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Background Chemotoxicity risk scores were developed to predict grade 3-5 chemotherapy toxicity in older women with early breast cancer. However, whether these toxicity risk scores are associated with clinically meaningful decline in patient health remains unknown. Methods In a prospective study of women aged 65 years and older with stage I-III breast cancer treated with chemotherapy, we assessed chemotoxicity risk using the Cancer and Aging Research Group-Breast Cancer (CARG-BC) score (categorized as low, intermediate, and high). We measured patient health status before (T1) and after (T2) chemotherapy using a clinical frailty index (Deficit Accumulation Index, categorized as robust, prefrail, and frail). The population of interest was robust women at T1. The primary outcome was decline in health status after chemotherapy, defined as a decline in Deficit Accumulation Index from robust at T1 to prefrail or frail at T2. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between T1 CARG-BC score and decline in health status, adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Results Of the 348 robust women at T1, 83 (24%) experienced declining health status after chemotherapy, of whom 63% had intermediate or high CARG-BC scores. After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, women with intermediate (odds ratio = 3.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.60 to 6.14, P Conclusions In this cohort of older women with early breast cancer, higher CARG-BC scores before chemotherapy were associated with decline in health status after chemotherapy independent of sociodemographic and clinical risk factors.

Purpose The purpose of this prospective longitudinal study was to evaluate the changes in brain surface gyrification in older long-term breast cancer survivors 5 to 15 years after chemotherapy treatment. Methods Older breast cancer survivors aged ≥ 65 years treated with chemotherapy (C+) or without chemotherapy (C-) 5–15 years prior and age & sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited (time point 1 (TP1)) and followed up for 2 years (time point 2 (TP2)). Study assessments for both time points included neuropsychological (NP) testing with the NIH Toolbox cognition battery and cortical gyrification analysis based on brain MRI. Results The study cohort with data for both TP1 and TP2 consisted of the following: 10 participants for the C + group, 12 participants for the C- group, and 13 participants for the HC group. The C + group had increased gyrification in 6 local gyrus regions including the right fusiform, paracentral, precuneus, superior, middle temporal gyri and left pars opercularis gyrus, and it had decreased gyrification in 2 local gyrus regions from TP1 to TP2 (p p R = -0.76, p = 0.01). Conclusions Altered gyrification could be the neural correlate of cognitive changes in older chemotherapy-treated long-term breast cancer survivors.

Overall Survival: CCC/COG vs. Non-CCC/COG Facilities in AYAs

Hazard of Death: Excluding Mixed Practice Sites

Five-Year Overall Survival by Age Group

Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYA; 15–39 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) experience inferior survival when compared with children. Impact of care at NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers (CCC) or Children's Oncology Group sites (COG) on survival disparities remains unstudied.Methods: Using the Los Angeles cancer registry, we identified 1,870 ALL or AML patients between 1 and 39 years at diagnosis. Cox regression analyses assessed risk of mortality; younger age + CCC/COG served as the referent group. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of care at CCC/COG, adjusting for variables above.Results: ALL outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior survival (15–21 years: HR = 1.9, P = 0.005; 22–29 years: HR = 2.6, P < 0.001; 30–39 years: HR = 3.0, P < 0.001). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and young AYAs (15–21 years: HR = 1.3, P = 0.3; 22–29 years: HR = 1.2, P = 0.2) but was inferior for 30- to 39-year-olds (HR = 3.4, P < 0.001). AML outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior outcome (15–21 years: HR = 1.8, P = 0.02; 22–39 years: HR = 1.4, P = 0.06). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and 15- to 21-year-olds (HR = 1.3, P = 0.4) but was inferior for 22- to 39-year-olds (HR = 1.7, P = 0.05). Access: 15- to 21-year-olds were less likely to use CCC/COG than children (P < 0.001). In 22- to 39-year-olds, public/uninsured (ALL: P = 0.004; AMLP = 0.03), and 30- to 39-year-olds (ALL: P = 0.03) were less likely to use CCC/COG.Conclusions: Poor survival in AYAs with ALL and AML is mitigated by care at CCC/COG. Barriers to CCC/COG care include public/uninsured, and African American/Hispanic race/ethnicity.Impact: Care at CCC/COG explains, in part, inferior outcomes in AYAs with ALL and AML. Key sociodemographic factors serve as barriers to care at specialized centers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 312–20. ©2017 AACR.

