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The Diptera fauna of the Galápagos Archipelago is updated and an annotated checklist is presented. Currently 50 families, 207 genera, and a minimum of 324 species are recorded from the islands. Approximately 107 species are considered to have arrived on the Galápagos Islands through human introductions, an estimated 101 species are considered endemic, 42 species have naturally colonized the islands from mainland Americas, 21 species are either introduced or arrived naturally and 53 species remain unidentified. The following new combination is proposed: Chrysanthrax primitivus (Walker) is moved to Hemipenthes Loew as H. primitivus (Walker) comb. nov. All references to the Galápagos taxonomic literature are included, known island species distributions listed and general remarks on the biology of many species are provided.

darwini Wirth Nocticanace darwini Wirth, 1969b: 585. Wirth 1975: 3 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Mathis 1992: 9 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 22 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Fernandina, Genovesa. Remarks. Adults of this species were reported nesting on the backs of crabs among intertidal rocks (Wirth 1969b)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

insulans Curran Tethina insulans Curran, 1932: 358. Linsley & Usinger 1966: 170 [checklist]; Foster 1976: 2 [catalogue]; Mathis & Munari 1996: 17 [catalogue]; Foster & Mathis 2000: 543 [review]; Foster & Mathis 2008: 747 [remarks]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 56 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Floreana. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on intertidal rocks., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Curran, C. H. (1932) [The Norwegian Zoological Expedition to the Galapagos Islands 1925, conducted by Alf Wollebaek. IV.] Diptera (excl. of Tipulidae and Culicidae). Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 71, 347 - 366.","Linsley, E. G. & Usinger, R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 33 (7), 113 - 196.","Foster, G. A. (1976) Family Tethinidae. In: A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Vol. 74. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de S \" o Paulo, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 4.","Mathis, W. N. & Munari, L. (1996) World catalog of the family Tethinidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 584. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.584","Foster, G. A. & Mathis, W. N. (2000) Notes on Neotropical species of Tethina Haliday (Diptera: Tethinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 102 (3), 542 - 548.","Foster, G. A. & Mathis, W. N. (2008) A review of the Tethininae (Diptera: Canacidae) from the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 110 (3), 743 - 752. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 07 - 078.1","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

snodgrassii (Coquillett) Canace snodgrassii Coquillett, 1901a: 378. Cresson 1936: 264 [review]; Linsley & Usinger 1966: 170 [checklist]; Wirth 1969b: 578 [records]; Wirth 1970: 401 [records]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Wirth 1975: 1 [catalogue]. Canacea snodgrassii: Wirth 1951: 260 [revision]; Mathis 1982: 7 [remarks]; Mathis 1992: 5 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 15 [catalogue]. Distribution. Native. Neotropical; Galápagos: Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on intertidal rocks., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Coquillett, D. W. (1901 a) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898 - 1899. II. Entomological results (2): Diptera. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 3, 371 - 379. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26343","Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1936) Descriptions and notes on genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. II. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 62 (4), 257 - 270.","Linsley, E. G. & Usinger, R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 33 (7), 113 - 196.","Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Wirth, W. W. (1970) The American beach flies of the Canace snodgrassii group (Diptera: Canaceidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 72 (3), 397 - 403.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Wirth, W. W. (1951) A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 20 (14), 245 - 275.","Mathis, W. N. (1982) Studies of Canacidae (Diptera), I: Suprageneric revision of the family, with revisions of new tribe Dynomiellini and new genus Isocanace. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 347. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.347","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

cavagnaroi (Wirth) Canace cavagnaroi Wirth, 1969b: 579. Wirth 1975: 1 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Arnaud 1979: 346 [type catalogue]. Paracanace cavagnaroi: Mathis & Wirth 1978: 527 [transferred to Paracanace]; Mathis 1992: 10 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 24 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Española, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on beaches, intertidal rocks and coastal zones (Wirth 1969b)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, i - v + 1 - 505.","Mathis, W. N. & Wirth, W. W. (1978) A new genus near Canaceoides Cresson, three new species and notes on their classification (Diptera: Canacidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 80 (4), 524 - 537.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

albula (Loew) Rhicnoessa albula Loew, 1869: 44. Tethina albula: Foster & Mathis 2008: 745 [revision]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 50 [catalogue]. Distribution. Native. Australasian/ Oceanian, Nearctic, Neotropical; Galápagos: Floreana. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on a white sand beach., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Loew, H. (1869) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria octava. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 13, 1 - 52.","Foster, G. A. & Mathis, W. N. (2008) A review of the Tethininae (Diptera: Canacidae) from the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 110 (3), 743 - 752. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 07 - 078.1","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

ashlocki Wirth Nocticanace ashlocki Wirth, 1969b: 589. Wirth 1975: 2 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Arnaud 1979: 347 [type catalogue]; Mathis 1992: 8 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 21 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Santa Cruz. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on coastal rocks and beaches (Wirth 1969b). At CDRS, both N. ashlocki and N. galapagensis have been collected together with Paracanace cavagnaroi and Canaceoides angulatus among the intertidal rocks and sand (B.J. Sinclair unpub.)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, i - v + 1 - 505.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

cancer Wirth Nocticanace cancer Wirth, 1969b: 586. Wirth 1975: 2 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Mathis 1992: 8 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 21 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Pinta. Remarks. Adults of this species were reported on crabs (Wirth 1969b)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

angulatus Wirth Canaceoides angulatus Wirth, 1969a: 556. Wirth 1975: 2 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 42 [checklist]; Arnaud 1979: 346 [type catalogue]; Mathis 1992: 7 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 19 [catalogue]. Distribution. Native. Nearctic, Neotropical, Hawaii; Galápagos: Española, Floreana, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Seymour. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on intertidal rocks (Wirth 1969b)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 a) The shore flies of the genus Canaceoides Cresson (Diptera: Canaceidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (19), 551 - 570.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, i - v + 1 - 505.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1","Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594."]}

usingeri Wirth Nocticanace usingeri Wirth, 1969b: 587. Wirth 1975: 3 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 42 [checklist]; Arnaud 1979: 348 [type catalogue]; Mathis 1992: 10 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 23 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Fernandina. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on intertidal rocks (Wirth 1969b). Larval trombidiid mites are parasitic on this species (Fain & Grootaert 1993)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, i - v + 1 - 505.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1","Fain, A. & Grootaert, P. (1993) A new larval trombidiid of the genus Microtrombidium (Acari, Trombidiidae) parasitic on shore flies (Diptera, Canacidae) in the Galapagos Is. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'entomologie, 129, 151 - 157."]}

galapagensis (Curran) Procance galapagensis Curran, 1934: 160. Nocticanace galapagensis: Wirth 1951: 274 [transferred to Nocticance]; Wirth 1969b: 581 [revision]; Linsley & Usinger 1966: 170 [checklist]; Wirth 1975: 3 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Arnaud 1979: 348 [type catalogue]; Mathis 1992: 9 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 22 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Seymour, Wolf. Remarks. Similar habits as N. curioi (Wirth 1969b)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Curran, C. H. (1934) The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. no. 13. Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 21 (13), 147 - 172.","Wirth, W. W. (1951) A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 20 (14), 245 - 275.","Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. & Usinger, R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 33 (7), 113 - 196.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, i - v + 1 - 505.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

scapania Wirth Nocticanace scapanius Wirth, 1969b: 586. Wirth 1975: 3 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Arnaud 1979: 348 [type catalogue]. Nocticanace scapania: Mathis 1992: 9 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 23 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Fernandina, San Cristóbal. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected on intertidal rocks (Wirth 1969b). Larval trombidiid mites are parasitic on this species (Fain & Grootaert 1993)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, i - v + 1 - 505.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1","Fain, A. & Grootaert, P. (1993) A new larval trombidiid of the genus Microtrombidium (Acari, Trombidiidae) parasitic on shore flies (Diptera, Canacidae) in the Galapagos Is. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'entomologie, 129, 151 - 157."]}

maritima (Wirth) Canace maritima Wirth, 1951: 263. Wirth 1969b: 578 [remarks]; Linsley & Usinger 1966: 170 [checklist]; Wirth 1975: 1 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]. Paracanace maritima: Mathis and Wirth 1978: 527 [transferred to Paracanace]; Mathis 1992: 10 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 24 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Bartolomé., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1951) A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 20 (14), 245 - 275.","Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594.","Linsley, E. G. & Usinger, R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 33 (7), 113 - 196.","Linsley, E. G. (1977) Insects of the Galapagos (Supplement). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 125, 1 - 55.","Mathis, W. N. & Wirth, W. W. (1978) A new genus near Canaceoides Cresson, three new species and notes on their classification (Diptera: Canacidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 80 (4), 524 - 537.","Mathis, W. N. (1992) World catalog of the beach-fly family Canacidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 536. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.536","Munari, L. & Mathis, W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1"]}

Subfamily Canacinae (Ref.: Wirth 1969a, b, 1970) The immature stages are usually found on wave-splashed rocks or sandy beaches of the intertidal zone where the larvae feed on algae (Wirth 1969b)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1969 a) The shore flies of the genus Canaceoides Cresson (Diptera: Canaceidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (19), 551 - 570.","Wirth, W. W. (1969 b) New species and records for Galapagos Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 36 (20), 571 - 594."]}

