1. Gender-Diverse Individuals and the Carceral State: Conditions of Confinement and Sentencing Reform.
- Author
-
Nadarajah, Shailaja
- Subjects
Prisoners -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Demographic aspects -- Safety and security measures ,Sex discrimination -- Laws, regulations and rules ,Human rights -- Laws, regulations and rules ,Sexual minorities -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Demographic aspects -- Safety and security measures ,Law reform -- Laws, regulations and rules ,Government regulation ,Canada. Human Rights Act - Abstract
Introduction I. Sentencing Lacks Holistic Analysis II. Gender-Diverse Individuals Receive Unfair Treatment in a Variety of Carceral Contexts A. Entry Into Prisons (i) Reduced to Genitalia: Placement Prior to Bill [...], Gender-diverse individuals are over-incarcerated and experience uniquely harsh conditions in prisons in comparison to cisgender individuals. This paper proposes using sentencing law as a tool to minimize these disparities, specifically through the use of individualized proportionality, to arrive at a fit and just sentence for the criminalized person. Specific ways in which gender-diverse individuals experience suffering in prisons include, placement in prisons that do not accord with gender identity, increased risk of physical, emotional, and sexual violence, the use of strip searches, increased use of solitary confinement under the guise of safety, and insufficient culturally competent, gender-affirming healthcare. These conditions of confinement of gender-diverse individuals should be considered in sentencing to conclude whether a custodial sentence is appropriate, and if so, for what period of time. This paper looks at case law in which gender identity is acknowledged as a circumstance of the criminalized person, and more recent case law that considers how the conditions of confinement will uniquely affect the gender-diverse individual before the court. A more consistent, proactive assessment of these conditions is appropriate and may reduce the suffering experienced by gender-diverse individuals at the hands of the carceral state.
- Published
- 2024