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Author(s): Keiko Ishii [sup.1] , Nicholas O. Rule [sup.2] , Rie Toriyama [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Faculty of Letters, Kobe University, 0000 0001 1092 3077, grid.31432.37, , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, [...], Previous studies showed that East Asians are more sensitive than North Americans to contextual information, and that the cultural differences in context sensitivity emerge in preschool children. Yet, little is known about whether this generalizes to children's emotional judgments. The present study tested Canadian and Japanese preschool children and examined cross-culturally the extent to which facial expressions of surrounding people influence judgments of a target person's emotion. Japanese children were more likely than Canadian children to judge an emotionally-neutral target as more negative (positive) when the background emotion was negative (positive), demonstrating an assimilation effect. Canadian children, however, showed a contrast effect: judging the target person's neutral emotion as more negative when the background emotion was positive. These data extend extant understanding of emotion recognition by illuminating nuances in perceptual processes across developmental and cultural lines.

WHILE THE DIAGNOSIS MAY BE OFFICIALLY DEFUNCT, the language of hysteria is still rampant in popular, cultural, literary, and scientific discourses. A search on the term 'hysteria' in PubMed returns [...]

HYSTERICAL time 'Hysteria' writes Cecily Devereux in this issue's opening essay, 'is back' (41). Indeed, the past five years alone have provided us with peculiarly frequent cultural manifestations of hysteria, [...]

Canada is currently in the midst of an unprecedented demographic shift in its aging population, with more Canadians than ever living longer, and with an aging average age that continues [...], In the next 15 years, Canada is predicted to face a doubling in its population affected by dementia. By 2038, an estimated 1.1 million Canadians will be experiencing dementia, with unprecedented impact on social, economic and health landscapes. In September 2015, the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences convened a Forum, with the specific thematic goals of reviewing progress towards effective dementia treatment and prevention, improved systems of care, advanced living and built environments, and impactful technology developments. The orientation of the Forum was to focus on potential solutions and advances in these areas. These areas are integral to the goal of a national end-to-end program, where all affected Canadians can be optimally supported in their communities and receive quality of care--regardless of where they live or who they are. KEY WORDS: Dementia; prevention; national strategy; services D'ici 15 ans, la population du Canada atteinte de demence devrait doubler. D'ici 2038, environ 1,1 million de Canadiens seront atteints de demence, ce qui aura un impact sans precedent sur le paysage social, economique et sanitaire. En septembre 2015, l'Academie canadienne des sciences de la sante a convoque un forum dont les objectifs etaient d'examiner les progres realises en vue d'ameliorer l'efficacite du traitement et de la prevention de la demence, les systemes de soins, les milieux de vie et les cadres batis, ainsi que l'impact des developpements technologiques. Le forum a aborde les possibilites de prevenir la demence, d'offrir des systemes de soins ameliores, de refaconner nos milieux de vie et nos cadres batis, et de miser sur des solutions technologiques. Ces themes s'inscrivent dans l'objectif d'avoir un programme coordonne a l'echelle nationale capable de soutenir de facon optimale, dans leurs communautes, tous les Canadiens touches par la demence et de leur offrir des soins de qualite, peu importe oU ils vivent ou qui ils sont. MOTS CLES: demence; prevention; strategie nationale; services La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article.

Although there has been evidence to suggest that women exhibit more vulnerability to psychological distress than men when they lose a spouse or remarry, knowledge about the process by which men and women adjust to marital change remains fragmentary. This is due in part to the length of time between observations in longitudinal studies on marital change, with the result that mental health status is typically assessed long after a marital status transition has occurred. The purpose of the current study is to test for gender differences in the short-term mental health effects of a marital status transition using three waves of data collected at two year intervals in a Canadian population health survey (N = 11,155). Growth curve analyses confirm the mental health advantage of marriage and reveal that the short-term effects of moving into and out of marriage on psychological distress are similar for men and women. We discuss the implications of these findings for resolving competing explanations regarding psychological adjustment to marital change. Keywords: Marital status transitions; Psychological distress; Gender; Canada