Procanace amnoni sp. nov. Figs 1-6 Etymology. The species epithet, amnoni, is a genitive first name to recognize the immense contribution made to Dipterology by the late Dr. Amnon Freidberg, who also collected the type specimens described here. Description. Measurements: body length (measurements carried out on two paratypes ♀, since the holotype ♂ and the other paratype ♀ had the abdomen previously detached for dissection) 2.58–2.89 mm, wing length 2.24–2.72 mm. Habitus. A small fly with glossy dark brown thorax, dull brown abdomen, and yellow legs; wing moderately infuscated; setal vestiture black. Head (Fig. 1). Subquadrangular, sharp-cornered in lateral view; frons progressively inclined toward the front half; head about as high as or slightly higher than long; frons (including mesofrons of authors) and ocellar area pale brown, sometimes with olivaceous shades anteriorly; occipital area dark brown to black; fronto-orbital plate pale olivaceous to concolorous with frons; face pale cinereous yellow, with very weak carina medially; gena yellow, with postero-dorsal surface narrowly triangular, velvety black; postgena microscopically raspy, dark brown to black; parafacial yellowish, narrower than half the height of postpedicel (basal flagellomere); postocellar setae lacking, or at least not visible; medial and lateral setae subequal in length; postocular setae inconspicuous; gena bearing thin vibrissa and two strong anaclinate setae arising just above peristomal margin (fig. 1); ocellar setae long; ocellar tubercle with 2 divergent thin setulae just behind posterior ocelli; 3 large lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae intermixed with small setulae; frons bare, without interfrontal setae, with sparse, minute setulae only on anterior portion; antenna porrect (both antennae lacking in holotype (♂) and in a paratype (♀)), with postpedicel (= basal flagellomere) densely pubescent, dark brown to blackish; arista dark grey, with dorsal and ventral rows of short branches (rays), tip sector bare; eye bare, without interfacetal ommatrichia, its anterior corner with distinctly larger ommatidia; eye large, oblique, its vertical diameter 2.45–2.85 times as long as genal height; clypeus moderately large, dark brown, invested with golden microtomentum, especially obvious on ventral margin; palpus yellow, long, rod-like; ventral and buccal cavities wide; mouthparts strongly sclerotised ventrally (prementum). Thorax. Dark brown, smooth, rather glossy; mesonotum with major setae only, lacking obvious setulae, invested with thin grey microtomentum; 1 + 3 large dorsocentral setae; acrostichal setulae, including prescutellars, absent; 1 postpronotal seta along with a few weak small setulae on median surface of postpronotal lobe; 1 anterior, 1 posterior notopleural setae; 1 supra-alar seta; 1 lateral postalar seta (medial postalar seta lacking); postalar callus poorly developed; scutellum concolorous with scutum, bearing 2 pairs of setae, one apical pair, one latero-basal pair; both proepisternal and proepimeral setae not visible, apparently lacking; pleura dark brown, subshiny, densely micropubescent (especially on anepisternum); anepisternum with strong seta backwardly orientated on posterior margin; katepisternum lacking setae; anepimeron and meron matt, mostly entirely microtomentose. Legs. Entirely yellow, excepting dark grey to brown coxae and dark brown to blackish distal 2 tarsomeres; forecoxa dark grey, bearing long yellow villosity on antero-distal surface; forefemur with row of 3–5 long dorsal setae on distal half, bearing dense, long, fine villosity ventrally; foretibia (fig. 2) with posterior and postero-dorsal rows of fine setae, very characteristic comb of 8–14 (14 in holotype) antero-ventral strong spine-like setae present in both sexes, distinctly stronger in holotype (♂); foretarsus with rows of setulae; mid femur with numerous anteroventral and anterior fine setae, 5 strong postero-ventral distal setae present in male, mid tibia with long row of 7–10 fine postero-dorsal setae; rest of tibia evenly setulose; setulation of mid tarsus similar to that of foretarsus; hind leg evenly setulose, with longer antero-dorsal, fine setae on tibia; setulation of hind tarsus like that of the other legs. Wing. Membrane infuscated; venation dark brown to blackish; Costal vein ratio = 0.17–0.20; M vein ratio = 1.07–1.58; haltere yellow, with distinctly triangular knob, tapered apically. Abdomen. Dark brown, dull, sparsely setulose; syntergite 1+2 large, about as long as total length of tergites 3–5 as a whole; pregenital tergite of female (tergite 8) bearing very long marginal setae (fig. 6). Male terminalia. (Figs 3‒4). Epandrium large, bearing numerous, moderately long to short setae; surstylus rather complex, made up of two large parts, lateral one roughly bilobed apically, with antero-ventral half (finely punctuated in fig. 3) extended almost the full length of posterior half, densely setulose apically, posterior half elongate, lobe-shaped, bearing thin setulae on mesial margin, medial part of surstylus elongate, rounded apically, bearing numerous long setae on mesial margin; epandrium, just below anal membrane, with very strong, black, mesial spine-like setae conspicuously tapered apically, forming a very thin apex (4 of these setae present on left margin, 2 others on right margin); cercus inconspicuous; surstylus lateral view very peculiar, strongly composite as illustrated in fig. 4. The genitalia of the sole available male (holotype) show a deep laceration of the left epandrial margin due to an accident that occurred during the dissection procedure. The line drawings presented in figs 3‒4 show the genital structure as it appears under the microscope. Female terminalia. (Figs 5‒6). Pregenital tergite (tergite 8) with long, strong setae backwards orientated; cercus (fig.6) long, narrow, bearing strong, apical spine curved upward and a distinctly smaller dorsal spine arising anteriorly at some distance from apical spine; sternite 8 undivided, without clusters of curved to hooked spine-like setae (fig. 5), but with few extremely minute spiculae hidden behind posterior margin (not visible in fig. 5); atrial sclerotisation broadly oval in shape; 2 discoid-shaped spermathecae, depressed on upper surface. Differential diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners mainly by the following combination of characters: dark brown fly, with thorax smooth, mesonotum and pleura shiny to subshiny, without obvious setulae; legs entirely yellow, excepting coxae (dark grey) and distal two tarsomeres (dark brown to blackish); body length 2.58‒2.89 mm; head without postocellar setae; gena yellow, with postero-dorsal surface narrowly triangular, velvety black; vertical diameter of eye 2.45–2.85 times as long as genal height; proepisternal and proepimeral setae (apparently) lacking; katepisternal seta absent; membrane of wing infuscated; venation dark brown to blackish; Costal vein ratio = 0.17–0.20; M vein ratio = 1.07–1.58; haltere yellow, distinctly triangular, tapered apically; surstylus of male terminalia (fig. 3) divided in two parts, lateral part roughly bilobed apically in caudal view, medial part long, relatively simple, strongly setulose on mesial margin; very strong, black spine-like setae arising from mesial margin of epandrium, just below the anal membrane; cercus of male genitalia rudimentary, barely visible; female postabdomen (fig. 5) with sternite 8 undivided, without typical clusters of curved to hooked spine-like setae, although a few extremely minute spiculae, hidden behind the posterior edge (not visible in fig. 5), can be observed at high magnification after flattening the sternite by gentle pressure. These microscopic spiculae could presumably be rudiments of the clusters of recurved bristles that are commonly observed in many species of canacine flies. The new species appears to be related to two species with disjointed distributions, Procanace townesi Wirth, 1951 (Marshall Islands) and P. cogani Mathis, 1988 (Seychelles) in that it shares a similar morphological pattern of the bipartite surstylus (with semidetached lateral and mesial parts), as well as the same strong spine-like setae on mesial margin of epandrium, just below the anal membrane. The latter peculiar feature is in all respect a synapomorphic character state with respect to the groundplan of the genus. Obviously, the shape of the surstylus of the new species is quite dissimilar to that of both P. townesi and P. cogani. Type material. PHILIPPINES: holotype ♂ ″ Panay / Aklan Province / Boracay Island / Laguna de Boracay [printed] // 11°57.5′ N 121°55.8′ E / 0‒5m 9‒14.x.2006 / A. Freidberg [printed] // 365281 [digitalised record number], Philippines: / Laguna de Boracay / 11°57.5′ N 121°55.8′ E / 9.ix ‒ 14.x.2006 / A. Freidberg [printed] // [plastic microtube, with stopper, including terminalia stored in glycerine] // HOLOTYPUS / Procanace amnoni / sp. nov. ♂ / L. Munari des. 2022 [printed red label]″ (SMNH). The holotype is side-pinned by micropin and doublemounted in small block of Plastazote®. In rather poor condition (setal vestiture of frons strongly depauperate, left compound eye and left postocular region largely devoured by Anthrenus, antennae lost, right side of scutellum deeply lacerated, halteres devoured, right mid leg and tarsus of right hind leg missing, left hind leg with tibia, tarsus and apical part of femur missing). Abdomen removed and terminalia dissected and stored in genitalia vial in glycerine pinned beneath specimen. PHILIPPINES: 3 paratype ♀, same label data as holotype, digitalised record numbers 365288, 365287, 365282 (SMNH, LMC). The paratypes are side-pinned by micropin and double-mounted in small block of Plastazote®. One paratype with abdomen removed and stored in genitalia vial in glycerine pinned beneath specimen. Distribution. Philippines. Bionomics. In all probability maritime habitat; specifics unknown., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2022, A new species of Procanace Hendel from the Philippines (Diptera: Canacidae: Canacinae), pp. 479-484 in Zootaxa 5168 (4) on pages 480-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6899833, {"references":["Wirth, W. W. (1951) A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 20 (14), 245 - 275.","Mathis, W. N. (1988) Beach flies of the Republic of Seychelles (Diptera: Canacidae). Bulletin of the Washington Biological Society, 8, 22 - 29."]}

A new species of surf flies (Canacidae: Canacinae) is described and illustrated based on four specimens (1 ♂, 3 ♀) collected by Dr. Amnon Freidberg in the Philippines. Some peculiarities of the postabdominal structures, especially those of the male terminalia, suggest a fairly close affinity with two other congeneric species, namely Procanace townesi Wirth, 1951, and P. cogani Mathis, 1988, having a disjointed distribution, Marshall Islands and Seychelles, respectively. It is further suggested that these affinities should arguably be regarded as synapomorphic character states in the groundplan of the genus.