Hazard of Death (Covariates) in Children and AYAs with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Distribution of Disease by Age Group

Description of Practice Sites

Cognitive decline is an increasing issue for cancer survivors, especially for older adults, as chemotherapy affects brain structure and function. The purpose of this single center study was to evaluate alterations in cortical thickness and cognition in older long-term survivors of breast cancer who had been treated with chemotherapy years ago. In this prospective cohort study, we enrolled 3 groups of women aged ≥ 65 years with a history of stage I-III breast cancer who had received adjuvant chemotherapy 5 to 15 years ago (chemotherapy group, C +), age-matched women with breast cancer but no chemotherapy (no-chemotherapy group, C-) and healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing with the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery at time point 1 (TP1) and again at 2 years after enrollment (time point 2 (TP2)). At TP1, there were no significant differences in cortical thickness among the 3 groups. Longitudinally, the C + group showed cortical thinning in the fusiform gyrus (p = 0.006, effect size (d) = -0.60 [ -1.86, -0.66]), pars triangularis (p = 0.026, effect size (d) = -0.43 [-1.68, -0.82]), and inferior temporal lobe (p = 0.026, effect size (d) = -0.38 [-1.62, -0.31]) of the left hemisphere. The C + group also showed decreases in neuropsychological scores such as the total composite score (p = 0.01, effect size (d) = -3.9726 [-0.9656, -6.9796], fluid composite score (p = 0.03, effect size (d) = -4.438 [-0.406, -8.47], and picture vocabulary score (p = 0.04, effect size (d) = -3.7499 [-0.0617, -7.438]. Our results showed that cortical thickness could be a candidate neuroimaging biomarker for cancer-related cognitive impairment and accelerated aging in older long-term cancer survivors.

Our objective was to assess distress levels in female breast cancer patients as a function of race, ethnicity, and preferred language. We hypothesized minority patients and non-English screen-takers would report higher distress levels compared to English screen-takers and non-Hispanic whites. We conducted a retrospective observational study of female breast cancer patients at an NCI designated cancer center from 2009 to 2016 who were administered a validated biopsychosocial distress screening questionnaire. Self-reported data on race and ethnicity was collected. A total of 3,156 patients were included in the analysis; mean age of 56.3 (SD 12.25) years. The racial/ethnic cohort distribution included 54% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 19% Hispanic, 16% Asian, 7% Black/African American, and 4% other. On multivariable analysis only Hispanic patients were significantly more likely to report overall distress compared to NHW (OR [1.39; CI [1.03-1.87; p=0.03). Asians were significantly less likely to report distress in the functional domain (OR 0.71, CI [0.58-0.88]; p=0.002), while Black patients were significantly more likely to report highest distress levels in the physical (OR 1.53, CI [1.11-2.12]; p=0.01) domain. Hispanic Spanish screen-takers reported significantly more distress compared to Hispanic English screen-takers across all four domains of distress (p

PURPOSE Older breast cancer survivors are at increased risk of clinical decline after adjuvant chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate whether inflammatory markers assessed before adjuvant chemotherapy are associated with chemotherapy-induced clinical decline in a population of fit older adults with breast cancer. METHODS In a prospective study of women age ≥ 65 years with stage I-III breast cancer treated with chemotherapy, we measured interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) prechemotherapy (T1). We assessed frailty status, using a Deficit Accumulation Index (DAI; categorized as robust, prefrail, and frail), at T1 and postchemotherapy (T2). The population of interest was robust women at T1. The primary outcome was chemotherapy-induced decline in frailty status, defined as decline in DAI from robust (T1) to prefrail or frail (T2). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between inflammatory markers and the primary outcome, adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Of the 295 robust women at T1, 76 (26%) experienced chemotherapy-induced decline in frailty status, among whom 66% had high IL-6, 63% had high CRP, and 46% had high IL-6 and CRP at T1. After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, women with high IL-6 and CRP had a > three-fold (odds ratio, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.55 to 8.01; P = .003) odds of chemotherapy-induced decline in frailty status compared with women with low IL-6 and CRP. CONCLUSION In this cohort of older women with early breast cancer who were clinically fit before chemotherapy initiation, high IL-6 and CRP prechemotherapy were associated with chemotherapy-induced decline in frailty status independent of sociodemographic and clinical risk factors. Further research is needed to examine whether inflammatory markers can inform more personalized approaches to treating older breast cancer survivors.