Two studies examined internally and externally targeted control strategies in response to life stressors in European Canadians, East Asian Canadians, and Japanese. In Study 1, European Canadian, East Asian Canadian, and sojourning Japanese university students in Canada recalled a stressful life event and reported their coping strategies. Respondents also reported current and retrospective self-evaluations that allowed assessment of perceived self-changes over time. Study 2 included East Asian Canadian and European Canadian university students in Canada and Japanese university students in Japan. Both studies revealed that several types of internally targeted control strategies were more prevalent among East Asian participants but that a particular type of internally targeted control strategy, self-enhancing interpretive control, was more prevalent among people with Western English-speaking backgrounds. Keywords: culture; stress; coping; Japanese; North American

Taylor and Brown's concept of positive illusions (1988) was examined in two studies. It was predicted that more mentally healthy professional helpers (n = 103) than less mentally healthy clients (n = 89) (a) view themselves in more self-aggrandizing, positive terms and (b) hold a more optimistic view of their future. Two groups of participants from two culturally different settings, i.e., Canada and Korea, completed questionnaires assessing self-description of personality and view of their own futures. Analysis supported predictions for both Canadian and Korean samples. Implications of the study are discussed.

This study examined cross-cultural differences in Chinese and Canadian adults' concepts and moral evaluations of lying and truth-telling about prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Although Canadian adults categorized lies concealing one's prosocial deeds as lies, their Chinese counterparts did not. Also, Chinese adults rated deception in such situations positively while rating truth-telling in the same situations negatively. These cross-cultural differences appear to reflect differential emphases on the virtue of modesty in the two cultures.

This paper describes the development and preliminary validation of a Stereotypic Beliefs Inventory, a measure of individual differences in the extent to which English-speaking Canadians hold Stereotypic beliefs about cultural or ethnic outgroups. A Stereotypic belief is the belief that members of cultural or ethnic outgroups differ systematically in specific personality characteristics from members of cultural or ethnic ingroups. This scale is the only currently available measure of ethnic stereotyping that has been shown to be unaffected by socially desirable responses in Canada.

Cross-cultural theory was marshaled to predict how views of absence from work would be similar and different in Canada and the People's Republic of China. Respondents (N = 1,209) from both cultures had self-serving perceptions of their own absence levels, seeing them as exemplary compared with those of their work group and occupational peers. The Chinese showed a stronger tendency to generate estimates that favored their work group. Both cultural groups underreported their own actual absence. Chinese managers and employees agreed on absence norms, whereas Canadian managers provided lower estimates than did employees. Canadians and Chinese ranked the legitimacy of reasons for absence and attendance fairly similarly, but ratings showed that Canadians were less likely to endorse domestic reasons for absence, whereas Chinese were less likely to endorse illness, stress, and depression.

Behavioral inhibition data were collected from samples of 2-year-olds from the People's Republic of China and Canada. Information on child-rearing attitudes and beliefs was obtained from mothers of the children. Chinese toddlers were significantly more inhibited than their Canadian counterparts. Inhibition was associated positively with mothers' punishment orientation and negatively with mothers' acceptance and encouragement of achievement in the Canadian sample. However, the directions of the relations were opposite in the Chinese sample; child inhibition was associated positively with mothers' warm and accepting attitudes and negatively with rejection and punishment orientation. The results indicated different adaptational meanings of behavioral inhibition across cultures.

Studies conducted in China examining cross-cultural differences in 3- to 6-month-olds used the still-face paradigm. In each study, 20 infants were in the experimental group (normal, still-face, normal interactions) and 20 in the control (3 normal periods). In Study 1, infants interacted with either their mother or their father; they looked and smiled less to the still-face of both parents. In Study 2, infants interacted with both their mother and a stranger, with order counterbalanced. Experimental groups showed similar still-face effects to both adults. The control group responded similarly to the stranger in both orders but responded less to their mother when she interacted 2nd. The data were compared with archival data from Canadian infants. Although Chinese infants took longer to begin smiling, responding was similar in both cultures, despite differences in mothers' behavior: Chinese mothers played with the infants' arms; Canadian mothers played with the legs.