Procanace sp. grisescens group Fig. 11 Material examined. Mauritius: 1♀, Black River, Petite Case Noyale, 20��24���23���S, 57��22���10���E, 1���3 m, 28.i.2018, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller. Comments. Based on females alone, a reliable identification of this species is impossible. It is worth noting here the discovery of this species belonging to the P. grisescens -group, which has not been previously recorded from the Mascarenes. This genus is very widely distributed, mainly in the Pacific Ocean, with numerous species described from the Hawaiian Islands and Japan. Only three species of the P. grisescens -group are recorded from the Afrotropical Region, of which P. cogani Mathis, 1988 has been described from Seychelles (Mah�� Is.) and P. pauliani Mathis & Wirth, 1979 only from Madagascar (Toliara). The third species, P. grisescens Hendel, 1913, is widely distributed in the Afrotropical, Australasian/Oceanian, and eastern Palaearctic Regions, but not yet reported from either the Mascarenes or Seychelles., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2021, The surf flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Canacinae), with the description of a new species, pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 4990 (3) on page 569, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5027283, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. (1988) Beach flies of the Republic of Seychelles (Diptera: Canacidae). Bulletin of the Washington Biological Society, 8, 22 - 29.","Mathis, W. N. & Wirth, W. W. (1979) Beach flies of Madagascar (Diptera: Canacidae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 23, 785 - 796.","Hendel, F. (1913) Acalyptrate Musciden (Dipt.) II. In: H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Supplementa Entomologica, 2, 77 - 112."]}

Isocanace mauritiana Munari sp. nov. Figs 3, 6, 10 Etymology. The specific epithet mauritiana is a Latin toponymic adjective that highlights the type locality, the Mauritius Island. Description. Male (primarily based on holotype). Measurements: body length (excluding antenna) 1.85���2.05 mm; wing length 1.67���1.82 mm. Head. With 3 large interfrontal setae (mostly broken or missing) along lateral margin of frontal vitta (= mesofrons of authors), appearing slightly inclinate and proclinate; frontal vitta brown, dull; mid portion of frontal vitta with 2���3 pairs of inconspicuous, sparse setulae; postocellar setae distinct, divergent, slightly proclinate, about 1 / 2 length of ocellar setae, the latter strongly divergent; fronto-orbital plate (= parafrons of authors) dull, changing from pale grey to whitish grey; 4 lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae; antennal arista (Fig. 3) not plumose, branches short, as long as or very slightly longer than basal arista width; 3 anaclinate genal setae, anterior seta arising from peristomal margin, posterior pair just below mid portion of eye; both bulging face and gena appearing of changing hue, white microtomentose (in frontal view), grey microtomentose (in lateral view); minimum height of gena ca 0.6 �� height of compound eye, measured perpendicular to mid-section. Thorax. Both holotype and paratype setal vestiture of mesonotum highly depauperated, with many setae and setulae missing or misoriented. Dorsocentral setae 4 (1 + 3); acrostichal setulae in approximately 2���3 irregular rows anteriorly, reduced to 1���2 rows posteriorly, median 2 rows with larger setulae, numbering approximately 12���13 (calculated from both setulae and setal sockets), prescutellar acrostichal setae much longer than other acrostichal setulae; 1 supra-alar seta; lateral postalar seta very strong and long. Scutellum. With 2 pairs of long, strong marginal setae; scutellar disc apparently bare, or at most with 2���3 microscopically perceptible sockets (possibly remnants of missing discal setulae; very scarcely visible in the holotype); mid portion of scutellar disc bare, glossy black (this character should be corroborated based on additional material); anterior notopleural seta black, shorter and finer than posterior seta; propleuron bare of setulae; 1 proepisternal seta; 1 proepimeral seta; anepisternum with 2 long, posteromarginal black setae and 1 anaclinate seta on dorsal margin; katepisternum with long, black seta at posterodorsal corner. Wing. Membrane yellowish grey to pale grey; costal vein ratio = 0.20; M vein ratio = 0.37���0.43; haltere white to pale yellowish. Legs. Femora dark grey; tibiae distinctly paler, yellow (holotype) to brown or yellowish brown (paratype); tarsomeres yellow, except for 2 distal tarsomeres brown infuscated; fore femur without anteroventral ctenidium of spine-like setae; hind tibia without apical anteroventral seta. Abdomen. Moderately sclerotized, entirely dark grey, sparsely setose; male terminalia with surstylus as illustrated in Fig. 6 (lateral view), long and slender, constricted proximally (neck-shaped), swollen in median portion, sickle-shaped apically; posterior margin without trace of heel-shaped swelling (the latter typical in Isocanace briani); 3 long setae medially on posterior margin. ♀ Unknown. Differential diagnosis. Similar and closely related to I. briani and I. freidbergi Mathis, 1999, but distinguished from these by the following combination of characters: aristal branches (Fig. 3) noticeably shorter than those of I. briani, some as long as or very slightly longer than basal aristal width; 4 fronto-orbital setae; frontal vitta with very inconspicuous, sparse setulae; disc of scutellum mostly bare, with large black, shiny macula, without evident discal setae or setulae; anepisternal and katepisternal setae black; male terminalia in lateral view (Fig. 6) with gently sinuous, foot-like surstylus, lacking more or less produced posterior heel-shaped swelling and also lacking obvious anteromedial swelling; anteroapical part of surstylus slender, sickle-shaped. Type material. MAURITIUS: holotype ♂ ��� Sweeping intertidal / zone & coastal / vegetation [printed] // Mau- ritius: Pamplemousses / Le Goulet / 20��06���14���S, 57��31���02���E / 30.i.2018, 1��� 3 m / Kirk-Spriggs & Muller [printed] // Entomology Dept. / National Museum / PO Box 266 / Bloemfontein 9300 / South Africa [printed; pale blue card] // BMSA (D) / 102449 [printed] // HOLOTYPUS ♂ / Isocanace mauritiana sp. nov. / L. Munari des. 2021 [printed white label with double red frame]��� (BMSA). Holotype micro-pinned and double-mounted in small block of Plast- azote. In fairly good condition (setal vestiture of frons and mesonotum strongly depauperated, with many setae and setulae missing). Abdomen removed and terminalia dissected and stored in genitalia vial in glycerine pinned beneath specimen. MAURITIUS: paratype ♂ ��� Sweeping intertidal / zone & coastal / vegetation [printed] // MAU- RITIUS: Rivi��re du / Rempart / Grand Gaube / 20��01���00���S, 57��40���55���E / 31.i.2018, 1��� 3 m / Kirk-Spriggs & Muller [printed] // Entomology Dept. / National Museum / PO Box 266 / Bloemfontein 9300 / South Africa [printed; pale blue card] // BMSA (D) / 101060 [printed] // PARATYPUS ♂ / Isocanace mauritiana sp. nov. / L. Munari des. 2021 [printed white label with double red frame]��� (LMC). Paratype micro-pinned and double-mounted in small block of Plastazote. In good condition, with abdomen in situ, exhibiting broadly exposed terminalia, especially surstyli. Distribution. Mascarene Islands (Mauritius). Bionomics. Intertidal zone and coastal vegetation, specifics unknown., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2021, The surf flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Canacinae), with the description of a new species, pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 4990 (3) on pages 566-568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5027283, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. (1999) A review of the beach-fly genus Isocanace Mathis (Diptera: Canacidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 347 - 358.","Mathis, W. N. (1982 a) Studies of Canacidae (Diptera), I: suprageneric revision of the family, with revisions of new tribe Dynomiellini and new genus Isocanace. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 347, i - iii + 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.347"]}

Key to Afrotropical Isocanace Mathis 1. Antennal arista with branches long (Fig. 2), some almost double or more than aristal width at base; anepisternal and usually katepisternal setae pale, mostly yellow; male terminalia with posterior part of surstylus (in lateral view) with more or less prominent heel-shaped swelling (Figs 4, 5) (Aldabra Is. & Madagascar).............................. I. briani Mathis - Antennal arista with branches distinctly shorter (Fig. 3), as long as, or marginally longer than, aristal width at base; anepisternal and katepisternal setae black; male terminalia (in lateral view) with posterior part of surstylus without heel-shaped swelling (e. g., Fig. 6)......................................................................................... 2 2. Thorax with anterior notopleural seta present, although weaker and shorter than posterior seta; male terminalia (in lateral view) with surstylus lacking a protruding swelling on anteromedial part, but if swelling present, then this reduced in distal 2 / 3 of lateromedian side, bearing cluster of long setulae; surstylus (in lateral view) with gently curved, posteromedial margin, or otherwise, with apical 1 / 3 narrow and curved posteriorly (Mathis 1999, fig. 14)............................................. 3 - Thorax with anterior notopleural seta absent or very weak and pale; male terminalia (in lateral view) with surstylus bearing strongly protruding swelling on anteromedial part; surstylus (in lateral view) with broadly curved posteromedial margin... 4 3. Male terminalia (in lateral view) not as described below, with surstylus very long and narrow, with subapical posterolateral swelling bearing cluster of pale setulae, apical 1 / 3 curved posteriorly (Mathis 1999, fig. 14) (Kenya & South Africa)............................................................................................. I. australis Mathis - Male terminalia in lateral view with foot-like surstylus (Fig. 6) (broadly resembling that of I. briani (Figs 4, 5), but without posterior heel-shaped swelling), with proximal stem long and slender, neck-shaped, mid part moderately swollen, ending distally with anteriorly oriented, sickle-shaped, apical tip (Mauritius)............................ I. mauritiana Munari sp. nov. 4. Head with 4 lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae; male terminalia with surstylus (in lateral view) narrow, sharply hooked apically, with narrow hook-like tip oriented anteriorly (Mathis 1999, fig. 29) (Democratic Republic of Congo)............................................................................................ I. flava (Canzoneri & Meneghini) - Head with 3 lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae; male terminalia with surstylus (in lateral view) strongly broadened medially, tapered apically, with large triangular tip oriented anteriorly (Mathis 1999, fig. 30) (Kenya)............ I. freidbergi Mathis, Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2021, The surf flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Canacinae), with the description of a new species, pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 4990 (3) on pages 565-566, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5027283, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. (1999) A review of the beach-fly genus Isocanace Mathis (Diptera: Canacidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 347 - 358."]}