Chemotherapy may impair cognition and contribute to accelerated aging. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of chemotherapy on the connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) in older women with breast cancer. This prospective longitudinal study enrolled women aged ≥ 60 years with stage I–III breast cancer (CTx group) and matched healthy controls (HC group). Study assessments, consisting of resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and the Picture Sequence Memory (psm) test for episodic memory from the NIH Toolbox for Cognition, were obtained at baseline and within one month after the completion of chemotherapy for the CTx group and at matched intervals for the HC group. Two-sample t-test and FDR multiple comparison were used for statistical inference. Our analysis of the CTx group (N = 19; 60–82 years of age, mean = 66.6, SD = 5.24) compared to the HC group (N = 14; 60–78 years of age, mean = 68.1, SD = 5.69) revealed weaker DMN subnetwork connectivity in the anterior brain but stronger connectivity in the posterior brain at baseline. After chemotherapy, this pattern was reversed, with stronger anterior connectivity and weaker posterior connectivity. In addition, the meta-level functional network connectivity (FNC) among the DMN subnetworks after chemotherapy was consistently weaker than the baseline FNC as seen in the couplings between anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and retrosplenial (rSplenia) region, with ΔFNC(‘ACC’,’rSplenia’)=-0.14, t value=-2.44, 95 %CI=[-0.27,-0.10], pFDR

INTRODUCTION: Oncology nurses are key in caring for older adults with cancer, but few have received specialized training in gerontology. To address this, a geriatric oncology curriculum was developed for oncology nurses. MATERIALS & METHODS: The Geriatric Oncology Workshop (GrOW) was developed and delivered to oncology nurses (n = 387) from 2016 to 2019. Workshops were evaluated using: 1) Assessment of preparedness, comfort, and skills; 2) Knowledge gained; 3) Participant evaluations of workshop (4-point Likert-type scale); 4) Faculty evaluations (10-point Likert-type scale); and 5) Follow-up assessment of goals. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, proportions, medians, means) were used to describe participants and results. Paired t-test was used to evaluate participants’ knowledge gain, and linear mixed modeling was used to evaluate longitudinal changes in preparedness, comfort, and skill levels. RESULTS: Overall, 387 oncology nurses participated in GrOW. Participant-rated workshop evaluation means were 3.7 to 3.9. Overall, nurses had statistically significant increases in pre- to post- questionnaire scores of 18.8% (p < 0.001) in workshop 1, 26.8% (p < 0.001) in workshop 2, 24.9% (p < 0.001) in workshop 3, and 18.6% (p < 0.001) in workshop 4, with an overall mean of 22.4% (p < 0.001) knowledge gained for all four workshops. Nurses reported an increase in skill, comfort, and preparedness at 18 months for workshop 1, 2, and 3 and in skill and comfort at 12 months for workshop 4 (p < 0.01). Faculty evaluation scores ranged from 9.3 to 10.0. DISCUSSION: A geriatric oncology curriculum designed for oncology nurses can improve levels of evidence-based knowledge and provide more skill, comfort, and preparedness in caring for this population.

There is a lack of effective patient education regarding diagnosis/treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), possibly related to their rare incidence.In this cross-sectional survey study, NET patients attending the 2019 Annual Los Angeles NET Education Conference were approached to complete NET VITALS, a self-assessment tool gauging patients' perception/awareness of their NET diagnosis/treatment, and a satisfaction survey. Feasibility of NET VITALS, patient satisfaction with NET VITALS, and patients' perception/awareness of their NET diagnosis/treatment were evaluated.This analysis included 68 patients (median age, 63 years; 47.1% gastrointestinal NETs; 88.2% metastatic disease). Participation was 88.3% (68/77), with a median of 85.7% of items completed (range, 61.9%-100.0%). More than 30% of the patients answered "Don't know/Not familiar"/left blank questions related to tumor characteristics, years of symptoms, and liver-directed therapies. In addition, 69.5% of the patients did not feel sufficient information about NETs was provided at diagnosis. Overall, 67.8% of the patients felt that NET VITALS provides topics to discuss with providers and 76.3% would recommend NET VITALS to others.NET VITALS is a feasible and acceptable self-assessment tool to potentially help patients improve communication about their NET diagnosis/treatment with their physician. Further studies will examine NET VITALS' generalizability and discuss its incorporation into clinical care.