An investigation of the relationship between Allport's concept of religious orientation and worry was conducted with samples (N = 104) of elderly Buddhist Thais and Christian Canadians. Participants ranged in age between sixty-five and ninety years old (mean = 71). A multiple regression analysis revealed that overall for both Buddhists and Christians an intrinsic orientation toward religion was associated with lesser worry. Furthermore, an extrinsic orientation among Buddhists, in contrast to Christians, was found to be linked to greater worry. These results were discussed in the context of the practice and beliefs of Buddhism and Christianity.

Canadian voters' reasons for following political events were assessed prior to the 1992 Constitutional Referendum and the 1993 federal election. Results showed that reasons reflecting identification were endorsed more frequently than those reflecting introjection, and distinctive patterns of cognitions, emotions, and actions were associated with the 2 types of internalization. Identification was associated with actively seeking information about political events, possessing a complex set of political attitudes, and being more likely to actually vote. Introjection was associated with relying on the influence of important others, experiencing conflicted emotions about political outcomes, and vulnerability to persuasion. The study also provided evidence that identification and introjection toward politics are distinguishable from intrinsic motivation and amotivation.

INTRODUCTION Psychology is flourishing in Canada. It is the most popular discipline in universities, prominent in government and private-sector research settings, and well established among the health-care and helping professions. [...]

Canada has a high rate of suicide among adolescents and youth - higher than the rate in the United States. The study of variation in societal suicide rates is still guided primarily by Durkheim's (1897) theory which proposed a primarily social integration/regulation theory of suicide. There is evidence that social and economic predictors of suicide vary depending upon the particular sub-group - women or men, and young or old. Rates of birth, divorce, marriage, and unemployment were analyzed and compared to rates of suicide from 1965-1985 in Canada and the United States for particular subgroups. In Canada, measures of domestic integration (divorce and birth rates) and the economy (unemployment rate) predicted youth suicide rates more successfully than they did adult suicide rates. In the United States for the same period, there was less variation in the predictors of suicide by age. Further research as well as caution about overgeneralizing the results are warranted., Many nations experienced a rising youth suicide rate during the 1970s and 1980s (Lester, 1988). This was especially true for Canada where the suicide rate for youth rose to become [...]

Work ethic and related concepts in Canada were examined. The participants (115 managers and employees from three business organizations) displayed a weak commitment to work ethic and to individualism, but a moderate commitment to contemporary work ethic, work involvement, work-related individualism, and work loyalty. All measures of work ethic and work loyalty were strongly correlated., The progress of the industrial world has been attributed largely to discipline, commitment, and a drive to excel. Thus, researchers have investigated work ethic and work-related concepts believed to be [...]

This research reexamines the meaning of occupational prestige scores from the social psychological perspective of identity theory. Using comparable data for Canada and the United States, it analyzes the degree to which the education and income levels of occupations influence occupational prestige judgements by evoking affective associations (feelings about the goodness, powerfulness, and liveliness of occupational identities), as well as the extent to which these social sentiments are independent determinants of prestige. There has been a longstanding controversy about the normative content of occupational prestige scores. We find that moral worthiness (as measured by the Evaluation dimension of the semantic differential) is a determinant of the prestige of occupations with low and middle but not high levels of education and income. We also find that the impact of education on prestige scores is direct and cognitive, while a considerable proportion of the total effect of income is processed through feelings about the potency of occupations. The results for the two countries are very similar. One exception is that moral worthiness is a more important determinant of prestige in the United States than in Canada. We connect this finding to the literature comparing value differences between the two countries.