Nocticanace mahensis (Lamb, 1912) Figs 9, 11 Distribution. Afrotropical: Mascarenes (La R��union *, Mauritius *), Seychelles (Aride, Coetivy, Long and Mah�� Is.). Material examined. La R��union: 50♂, 32♀, Grande Anse, 21��22���17���S, 55��33���00���E, 0���12 m, 26.x.2015, gen- eral sweeping: secondary forest, intertidal rocks and coral beach, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & M.J. Ebejer (5♂, 2♀ MJEC (Ebejer det.); 3♂, 1♀ LMC); 2♂, 4♀, Mare d���Azule, r��serve biologique, 21��21���52���S, 55��46���25���E, 0���8 m, 7.xi.2015, general sweeping: coastal habitats, M.J. Ebejer (all MJEC (Ebejer det.)); 1♂, Pointe de Tremblet, 21��17���34���S, 55��48���21���E, 0���9 m, 9.xi.2015, general sweeping: intertidal zone and sandy beach, M.J. Ebejer (MJEC (Ebejer det.)); 1♂, 3♀, Rivi��re des Remparts, 21��23���00���S, 55��37���07���E, 15 m, 10.xi.2015, general sweeping: river bed, M.J. Ebejer (all MJEC (Ebejer det.)); 2♂, 2♀, St.-Louis, Rivi��re St.-��tienne, 21��17���54���S, 55��24���07���E, 0���9 m, 18.x.2015, general sweeping: intertidal rocks and vegetated gravel plain, M.J. Ebejer (all MJEC (Ebejer det.)); 10♂, 7♀, St.-Paul, beach, 20��58���15���S, 55��16���56���E, 0���5 m, 21.x.2015, general sweeping: intertidal and woodland zone and park, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & M.J. Ebejer (2♂ MJEC (Ebejer det.); 1♂ LMC); 18♂, 17♀, St.-Pierre, Pointe de Pont, 21��20���51���S, 55��28���52���E, 0���6 m, 13.xi.2015, general sweeping: intertidal rocks and coral beach, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & K. Jordaens (1♂, 1♀ LMC). Mauritius: 1♂, 1♀, Butte aux Sables, 20��29���39���S, 57��37���26���E, 1���3 m, 27.i.2018, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller; 1♂, 2♀, Flacq, Poste Lafayette, 20��07���02���S, 57��45���05���E, 1���3 m, 30.i.2018, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs and B.S. Muller; 1♂, Pamplemousses, Tombeau Bay, 20��08���00���S, 57��29���54���E, 1���3 m, 30.i.2018, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller. Comments. By far the most common surf fly species on Seychelles and the Mascarene islands. The male surstyli of Mascarene islands specimens were examined from different collecting stations and proved to be similar in all respects to those figured by Mathis (1982b, figs 4���6), but exhibit a row of four to five pale brown, translucent spine-like setulae on the posterior margin, which are only visible under high magnification using a compound microscope. The illustration provided by Mathis (1982b, fig. 6) exaggerated the width and colour (piceous black) of these spine-like setulae. Otherwise, the shape and size of the surstyli are quite similar to those of the specimens examined here., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2021, The surf flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Canacinae), with the description of a new species, pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 4990 (3) on page 568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5027283, {"references":["Lamb, C. G. (1912) The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M. A. Vol. IV. Number XIX. - Diptera: Lonchaeidae, Sapromyzidae, Ephydridae, Chloropidae, Agromyzidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London, Series 2, Zoology, 15, 303 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1912. tb 00104. x","Mathis, W. N. (1982 b) Description of a new species of Nocticanace Malloch (Diptera: Canacidae) from Sri Lanka with notes on two related species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 84, 421 - 425."]}

Procanace pninae Mathis & Freidberg, 1991 Fig. 11 Distribution. Afrotropical: Kenya, Mascarenes (Mauritius *). Material examined (all collected by A.H. Kirk-Spriggs and B.S. Muller). Mauritius: 3♀, Grand Port, ��lot Lafond, 20��28���17���S, 57��40���36���E, 1���3 m, 26.i.2018, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation (1♀ LMC); 2♂, 1♀, Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20��30���00���S, 57��23���34���E, 1 m, 11.xii.2016, sweeping coastal rocks and sandy beach (1♂ LMC). Comments. The terminalia of a male specimen examined here perfectly match those of the type specimen, except for the caudal view of the posterior surstylus, which exhibits a rather linear mesial margin, not irregular and edgy, as figured by Mathis & Freidberg (1991, fig. 25). Additionally, the specimens from Mauritius exhibit all femora with distinctly olivaceous microtomentum, quite similar to that characterising the femora of P. canzonerii Mathis & Freidberg, 1991 (see identification key on p. 79). These two species are, therefore, distinguished only on the basis of male terminalia morphology and not on leg colour. Procanace canzonerii is only known from Cameroon in Central Africa., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2021, The surf flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Canacinae), with the description of a new species, pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 4990 (3) on page 568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5027283, {"references":["Mathis, W. N. & Freidberg, A. (1991) Review of Afrotropical beach flies of the tribe Canacini and subfamily Nocticanacinae (Diptera: Canacidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 93, 70 - 85."]}

A survey of the surf flies (Canacinae) of the main Mascarene Islands of La Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues was undertaken between 2015 and 2018. It encompassed intertidal material from 38 sampling stations on the islands and included records supplied by Martin J. Ebejer from La Réunion. No specimens of surf flies were collected on Rodrigues Is., which lacks suitable rocky shore habitats. A new species of Isocanace Mathis, 1982, that is deemed closely related to I. briani Mathis, 1982 described from Aldabra Is. and Madagascar, is described and figured from Mauritius (I. mauritiana Munari sp. nov.). Nocticanace mahensis (Lamb, 1912) is also reported from La Réunion and Mauritius and Procanace pninae Mathis & Freidberg, 1991 from Mauritius (all representing first records for the islands concerned). The Procanace grisescens species-group is also reported from Mauritius for the first time, representing a first record of this species-group from the Mascarenes. An identification key to Afrotropical species of Isocanace is provided and the distributions of all species are mapped.

Dasyrhicnoessa vockerothi Hardy & Delfinado, 1980 Figs 12, 17, 28, 33. Distribution. Afrotropical: Mascarenes (Mauritius *, Rodrigues *), Seychelles (Aldabra, Astove, Mahé). Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland), Bismarck Islands (Dyaul), Caroline Islands (Truk, Palau), Hawaii (Hawaii, Hilo, Kauai, Maui, Molokai, Oahu), Kiribati, Mariana Islands (Guam, Saipan), Marshall Islands,? New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Wake Island. Oriental: Cocos Islands, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia (Penang, Sarawak, Selangor), Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka. Material examined (all “A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation”, unless otherwise stated). Mauritius: 2♂, 1♀, Flacq, Poste Lafayette, 20°07′02″S, 57°45′05″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 1♀ (cf.), Pamplemousses, Le Goulet, 20°06′14″S, 57°31′02″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018; 1♂, 2♀, Pamplemousses, Trou aux Biches, 20°02′36″S, 57°32′14″E, 1–3 m, 29–30.i.2018; 1♀, Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20°29′32″S, 57°22′42″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018; 1♂, Savanne, Riambel, 20°31′09″S, 57°30′25″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018; 1♂, 1♀, Savanne, Rivière des Galets, 20°30′04″S, 57°26′52″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018. Rodrigues: 2♂, 1♀, Anse Ally, 19°41′42″S, 63°29′48″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 1♂, 2♀, Anse aux Anglais, 19°40′15″S, 63°26′19″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 1♂, Anse Mourouk, 19°44′23″S, 63°27′53″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (deposited LMC); 3♀ (cf.), Baie du Nord, 19°42′33″S, 63°22′20″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018 (1♀ deposited LMC); 2♀, Île Michel, 19°44′43″S, 63°24′13″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 1♂, Plaine Mapou, 19°44′52″S, 63°20′21″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018; 3♂, Rivière Banane, 19°40′37″S, 63°28′30″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (all deposited BMSA, unless otherwise stated). Comments: Usually smaller than its congener, D. insularis, with which it is easily confused by the moderate to wide coverage of yellow on the mesonotum, which in some cases, may be uniformly pale grey, with light yellowish nuances. Specimens from different Pacific locations often exhibit the same range of variation, with a few even exhibiting a uniformly grey to brownish mesonotum. The posteroventral armature of spine-like setae on the male mid femur is also similar in the two species and most specimens have this armature similar to that of D. insularis. As well as their relative sizes, the two species are unequivocally characterised by the morphology of the male terminalia, especially the shape of the surstylus (Figs 16, 17). Conversely, females are only tentatively identified if strictly associated with males from the same locality. Based on the plentiful material examined here, it is concluded that D. vockerothi occurs infrequently in the Mascarenes, or at least on the beaches where the fly material was sampled, despite the wide distribution of this species on the seashores of the Oriental and Australasian/Oceanian Regions. These records, from the western Indian Ocean, represent the western-most occurrence of this prevalently Pacific Ocean species. Dasyrhicnoessa vockerothi is recorded here for the first time from the Mascarenes., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2020, The beach flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae), pp. 183-198 in Zootaxa 4853 (2) on page 193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4853.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410564, {"references":["Hardy, D. E. & Delfinado, M. D. (1980) Family Tethinidae. In: Hardy, D. E. & Delfinado, M. D. (Eds.), Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 13. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha III. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu, pp. 369 - 379."]}

