–100%) of wetland habitat area had salinities above what has been shown to negatively affect ducklings (> 2 ppt), and up to 42% of wetland area had salinities associated with duckling mortality (> 9 ppt). During peak duckling production in May, 81%–95% of available water had salinity above 2 ppt, and 5%–21% was above 9 ppt. In May of the driest year (2016), only 0.5 km2 of low-salinity water (

The Jing-Mi Diversion Canal is a large-scale water diversion project in Beijing. Routine monitoring is crucial for the reliability and stability of urban water supply. Compared with traditional monitoring methods, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has the advantages of large scale and high accuracy. Based on the small baseline subset InSAR, 187 ascending and 102 descending SAR images obtained from Sentinel-1 were used to detect the deformation along the diversion canal from 2017 to 2023. The results show that there was a sinking trend along the diversion canal. The subsidence was serious in the first half of the canal, and continued to sink from 2019 to 2020. The subsidence was alleviated in 2023. Combined with leveling measurements, the InSAR deformation monitoring results of important pumping station buildings were verified. The measurement accuracy of InSAR can reach the millimeter level. We extracted the groundwater level time series and subsidence for risky canal segments. Through pixel-by-pixel comparison, it was found that fluctuations in groundwater level would have some impact on surface deformation. Severe local subsidence or uplift deformation occasionally occurred. To ensure the safety of water diversion, the monitoring and maintenance of relevant pump station buildings in risky areas should be increased in the future.

Copyright of Nacameh is the property of Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The endodontic preparation depends largely on the file systems that are used in the canal preparations. The amount of the intracanal debris that is extruded from the apex may be influenced by the file systems. Hence, the present in vitro study evaluated the amount the debris that is extruded for the two file systems at different working lengths. Methods: Forty human mesiobuccal canals of the first molars were collected that were extracted for various causes. They were equally divided to four groups of Reciproc (full length), Reciproc (short by 1 mm), WaveOne Gold (full length), and WaveOne Gold (short by 1 mm). Routine crown-down technique was followed for the canal preparation with the intermittent irrigation. The extruded debris was weighed and compared for the significance. Results: The amount of the debris that was extruded weighed similarly in all the four groups with no significant variations. The Reciproc extruded lesser material than the WaveOne Gold. Conclusions: The file systems seem not to affect the debris extrusion irrespective of the files' physical properties. Further studies in a clinical setup are warranted.

The article describes a brief history of canal irrigation development and rehabilitation measures taken up in the past. The processes leading to deterioration in the condition of canal irrigation systems, necessitating rehabilitation, have been described. Based on a survey of several irrigation commands in different agro-climatic zones, the problems in aged irrigation projects are presented. The purpose is to identify the technical and non-technical factors limiting the performance of canal irrigation systems. Regarding rehabilitation of canal irrigation systems, several policy issues have been raised and discussed. The importance of the issues raised pertaining to canal rehabilitation and the solutions have also been discussed in this article. HIGHLIGHTS Canals have been an effective source of irrigation for several centuries in India, given its unique monsoon weather conditions.; Old canal systems face several challenges due to poor design, technical defects, demand -supply mismatch, hydrological alterations, malfunctioning of flow control structures, and poor irrigation efficiencies.; The pre-rehabilitation performance evaluation is necessary to obtain the current status of the under-performing canal irrigation systems.; When there were physical constraints to improve the system performance, condition assessment was required.; The condition assessment of irrigation schemes is helpful for identifying the factors which limit the performance of irrigation schemes.;

Investigation of hydrodynamic interaction between the vessel and the seabed when entering shallow water is considered one of the most critical considerations of inland waterway transport. There are many investigations into the behavior of ships in restricted waters, such as ships traveling in different forms of canal cross-sections. The present study aims to evaluate the hydrodynamic interaction of the 750 DWT Perintis Ship moving through the different canal types to determine the relative effects of limiting the width and depth cross section on the ship's resistance. Two different canals with different cross sections, including canal bank and rectangular canal, were evaluated to investigate the influence of canal width (Wb), depth ratio (hw/T), and blockage ratio function (As/Ac). The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver and turbulent model 𝑘−𝜀 were used to predict the total resistance of the ship. The proposed numerical simulation was initially validated with an experimental towing tank test in the error range of 0.11-7.74%. The results indicated similar phenomena were found both in rectangular and canal banks. The case with a shallower (lower hw/T) and a narrower (lower Bc/Bs) canal dimension has a higher resistance value. Backflow and subsidence of free surface became significant around the ship's hull in more restricted water, changing the ship's hydrodynamic characteristics and increasing resistance. It can be found that the higher the blockage ratio (mb), the higher the total resistance value in both canal types, which proved that ships with higher speeds were more sensitive to changes in waterway restrictions.