A cross-cultural analysis of Emile Durkheim's social integration/regulation theory of suicide involved the comparison of rates of birth, divorce, marriage and unemployment with rates of suicide from 1980 to 1985 in the US and Canada. Marriage was the only aspect which failed to reiterate Durkheim's theory. Marriage and suicide in Canada were correlated.

This study compared supervisors' support reported by Filipino managerial women having women or men as supervisors and supervisors' support reported by Filipino and Canadian managerial women. Filipino managerial women received significantly more support from women than men as supervisors, and Filipino managerial women received significantly more support than did Canadian women.

An understanding of the differences between individualism and collectivism (Triandis, McCusker, & Hui, 1990) is necessary for multicultural awareness. Individualists, who reside in industrialized, commercial, urban societies, are socialized for [...]

This study was done to assess gender and cultural differences on neuroticism as a dimension of personality among both Canadians and Black South Africans. No statistically significant cross-cultural differences were observed. However, statistically significant gender differences emerged among both Canadian and African men and women, with the latter scoring higher on neuroticism than the former.

The need for separation or individuation is held to be a prime motive in Western psychology. Varied accounts of the meaning of selfhood in Japan indicate that separation may be much less importantor as importantfor understanding the construction of self-identity in that culture. We focus here on personal distinctiveness, one vehicle for separation from others. We propose that the desire for distinctiveness is not absent or negligible in Japan, but is subject to more constrained expression than in the West. The results of two studies comparing Japanese and Canadian students suggest that Japanese are less desirous of standing out for their own sake and more likely to experience this form of distinctiveness as aversive. The results also suggest that although Japanese and Canadians derive positive distinctiveness from much the same sources, Japanese are less gratified by this type of experience.

Triggers of workplace stress among employed Canadians are examined in self-employed and employed workers, full-time and part-time employees and various occupation groups, using data from the 1994 and 2000 General Social Surveys (GSS). Certain demographic characteristics and their association with stress triggers at work are also discussed.

The influence of culture on causes of loneliness in adolescence has been explored through a study of Canadian and Czech youth. Mean scores for Canadian youth were lower on the Personal Inadequacies and Developmental Deficits subscales, but higher on Social Marginality.

The authors investigated compensatory self-enhancement in Japanese and Canadian university students. Research has revealed that when North Americans publicly discover a weakness in one self domain, they typically bolster their self-assessments in another unrelated domain. This effect is less commonly found in private settings. Following a private failure experience on a creativity task, Canadians discounted the negative feedback, although they did not exhibit a compensatory self-enhancing response. In contrast, Japanese were highly responsive to the failure feedback and showed evidence of reverse compensatory self-enhancement. This study provides further evidence that self-evaluation maintenance strategies are elusive among Japanese samples.

WE THANK PROFESSOR LIPSET for his comments on our article in the last issue of The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, and we welcome the opportunity to respond. Because [...]

'DEFINING MOMENTS AND RECURRING MYTHS' is the most recent response, mainly by Canadians, to my efforts to describe and analyze differences, as well as similarities, between Canada and the United [...]

Skinner, et al. interpreted as significant the difference between means for Canadian men and women on Kirton's inventory and those for British and American samples. The means were similar to prior values. Skinner, et al.'s groups were large and composed of very unequal numbers of men and women, which factors could account for their interpretation. As reported, their analysis is insufficient to interpret very small mean variations as differences in national character.

Canadian and West German successful suicides for the years 1974-1977 were used to fit a log-linear model relating age, method of suicide, gender, and country to suicide frequency. Configural frequency analyses (CFA) were performed to complements the log-linear analyses, as well as to obtain more information about the data. A log-linear model involving all four three-way interactions among these variables was required to explain the observed frequency distribution in a satisfactory manner. Results from this study support McIntosh and Santos's (1982) findings that each gender displays its own unique pattern of methods of suicide. This study also showed that each age group has its own unique pattern of methods of suicide within each specific gender group. Results from CFA showed different patterns in the trends of suicide for each age X gender X country X method of suicide grouping. These results can be used to help clarify the intricate relationships among the factors that are important in explaining suicide trends.