Dasyrhicnoessa ferruginea (Lamb, 1914) Figs 11, 18, 23, 26, 31. Distribution. Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, Mascarenes (Mauritius *, Réunion *, Rodrigues*), Oman, Seychelles (Aldabra, Anonyme, Aride, Astove, Long, Mahé,?Praslin), Tanzania, United Arab Emirates. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (Queensland), Caroline Islands (Yap), Mariana Islands (Guam, Saipan), Palau, Papua New Guinea. Oriental: China (Hong Kong - Lantau), Malaysia (Sabah, Singapore), Philippines (Balabac, Busuanga, Calicoan, Culion, Leyte, Masbate, Mindanao, Negros Oriental, Palawan), Singapore. Palaearctic: Qatar, Saudi Arabia. South Indian Ocean Islands: Amsterdam Island. Material examined (all “A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation”, unless otherwise stated). La Réunion: 4♂, 1♀, Pointe de Tremblet, 21°17′34″S, 55°48′21″E, 0–9 m, 9.xi.2015, M.J. Ebejer, general sweeping; intertidal zone & sandy beach (deposited MJEC). Mauritius: 23♂, 17♀, Black River, Le Morne Brabant, 20°27′32″S, 57°19′42″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 5♂, 4♀, Black River, Petite Case Noyale, 20°24′23″S, 57°22′10″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018 (2♂, 1♀ deposited LMC); 1♀, Flacq, Poste de Flacq, 20°09′40″S, 57°44′49″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018; 2♂, Flacq, Poste Lafayette, 20°07′02″S, 57°45′05″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018; 60♂, 86♀, Grand Port, Grand Sable, 20°19′12″S, 57°46′12″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018 (2♀ deposited LMC); 2♀, Grand Port, Pointe d’Esny, 20°25′28″S, 57°43′22″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018; 50♂, 56♀, Pamplemousses, Le Goulet, 20°06′14″S, 57°31′02″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♂, 1♀ deposited LMC); 3♂, Pamplemousses, Trou aux Biches, 20°02′36″S, 57°32′14″E, 1–3 m, 29–30.i.2018; 1♂, 4♀, Rivière du Rempart, Grand Gaube, 20°01′00″S, 57°40′55″E, 1–3 m, 29–31.i.2018; 1♀ (cf.), Rivière du Rempart, Pointe des Lascars, 20°05′14″S, 57°42′26″E, 1–3 m, 31.i.2018; 2♂, 6♀, Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20°30′00″S, 57°23′34″E, 1 m, 11.xii.2016, sweeping coastal rocks and sandy beach. Rodrigues: 1♂, Anse aux Anglais, 19°40′15″S, 63°26′19″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 1♂, Baie du Nord, 19°42′33″S, 63°22′20″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018; 1♂, 4♀, Petite Gravier, 19°43′40″S, 63°29′03″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 3♂, 5♀, Plaine Corail, 19°46′05″S, 63°22′36″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018 (all deposited BMSA, unless otherwise stated). Comments: A rather common Indo-Pacific species, characterised primarily by the peculiar chaetotaxy pattern of the posteroventral armature of the male mid femur (see above identification key and Fig. 11). Additionally, the morphological form of the external male terminalia is also distinctly dissimilar from that of the other two Mascarenian species of Dasyrhicnoessa (compare Fig. 18 with Figs 16, 17). In fact, D. insularis (Aldrich, 1931) and D. vockerothi Hardy & Delfinado, 1980, share a similar structure of the surstyli with each other (Figs 16, 17), so much so, that they can be assigned, along with a few other Pacific species, to a thus far unnamed species-group. Dasyrhicnoessa ferruginea is newly recorded here from the Mascarenes., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2020, The beach flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae), pp. 183-198 in Zootaxa 4853 (2) on pages 190-191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4853.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410564, {"references":["Lamb, C. G. (1914) The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M. A. Volume V. Number XV. - Diptera: Heteroneuridae, Ortalidae, Trypetidae, Sepsidae, Micropezidae, Drosophilidae, Geomyzidae, Milichidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, Zoology 16, 307 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1913. tb 00152. x","Munari, L. (1988) Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali. III. I Tethinidae dell'arcipelago delle Seychelles. (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 13, 41 - 53.","Munari, L. (1981) Sul genere Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914 (Diptera Tethinidae). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 6, 91 - 96.","Sasakawa, M. (1974) Oriental Tethinidae (Diptera). Akitu, 1, 1 - 6.","Foster, G. A. & Mathis, W. N. (1998) A revision of the family Tethinidae (Diptera) from the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Bermuda. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 100, 601 - 632.","Sasakawa, M. (1995) Insects of Micronesia. Vol. 14. No. 8. Diptera: Tethinidae. Micronesica, 27, 51 - 72.","Aldrich, J. M. (1931) New acalyptrate Diptera from the Pacific and Oriental Regions. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 7, 395 - 399.","Hardy, D. E. & Delfinado, M. D. (1980) Family Tethinidae. In: Hardy, D. E. & Delfinado, M. D. (Eds.), Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 13. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha III. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu, pp. 369 - 379."]}

An intertidal survey of 34 sampling stations on the main Mascarene Islands of La Réunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues, was conducted between 2015 and 2018. Results of the survey revealed five species of Tethininae, viz. Afrotethina aurisetulosa (Lamb), Dasyrhicnoessa ferruginea (Lamb), D. insularis (Aldrich), D. vockerothi Hardy & Delfinado and Pseudorhicnoessa rattii Munari, all of which are new to one or more of the Mascarenes (A. aurisetulosa, D. ferruginea and D. insularis new to all three islands; D. vockerothi new to Mauritius and Rodrigues; and P. rattii new to Rodrigues). Sampled species exhibit a very close affinity with those that occur on Seychelles and the composition of the two faunas is notably superimposable. The distributions of the five species on the three main islands is mapped and an identification key to all genera and species of both archipelagos is provided, with the most significant diagnostic features illustrated. The survey also revealed that the rather common Afrotropical genus Horaismoptera Hendel, which is represented in East Africa, Madagascar, and the southern Arabian Peninsula by H. vulpina Hendel, is most likely absent from both archipelagos.

Dasyrhicnoessa insularis (Aldrich, 1931) Figs 10, 16, 24, 27, 32. Distribution. Afrotropical: Cameroon, Madagascar, Mascarenes (La Réunion *, Mauritius *, Rodrigues *), Nigeria, Seychelles (Mahé), Sierra Leone. Australasian/Oceanian: American Samoa (Tutuila), Australia (Queensland), Austral Islands, Bismarck Islands (Dyaul), Canton Island, Caroline Islands (Ponhpei, Chuuk, Yap, Palau), Fiji Islands (Ovalau, Suva, Vanua Balavu, Viti Levu),? French Polynesia (Society Islands: Moorea), Hawaii (French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii, Hilo, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Lisiansky, Maui, Midway Atoll, Molokai, Oahu, Pearl and Hermes Reef), Kiribati (Butaritari, Makin, Eita, Tarawa, Abemama), Line Islands (Christmas), Mariana Islands (Saipan, Tinian), Marquesas (Hivaoa, Nuku Hiva), Marshall Islands (Majuro, Japtan, Parry, Lib, Jibu, Jaluit, Namorik), Palmyra Island, Pitcairn Island, Rapa Island, Society Islands (Bora Bora, Raiatea, Tahiti), Vanuatu (Erromanga, Aneityum), Wake Island. Nearctic: Bermuda, United States (Florida). Neotropical: Bahamas (South Bimini), Belize, Brazil (Ceará, Paraná, São Paulo), Mexico (Tabasco), West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent). Oriental: Chagos, Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ternate). Material examined (all “A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation”, unless otherwise stated). La Réunion: 1♀, Grande Anse, 21°22′17″S, 55°33′00″E, 26.x.2015, 0–12 m, M.J. Ebejer, general sweeping; secondary forest, intertidal rocks & coral beach (deposited MJEC); 1♂, St.-Louis, Rivière St.-Étienne, 21°17′54″S, 55°24′07″E, 0–9 m, 18.x.2015, M.J. Ebejer, general sweeping; intertidal rocks & vegetated gravel plain (deposited MJEC); 1♀, St.-Pierre, Pointe de Pont, 21°20′51″S, 55°28′52″E, 0–6 m, sweeping intertidal rocks and coral beach, 13.xi.2015, A.H. Kirk Spriggs. Mauritius: 14♂, 11♀, Black River, Le Morne Brabant, 20°27′32″S, 57°19′42″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018 (1♀ deposited LMC); 63♂, 35♀, Black River, Petite Case Noyale, 20°24′23″S, 57°22′10″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018 (2♂ deposited LMC); 3♂, 4♀, Black River, Tamarin, 20°19′41″S, 57°22′33″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018; 23♂, 86♀, Grand Port, Grand Sable, 20°19′12″S, 57°46′12″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018 (2♂, 1♀ deposited LMC); 8♂, 8♀, Grand Port, Pointe d’Esny, 20°25′28″S, 57°43′22″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018 (1♀ deposited LMC); 4♂, 4♀, Grand Port, Vieux Grand Port, 20°22′23″S, 57°42′48″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 4♂, 1♀, Pamplemousses, Le Goulet, 20°06′14″S, 57°31′02″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018; 9♂, 12♀, Pamplemousses, Tombeau Bay, 20°08′00″S, 57°29′54″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♀ deposited LMC); 2♀, Pamplemousses, Trou aux Biches, 20°02′36″S, 57°32′14″E, 1–3 m, 29–30.i.2018; 2♂, 6♀, Rivière du Rempart, Pointe des Lascars, 20°05′14″S, 57°42′26″E, 1–3 m, 31.i.2018; 5♂, 3♀, Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20°30′00″S, 57°23′34″E, 1 m, sweeping coastal rocks and sandy beach, 11.xii.2016 (1♂ deposited LMC); 3♂, 2♀, Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20°29′32″S, 57°22′42″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018; 2♀, Savanne, Riambel, 20°31′09″S, 57°30′25″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018. Rodrigues: 2♂, 2♀, Anse aux Anglais, 19°40′15″S, 63°26′19″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (1♂, 1♀ deposited LMC); 2♀, Anse Mourouk, 19°44′23″S, 63°27′53″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 15♂, 11♀, Baie du Nord, 19°42′33″S, 63°22′20″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018 (1♀ deposited LMC); 1♀, Île Michel, 19°44′43″S, 63°24′13″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 2♀, Plaine Corail, 19°46′05″S, 63°22′36″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018 (all deposited BMSA, unless otherwise stated). Comments: A common pantropical beach fly. In this species the colour of the thorax often exhibits strong variation. The following range of variation has been observed in specimens from different world sites: mesonotum entirely yellow to blackish, sometimes scutum dark brown and scutellum yellow only at margin; in a few cases, scutum dark brown and scutellum predominantly yellow. Though rather infrequent, some transitional forms occur in formerly studied specimens (Munari 2002). The above is not corroborated by the material from the Mascarenes, which does not exhibit significant variation in mesonotal colour, the yellow or sometimes yellowish fulvous colours being invariably present, to a greater or lesser extent on the scutum. Similar to other Indo-Pacific congeners, the posteroventral armature of the male mid femur is formed of a long row of regular, spine-like setae, gently decreasing in size towards the apex of the femur., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2020, The beach flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae), pp. 183-198 in Zootaxa 4853 (2) on pages 192-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4853.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410564, {"references":["Aldrich, J. M. (1931) New acalyptrate Diptera from the Pacific and Oriental Regions. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 7, 395 - 399.","Munari, L. (2002) New species, records, and a new synonymy in the genera Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934 and Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914 (Diptera: Tethinidae). Studia dipterologica, 8, 539 - 551. [2001]"]}