No city could survive without stable supply of water, which is true for many of ancient to modern cities. In this study, geographical and historiographical studies led to the visualization of a hydraulic system of Mandalay on a map. The hydraulic system established in this research consisted of intaking (a weir); transportation (canal); and storage and distribution (tank/reservoir/moat). As a result, the hydraulic system was found to have been formed and transformed over the twelfth century, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and to date, but the basic characteristics of the hydraulic system remained unchanged – i.e. 1) gravitational flow without pumping/harnessing, 2) multiple purposes for water supply, irrigation and others; and 3) dual supply sources for Palace for the security of supply. These findings about formation and transition of the hydraulic system of Mandalay explains how the Burmese Royal Cities were planned and implemented from the hydraulic aspect.

The canals can always shut down nearly for half year in cold regions, due to the freezing of water. It is a serious threat to the efficiency of canal water delivery and economic development. A key position can be found in the formation of ice cover, according to the canal water frozen and the development of ice cover. And the slope of the canal is one of these key positions. In this study, an electric heating technology was proposed to reduce the icing for the better extent of the canal operation time in winter. The skin effect heat cables (a heat cable with high heating efficiency, reduced circuit voltage, and single power supply for long-distance heating) were installed at the canal slope near the water surface along the canal. Three forms of heat transfer device were also designed for the application requirements. This electric heating technology was tested in the field at the ambient temperature of 0.7 to −23.5 ℃. The heating power was calculated for the canal's winter operation, and then compared with the electric heating in oil pipeline project. The field test results show that this electric heating technology was fully met the winter operation of the long-distance canal. The heat transfer device effectively extended the influence of the heat sources on the canal in winter. This electric heating technology effectively raises the surface water temperature compared to the no-heating situation. The canal water within 5 cm around the heating devices remained free from the freeze under the heating power of 120 W/m at the ambient temperature of −20 ℃, or under the heating power of 84 W/m at the ambient temperature of −15 ℃. Only the heating power of 56 W/m was needed to maintain the positive temperature of heating devices at an ambient temperature of −15 ℃, while the heating power of 30 W/m was needed to maintain a positive temperature of heating devices at the ambient temperature of −10 ℃. The heating power was calculated at different ambient temperatures of this electric heating technology, in order to reduce the icing for the long-distance water canal operation. The modified formula provided the theoretical basis for the electric circuit design. The running heating power demonstrated that the heating power of 226 W/m was selected for the canal operation at −39 ℃, which was the lowest temperature in this local area. The power consumption of this device was about 10.8 (kW·h)/(m·d). Only the heating power of 46 W/m was for the canal operation at −8 ℃, which was the average temperature of this local area. The power consumption of this device was about 2.2 (kW·h)/(m·d) at this moment. A smaller energy consumption which shows a high feasibility was achieved in this electric heating technology for the canal winter operation at the same ambient temperature, compared with the electric heating in the oil pipeline project. Therefore, this electric heating technology can be expected to reduce the icing for the long-distance water canal operation in winter. The finding can provide a high-value promotion in the canal of a hydropower station in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to reveal the geostrategic importance of the Suez Canal، and to show the economic importance of the canal to Egypt and the world. The study relied on the descriptive method، the comparative approach ، and the analytical method. The study found that the new Suez Canal possessed a very large infrastructure، so that the canal was able to increase the number of ships that could pass by the diversity of these ships ، including the huge ships and giant oil carriers، but this expansion did not achieve the Egyptian state’s objectives on the ground، represented by an increase Large، but big leaps in the profits of this channel، as the increase in the number of vessels passing through it was very small، despite the passage of some giant ships from it، and the increase in the profits of the canal was negligible. The study recommended conducting more comprehensive studies to reach the possibility of benefiting from it more economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history and development of the early 19th-century Bryn Oer Tramroad in South-East Wales has been considered previously by Gordon Rattenbury and John van Laun, but archaeological monitoring and walkover surveys carried out during conservation works to the tramroad in spring 2022 have yielded new data. In particular, fresh evidence for the tramroad's drainage system, turnouts and gateways has allowed a reassessment of the earlier studies, enabling a more complete narrative of the tramroad to be presented. The article is divided into four parts. The first part outlines the history of the canals to which the Bryn Oer Tramroad was connected, and the second discusses the historical context of the tramroad. The third part provides an archaeological evaluation of the tramroad, whilst the final part discusses the comparative importance of the tramroad within the context of late 18th- and early 19th-century transport networks in South-East Wales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]