Dasyrhicnoessa sp. Material examined: 1♀, Mauritius: Black River, Petite Case Noyale, 20°24′23″S, 57°22′10″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation (deposited BMSA). Comments: A single female specimen, with a distinctly narrow gena and moderately depressed head. This specimen cannot currently be assigned to a given specific taxon., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2020, The beach flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae), pp. 183-198 in Zootaxa 4853 (2) on page 194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4853.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410564

Afrotethina aurisetulosa (Lamb, 1914) Figs 13, 22, 25, 30. Distribution: Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, Mascarenes (La Réunion *, Mauritius *, Rodrigues *), Mozambique, Seychelles (Aldabra, Anonyme, Cosmoledo, Long, Mahé). Oriental: Chagos. Material examined (all “A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation”, unless otherwise stated). La Réunion: 5♀, St.-Paul, beach, 20°58′15″S, 55°16′56″E, 0–5 m, 21.x.2015, A.H. Kirk Spriggs, sweeping intertidal zone (2♀ deposited LMC); 1♀, St.-Pierre, Pointe de Pont, 21°20′51″S, 55°28′52″E, 0– 6 m, 13.xi.2015, A.H. Kirk Spriggs, sweeping intertidal rocks and coral beach; 1♀, Pointe de Tremblet, 21°17′34″S, 55°48′21″E, 0–9 m, 9.xi.2015, M.J. Ebejer, general sweeping; intertidal zone & sandy beach (deposited MJEC). Mauritius: 3♀, Black River, Le Morne Brabant, 20°27′32″S, 57°19′42″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018; 4♂, 3♀, Black River, Tamarin, 20°19′41″S, 57°22′33″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018; 2♂, 3♀, Flacq, Poste Lafayette, 20°07′02″S, 57°45′05″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018; 1♀, Flacq, Troud’Eau Douce, 20°14′20″S, 57°47′34″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018; 1♀, Grand Port, Grand Sable, 20°19′12″S, 57°46′12″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018; 6♂, 12♀, Pamplemousses, Le Goulet, 20°06′14″S, 57°31′02″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♂, 1♀ deposited LMC); 1♂, Pamplemousses, Tombeau Bay, 20°08′00″S, 57°29′54″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018; 1♀, Pamplemousses, Trou aux Biches, 20°02′36″S, 57°32′14″E, 1–3 m, 29–30.i.2018; 1♀, Rivière du Rempart, Bain Boeuf, 19°59′13″S, 57°36′12″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018; 2♀, Rivière du Rempart, Grand Gaube, 20°01′00″S, 57°40′55″E, 1–3 m, 29–30.i.2018; 1♀ (cf.), Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20°29′32″S, 57°22′42″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018; 2♀, Savanne, Riambel, 20°31′09″S, 57°30′25″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018; 6♂, 6♀, Savanne, Rivière des Galets, 20°30′04″S, 57°26′52″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC). Rodrigues: 1♂, 2♀, Anse Ally, 19°41′42″S, 63°29′48″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 2♂, 1♀, Anse Mourouk, 19°44′23″S, 63°27′53″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 2♂, 4♀, Plaine Corail, 19°46′05″S, 63°22′36″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018 (1♂, 1♀ deposited LMC); 2♂, 2♀, Rivière Banane, 19°40′37″S, 63°28′30″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC) (all deposited BMSA, unless otherwise stated). Comments: Originally described from Seychelles, this delicate, pale yellow beach fly was later recorded from the central-eastern coast of the Afrotropical Region, including Madagascar (Munari & Mathis 2010) and from the remote Chagos Islands to the east (Munari 2015). The species is recorded herein for the first time from the Mascarenes. Afrotethina aurisetulosa belongs to an endemic Afrotropical genus, which includes eight species of which A. martinezi Munari, 2005 is known so far exclusively from the southern Arabian Peninsula., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2020, The beach flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae), pp. 183-198 in Zootaxa 4853 (2) on pages 189-190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4853.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410564, {"references":["Lamb, C. G. (1914) The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M. A. Volume V. Number XV. - Diptera: Heteroneuridae, Ortalidae, Trypetidae, Sepsidae, Micropezidae, Drosophilidae, Geomyzidae, Milichidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, Zoology 16, 307 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1913. tb 00152. x","Munari, L. & Mathis W. N. (2010) World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa. Zootaxa, 2471 (1), 1 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2471.1.1","Munari, L. (2015) Additional distributional records for the family Canacidae (Diptera, Brachycera, Acalyptratae). Bollettino del Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 66, 27 - 53."]}

Pseudorhicnoessa rattii Munari, 1981 Figs 14, 29, 34. Distribution. Afrotropical: Mascarenes (Mauritius, Rodrigues *), Seychelles (Cousine, Mahé). Oriental: India (Goa), Maldives, Sri Lanka. Material examined (all “A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & B.S. Muller, sweeping intertidal zone and coastal vegetation”, unless otherwise stated). Mauritius: 1♀, Black River, Albion, 20°12′35″S, 57°24′13″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018; 1♀, Black River, Petite Case Noyale, 20°24′23″S, 57°22′10″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018; 45♂, 38♀, Black River, Tamarin, 20°19′41″S, 57°22′33″E, 1–3 m, 28.i.2018 (1♂, 3♀ deposited LMC); 4♂, 1♀, Flacq, Poste Lafayette, 20°07′02″S, 57°45′05″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 3♂, 6♀, Flacq, Trou d’Eau Douce, 20°14′20″S, 57°47′34″E, 1–3 m, 27.i.2018; 53♂, 111♀, Pamplemousses, Le Goulet, 20°06′14″S, 57°31′02″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 16♂, 22♀, Pamplemousses, Tombeau Bay, 20°08′00″S, 57°29′54″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 5♂, 4♀, Pamplemousses, Trou aux Biches, 20°02′36″S, 57°32′14″E, 1–3 m, 29–30.i.2018; 28♂, 23♀, Rivière du Rempart, Bain Boeuf, 19°59′13″S, 57°36′12″E, 1–3 m, 30.i.2018 (1♀ deposited LMC); 1♂, Rivière du Rempart, Grand Gaube, 20°01′00″S, 57°40′55″E, 1–3 m, 29–30.i.2018; 4♂, 1♀, Rivière du Rempart, Pointe des Lascars, 20°05′14″S, 57°42′26″E, 1–3 m, 31.i.2018; 1♀, Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20°30′00″S, 57°23′34″E, 1 m, 11.xii.2016, sweeping coastal rocks and sandy beach; 5♂, 6♀, Savanne, Bel Ombre, 20°29′32″S, 57°22′42″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018; 33♂, 19♀, Savanne, Rivière des Galets, 20°30′04″S, 57°26′52″E, 1–3 m, 26.i.2018 (1♀ deposited LMC). Rodrigues: 9♂, 1♀, Anse aux Anglais, 19°40′15″S, 63°26′19″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 1♂, 2♀, Anse Mourouk, 19°44′23″S, 63°27′53″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018; 5♂, 7♀, Petite Gravier, 19°43′40″S, 63°29′03″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (1♂ deposited LMC); 1♂, Plaine Corail, 19°46′05″S, 63°22′36″E, 1–3 m, 9.ii.2018; 4♂, 2♀, Rivière Banane, 19°40′37″S, 63°28′30″E, 1–3 m, 10.ii.2018 (all deposited BMSA, unless otherwise stated). Comments: The small genus Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914, includes three described species, namely: P. rattii, exclusively inhabiting the seashores of the Indian Ocean, and the two very closely related P. longicerca Munari, 2014 and P. spinipes Malloch, 1914, which are distributed in the western Pacific Ocean. Pseudorhicnoessa spinipes is widespread throughout the entire region, whereas P. longicerca is only known from Papua New Guinea. These two western Pacific species can only be differentiated morphologically based on differences in the male terminalia, while P. rattii exhibits a strikingly different shape of both the anterior and posterior surstyli (Figs 14, 15). Aside from these obvious terminalia differences, P. rattii and the other two western Pacific species do not differ significantly in either their external characters or their general habitus; the habitus being extraordinarily similar in all three species. The slight male terminalia divergence in both P. longicerca and P. spinipes indicates a very recent process of sympatric speciation, while the vicariant P. rattii from the Indian Ocean (west of the Sunda Islands) probably diversified in relatively more ancient times. Pseudorhicnoessa rattii was previously recorded from Mauritius by Munari (1990) and is reported here for the first time from Rodrigues., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Mcgregor, Gillian K., 2020, The beach flies of the Mascarene Islands (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae), pp. 183-198 in Zootaxa 4853 (2) on pages 195-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4853.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4410564, {"references":["Munari, L. (1981) Sul genere Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914 (Diptera Tethinidae). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 6, 91 - 96.","Malloch, J. R. (1914) Formosan Agromyzidae. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 12, 306 - 336.","Munari, L. (2014) New Indo-Pacific species of Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934 and Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914 (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae). Zootaxa, 3784 (3), 281 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3784.3.8","Munari, L. (1990) Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali. IV. Tethinidae raccolti ad Aldabra dalla \" Aldabra Atoll Royal Society Expedition (1967 - 68) \" e nel Sud Africa da R. E. Turner e B. & P. Stuckenberg, con descrizione di due nuove specie (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 15, 51 - 68."]}

Canacidae zijn gebonden aan de kust en zou je daarmee typisch Nederlandse vliegjes kunnen noemen. In dit artikel melden wij een nieuwe soort van deze familie: Canace nasica en presenteren we een nieuwe Nederlandse checklist voor de familie. Naar de nieuwste taxonomische inzichten wordt daarbij de familie Tethinidae als subfamilie onder de Canacidae toegevoegd. Hiermee is de Nederlandse fauna een vliegenfamilie armer.

An overview of the major zoogeographical gaps in our knowledge of the world beach flies (subfamilies Apetaeninae, Horaismopterinae, Pelomyiinae, and Tethininae) is provided. The identified areas treated in this work are as follows: the subarctic Beringia, the South American circum-Antarctic islands, the Neotropical Region south of the equator, most of the West African seacoasts, the huge area ranging from India, across the Bay of Bengal, to Sumatra and Java, and most of Australia. Apart from the inhospitable northernmost and southernmost areas of the planet, which feature a real very low biodiversity, the remaining vast areas dealt with in this work woefully suffer a dramatic paucity of field collections, as well as of previously collected materials preserved in scientific institutions. This might seem a truism that, however, must be emphasized in order to unequivocally identify the geographic areas that need to be further investigated

Pelomyiella hungarica (CZERNY, 1928) Bgld, Breitenbrunn, NSG Thenau, 5.5.01. Neu für Burgenland. In FRANZ (1989) nur 1 Fundangabe aus Ungarn, nach Fauna Europaea aber auch in Ö., Published as part of Schlüsslmayr, Gerhard, 2018, Erstnachweise von Fliegen (Diptera) für Österreich und einige Bundesländer, pp. 765-800 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 50 (1) on page 779, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4004374, {"references":["FRANZ H. (1989): Die Nordostalpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt. Band VI / 1 + 2. - Universitatsverlag Innsbruck. 413 + 445 pp."]}

A checklist of 29 species in the smaller carnoid families Acartophthalmidae, Canacidae, Carnidae and Milichiidae (Diptera) recorded from Finland is presented. Tethinidae are also included as a subfamily of Canacidae. Phyllomyza tetragona Hendel is removed from the list as no reliable records of this species within the post-1944 borders of Finland could be found.

Afrotethina martinezi Munari, 2005 (figs. 6���8) Afrotethina martinezi Munari, 2005 a: 587 [Qatar. Umm Said (Sea line), 45 km au sud de Doha, N 24 �� 50 819 ���, E 051�� 30 502 ���); HT ♂, INRA]. Distribution. Afrotropical: Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. Palaearctic: Qatar, Saudi Arabia (new). Additional material examined. Saudi Arabia: Jazan, Alshogaiek, 9 m, 17 �� 41 ���N ��� 42 ��02���E, sweeping seaweed, 12.ii. 2015, H.A. Dawah, 49 ♂♂ 58 ♀♀, plus numerous unprepared specimens of both sexes. (Jazan University, LMC, NMWC, USNM). Remarks. This Arabian species is distinguished from the congeners mainly by the following combination of characters: costal vein distinctly extended beyond R 4 + 5, reaching the apex of M 1; thorax dark grey; setae and setulae dark brown to blackish, often with golden reflections; gena relatively broad, longest diameter of eye about 2.7 times the height of the gena; legs uniformly yellowish; hindfemur of male not swollen, without anteroventral comb of spine-like setae on distal third; male terminalia (figs. 6���8) with anterior surstylus deeply bifurcate; posterior surstylus distinctly almond-shaped in lateral view. Afrotethina martinezi seems to be endemic to the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula, where it is widespread. The zoogeographic affinities of this species are to the south, and specifically with the seashores of the Afrotropical Region., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 495, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Tethina spinigera Munari, 2008 (figs. 36 ─ 37) Tethina spinigera Munari, 2008 a: 675 [United Arab Emirates: al-Ajban; HT ♂, NMWC]. Distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates. Diagnosis. Body length 1.9���2.2 mm; dark grey species with head, wings, and legs yellow, the latter unusually long and robust; scutellum without dark spot on discal surface, concolorous with the rest of thorax; setal vestiture golden yellow. Head mostly yellow, except for the dark grey vertex and occiput; ventral face slightly protrudent, face vertically flattened; eye very slightly oblique, oval to rounded, its longest diameter 2.4 times as long as the height of the gena; gena yellow, uniformly microtomentose; mouth parts with very short and stumpy labella, distinctly shorter than the length of the buccal cavity; palpus short and tiny; thorax grey to brownish grey; acrostichal setulae arranged in 1-2 strongly irregular rows on the entire scutum; prescutellar acrostichals not longer than the other acrostichals; both proepisternal and proepimeral setae present; legs unusually long and robust; mid leg with tibia bearing 3 strong, pitch-black spurs apically, the mid one stronger and longer; tarsi with short, apical setae (spinulae) of the same colour, particularly strong and long on the mid leg tarsus; legs yellow, apical tarsomere of mid and hind legs noticeably pitch-black; all femora distinctly inflated in male individuals; wing with crossveins without any trace of white halo; abdomen predominantly grey, except for the broadly yellowish syntergite 1 + 2; male terminalia (figs. 36���37) with epandrium without long setae, only bearing 5-6 pairs of very characteristic, stout spinulae on entire perianal margin; surstylus very characteristic in lateral view (fig. 36), moderately large and with ventral lobe in posterior view (fig. 37); female with simple, not swollen femora. Remarks. As can be easily deduced from the diagnosis of this species, some derived, diagnostic characters, especially the peculiar spine-like setulation of the epandrium, place T. spinigera into a very distinctive taxonomic position. Indeed, it might be regarded as a possible sister species to all other Arabian species of the alboguttata - group., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 507, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Xanthocanace hamifer Munari, 2008 (figs. 4���5) Xanthocanace hamifer Munari, 2008 b: 40 [United Arab Emirates. Qurrayah; HT ♂, NMWC]. Distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates. Remarks. A very distinctive species, especially in the structure of the male terminalia. Externally, it is strongly similar to X. zeylanica Delfinado, 1975, in particular for the thinly microtomentose, subshiny mesonotum. However, it consistently differs from Delfinado���s species mainly by the yellowish face, the proximal segments of the arista noticeably elongated and thickened, sausage-shaped, reddish brown (distal segment very thin and pale, hairlike), and for having a very peculiar surstylus, which shows a long, subapical, hooked process in both lateral and posterior views (figs. 4���5)., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Subfamily HORAISMOPTERINAE Sabrosky, 1978

Xanthocanace sabroskyi Mathis and Freidberg, 1982 Xanthocanace sabroskyi Mathis and Freidberg, 1982: 100 [Egypt. Sinai: Nabek; HT ♂, USNM]. Distribution. Afrotropical: Oman, United Arab Emirates. Palaearctic: Egypt (Sinai), Saudi Arabia (new). Additional material examined. Saudi Arabia: Jazan, water treatment works, 7.ix. 2014, H.A. Dawah, 1 spn (?♂), [NMWC]. United Arab Emirates: Khor Kalba, 25 �� 0.9 ���N ��� 56 �� 21.6 ���E, mangrove, 4.iii. 2010, W.N. Mathis, 11 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, [LMC, USNM]. Remarks. See the remarks under the preceding species., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Tethina strobliana (Mercier, 1923) Rhicnoessa strobliana Mercier, 1923: 18 [��� Espagne (Algeciras, Alicante), France (c��te du Calvados; mare saum��tre �� B��nouville, dune de Courseulles, juin-juillet)���; ST (sex?), MNHN]. Distribution. Afrotropical: Oman. Palaearctic: Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece (Crete), Hungary, Israel, Italy (including Sardinia), Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malta, Poland, Portugal (Madeira), Russia (Sea of Azov), Slovakia, Spain (including Balearic Islands), Syria, Tadjikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Remarks. A common, halophilous species closely allied to T. soikai. The diagnostic characters given in the above key will allow identifying this species correctly. The primary type of Tethina strobliana needs examination in order to fix precisely the concept of this taxon. Indeed, a large range of variation occurs at the genitalic level (Munari, 2006). This is a primarily Palaearctic species, reaching to the south the Arabian Peninsula (Oman). Additional findings of T. strobliana from the Arabian countries will help to confirm the establishment of this species in that vast area, especially in the transition zone between the Afrotropical Region and the West Palaearctic territories., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

The Tethina species of the alboguttata -group This taxonomically very difficult group of species is characterised mainly by the depigmented crossveins of the wing, which are milky white, sometimes with a white halo surrounding them (not present in the species of the Arabian Peninsula); gena generally evenly microtomentose, sometimes with a faint longitudinal subshiny stripe; male terminalia with surstylus bearing an obvious mesal lobe (visible in posterior view); female cerci with many stout, upward curved, spine-like setae (pseudacanthophorites, according to Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996). Specimens from the Arabian Peninsula are also characterised by a pale whitish to grey microtomentum that generally coats the body cuticle. Munari (2010) pointed out a consistent, peculiar character occurring in most of the Arabian species of Tethina of the alboguttata -group, that is, a characteristic black macula clearly visible at the base of wing vein R 1 (fig. 30). Except for Tethina spinigera Munari, 2008 a and T. callosirostris Munari, 2008 a, in which this character does not occur or is poorly obvious, in all the other species belonging to this group (mostly Macaronesian-Mediterranean species) this peculiarity is lacking. As for T. spinigera (a species with no obvious black macula on R 1), it exhibits an interesting and unique chaetotactic pattern of the epandrium, consisting of short, stout spinulae rather than long setae, that allows its taxonomic placement as a possible sister species of the remaining Arabian species of the Tethina alboguttata -group. On the base of vein R 1, T. callosirostris shows instead a simple, transverse, fine, black line, like that occurring in some Mediterranean species. The unique occurrence of a black macula (an apomorphic character state) in the species from the Arabian Peninsula would indicate this region to be a possible, common centre of speciation. The species listed below are distinguished from congeners of the alboguttata -group by the combination of diagnostic characters specified in the following treatment.

Dasyrhicnoessa adelpha Munari, 2005 (figs. 9���12) Dasyrhicnoessa adelpha Munari, 2005 a: 589 [India. Goa, Panjim, beach; HT ♂, TAU]. Distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates (new). Oriental: India (Goa). Additional material examined. United Arab Emirates: Khor Kalba, 25 �� 0.9 ���N ��� 56 �� 21.6 ���E, mangrove, 4.iii. 2010, W.N. Mathis, 3 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, [LMC, USNM]. Remarks. This species belongs to the Dasyrhicnoessa tripunctata -group (Munari, 2015 a). It differs from the other species of this group mainly by the different outlines, in lateral view, of both anterior and posterior surstyli (figs. 9���10). However, the specimens examined here differ from those of the type series from Goa (India) in having a slightly different shape of the anterior surstylus in lateral view (fig. 12). This is probably due to geographic variation, in that the posterior surstylus in the two populations is quite similar in both lateral and posterior views (Figs. 9, 11). Actually, the posterior surstylus is always consistently diagnostic in all species of the Dasyrhicnoessa tripunctata -group. Munari (2005 a) stated that this species is characterised by having frons and gena distinctly darker than those of D. tripunctata Sasakawa, 1974. However, further observations, including the descriptions of two other new species, have proved these character states are not consistent, and fall within the range of variation seen within this group. Therefore, the most reliable method of distinguishing this species from the others with spotted abdominal tergites is to examine the structures of the male terminalia. D. adelpha is recorded here for the first time from the United Arab Emirates., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Horaismoptera vulpina Hendel, 1907 Horaismoptera vulpina Hendel, 1907: 240 [Yemen. Abd-al-Kuri; ST ♂, NMW (or DEI?)]. Distribution. Afrotropical: Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen (Abd al Kuri Is., Socotra Is.), Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania. Palaearctic: Egypt, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (new). Additional material examined. Saudi Arabia: Jazan, Alshogaiek, 9 m, 17 �� 41 ���N ��� 42 ��02���E, sweeping seaweed, 12.ii. 2015, H.A. Dawah, 16 ♂♂ 18 ♀♀, plus numerous unprepared specimens of both sexes, [LMC, NMWC, Jazan University]; Farasan Island, seaweed on beach, 9.ii. 2012, J.C. Deeming, 1 ♂, [Jazan University]. Remarks. An unmistakable, common species that can be easily distinguished from congeners by the scutellum with numerous setae towards the sides of dorsal surface, between basal and apical major scutellar setae. An additional, non genitalic character distinguishing it from the other species of the genus is the anteroventral ctenidial comb of the forefemur, which is distinctly long, extending 2 / 3 ��� 3 / 4 length of femur., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 495, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Xanthocanace kaplanorum Mathis and Freidberg, 1982 Xanthocanace kaplanorum Mathis and Freidberg, 1982: 100 [Egypt. Sinai: Nabek; HT ♂, USNM]. Distribution. Afrotropical: Oman, United Arab Emirates (new). Palaearctic: Bahrain, Egypt (Sinai), Qatar. Additional material examined. Qatar: Al Khor, Purple Island, 25 �� 40 ���52,12���N ��� 51 �� 33 ��� 20.23 ���E, 25.iv. 2014, D. Whitmore, 1 ♀ (cf.), [BMNH(E) 2015 - 94]; Al Shamal, Al Zubarah, exclusion zone, 25 �� 58.318 ���N ��� 51 ��01.287���E, upper beach/lower sabka near old pier, UV light trap from dusk to dawn, 22���23.iii. 2012, KPP-QA 2012 -PF 14 -LT, K.P. Puliafico & A.M. Jensen, 10 ♂♂ 24 ♀♀, [LMC, ZMUC]; Al Shamal, Al Zubarah, ex[clusion] zone upper sabka, 25 �� 58.557 ���N ��� 51 ��02.296���E, yellow pan traps, 09: 15���17:30, 8.iii. 2012, K.P. Puliafico & A.M. Jensen, 1 ♀ (cf.), [ZMUC]. United Arab Emirates: Ajman, 25 �� 25.7 ���N ��� 55 �� 30.1 ���E, mangrove, 28.ii. 2010, W.N. Mathis, 9 ♂♂, [LMC, USNM]. Remarks. This species is distinguished from the closely allied Xanthocanace sabroskyi Mathis and Freidberg, 1982 by the densely microtomentose mesofrons of male, whereas in the latter species this appears shiny or subshiny, that is, bare or thinly microtomentose. Females of the two species are not distinguishable, but they can be tentatively assigned to the former or the latter species only if strictly associated with males. The male terminalia of these two species show no consistent differences in their structure (Munari, 2010). The two species are found sympatrically, and often syntopically, throughout their area of distribution. As far as their identification is concerned, the clinal extremes among all of the specimens examined clearly exhibit individuals with shiny mesofrons and, conversely, individuals with dull mesofrons, that is, bearing an obvious, dense microtomentum. However, Munari (2010) stated he had found specimens having the male mesofrons noticeably shiny to densely microtomentose, without any solution of continuity. He also noticed specimens with faint, although uniformly distributed, microtomentum, others having dense microtomentum, but with lucid reflections, still others bearing dense microtomentum that still allows the visualization of the underlying shiny cuticle of the mesofrons. This variation, though to a lesser extent, was also found in the specimens examined here. For further details, the reader is referred to Munari (2010). In that paper, Munari expressed some doubts about the taxonomic separation of this species from the allied X. sabroskyi, in that he found a fair number of transitional forms between the two species showing the different degrees of microtomentum of the mesofrons in males. Munari (2010) so concluded: ���I prefer to maintain [...], at least for the time being, Mathis and Freidberg���s (1982) taxonomical concept for these two species, although I consider their separation somewhat doubtful and in a few cases really puzzling���., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on pages 493-494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Tethina callosirostris Munari, 2008 (figs. 18 ─ 20) Tethina callosirostris Munari, 2008 a: 673 [United Arab Emirates: near Sweihan; HT ♂, NMWC]. Distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates. Diagnosis. Body length 2.0��� 2.5 mm; yellowish brown species with brown spot on the scutellum (fig. 18); setal vestiture pale yellow to golden brown; wings yellowish. Head higher than long; ventral face protrudent; facial knob strongly callose (much more obvious than in all other congeners of the alboguttata -group); eye small, noticeably oblique and oblong, its longest diameter twice as long as genal height; gena broad, yellow, uniformly microtomentose; mouth parts with labella much shorter than the length of the buccal cavity; thorax brownish, with mesonotum bearing more or less obvious longitudinal brown stripes; prescutellar acrostichals, if present, rather short and thin; both proepisternal and proepimeral setae present; katepisternum with longitudinal, median, black stripe, or even with ventral half brownish to entirely black; meron blackish; wing vein CuA 1 blackish on its distal half; crossveins without any trace of white halo; surstylus of male terminalia with characteristic anterobasal lobe bearing long setae, posteroventral lobe with erect setae (figs 19���20)., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498

Tethina shalom Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996 (figs. 34���35) Tethina shalom Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996: 109 [Israel. Elat; HT ♂, TAU]. Distribution. Palaearctic: Israel (Red Sea coast), Qatar. Diagnosis. Body length 1.9���2.3 mm; species with dark grey thorax and piceous black abdomen, with tergites bordered by pale yellow stripes; apical half of the scutellum with a remarkably dark spot (fig. 34); setal vestiture yellow; wings with pale yellow to whitish membrane; radial and medial veins distinctly brown. Head higher than long; ventral face slightly prominent; eye oblique, markedly oblong, its longest diameter 1.9���2.5 times as long as the height of the gena; gena whitish, with obvious, translucent, longitudinal stripe; mouth parts with labella shorter than the length of the buccal cavity; palpus long and narrow; thorax dark grey; mesonotum with darker, longitudinal stripes; 2 rows of acrostichal setulae; prescutellar acrostichals lacking; both proepisternal and proepimeral setae present; legs yellow, with apical tarsomere of mid and hind legs infuscated; crossveins of wing with no trace of white halo; surstylus in lateral view as in figure 35. Remarks. Munari (2005 a) noticed that the specimens from Qatar differ from the types from Elat (Israel, Red Sea coast) mainly by the slightly broader and darker scutellar spot, and the epiproct of the female postabdomen bearing a pair of moderately long, thin setae, instead of stout setae. Otherwise, all the external features, including the chaetotactic pattern of the female cerci, perfectly match those of the types. As for the external features of this species, Munari (2005 a) compared the type series (TAU) with the Arabian specimens, finding a strong similarity between the specimens from the Red Sea coast of Israel and those from Qatar. In addition, the morphological traits of the male terminalia, as figured by Freidberg and Beschovski (1996), agree rather well with the lateral profile of those of the specimens from Qatar. Indeed, Munari (2005 a) deliberately avoided dissecting the holotype of this species, it being the only specimen of the type series in good condition and with intact abdomen., Published as part of Munari, Lorenzo, 2016, The Canacidae of the Arabian Peninsula (Diptera: Brachycera: Carnoidea), pp. 489-517 in Zootaxa 4092 (4) on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/264498