Patient preferences (quantity vs quality of life; present vs future health) have not been investigated in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The goal of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate patient values toward treatment goals and competing health outcomes among adults with NETs.Patients with well-differentiated, grade 1 or 2, advanced NETs starting a new systemic therapy completed 4 tools: (1) Health Outcomes Tool, which ranks the importance of 4 outcomes (survival, function/independence, freedom from pain, freedom from symptoms); (2) Attitude Scale, which identifies the extent to which patients agree with statements related to health outcomes; (3) Now versus Later Tool, which ranks the relative importance of quality of life (QoL) now versus 1 and 5 years from now; and (4) Prognosis and Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire, which identifies the amount of information the patient prefers to receive about their disease and treatment, the patient's treatment goal, the patient's perception of the physician's treatment goal, and self-reported health status.We recruited 60 patients with NETs (50.0% aged ≥65 years; 96.7% with stage IV disease). Primary tumor locations included the gastrointestinal tract (41.7%), pancreas (30.0%), and lung (21.7%). A plurality of patients reported maintaining independence as their most important health outcome (46.7%), followed by survival (30.0%), freedom from pain (11.7%), and freedom from symptoms (11.7%). A total of 67% of patients agreed with the statement, "I would rather live a shorter life than lose my ability to take care of myself"; 85.0% agreed with the statement, "It is more important to me to maintain my thinking ability than to live as long as possible." When asked to choose between current QoL versus QoL 1 year or 5 years in the future as more important, 48.3% and 40.0% of patients valued their QoL 1 year and 5 years in the future, respectively, more than their current QoL. Only 51.7% of patients believed their physician's treatment goals aligned with their own.Adult patients with NETs strongly value independence over survival. More communication between patients with NETs and their physicians is needed to ensure that patient preferences are incorporated into treatment plans.

PURPOSE Limited tools exist to predict the risk of chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with early-stage breast cancer. METHODS Patients of age ≥ 65 years with stage I-III breast cancer from 16 institutions treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy were prospectively evaluated for geriatric and clinical features predictive of grade 3-5 chemotherapy toxicity. Logistic regression with best-subsets selection was used to identify and incorporate independent predictors of toxicity into a model with weighted variable scoring. Model performance was evaluated using area under the ROC curve (AUC) and goodness-of-fit statistics. The model was internally and externally validated. RESULTS In 473 patients (283 in development and 190 in validation cohort), 46% developed grade 3-5 chemotherapy toxicities. Eight independent predictors were identified (each assigned weighted points): anthracycline use (1 point), stage II or III (3 points), planned treatment duration > 3 months (4 points), abnormal liver function (3 points), low hemoglobin (3 points), falls (4 points), limited walking (3 points), and lack of social support (3 points). We calculated risk scores for each patient and defined three risk groups: low (0-5 points), intermediate (6-11 points), or high (≥ 12 points). In the development cohort, the rates of grade 3-5 chemotherapy toxicity for these three groups were 19%, 54%, and 87%, respectively ( P < .01). In the validation cohort, the corresponding toxicity rates were 27%, 45%, and 76%. The AUC was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.81) in the development cohort and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.77) in the validation cohort. Risk groups were also associated with hospitalizations and reduced dose intensity ( P < .01). CONCLUSION The Cancer and Aging Research Group-Breast Cancer (CARG-BC) score was developed and validated to predict grade 3-5 chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with early-stage breast cancer.

Background: Older adults (age ≥65 years) receiving chemotherapy are at risk for hospitalization. Predictors of unplanned hospitalization among older adults receiving chemotherapy for cancer were recently published using data from a study conducted by the Cancer and Aging Research Group (CARG). Our study aimed to externally validate these predictors in an independent cohort including older adults with advanced cancer receiving chemotherapy. Methods: This validation cohort included patients (n=369) from the GAP70+ trial usual care arm. Enrolled patients were aged ≥70 years with incurable cancer and were starting a new line of chemotherapy. Previously identified risk factors proposed by the CARG study were ≥3 comorbidities, albumin level Results: Mean age of the cohort was 77 years, 45% of patients were women, and 29% experienced unplanned hospitalization within the first 3 months of treatment. The proportions of hospitalized patients with 0–3, 4–5, and 6–7 identified risk factors were 24%, 28%, and 47%, respectively (P=.04). Impaired ADLs (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.04–2.99) and albumin level Conclusions: The presence of a higher number of risk factors was associated with increased odds of unplanned hospitalization. This association was largely driven by impairment in ADLs and low albumin level. Validated predictors of unplanned hospitalization can help with counseling and shared decision-making with patients and their caregivers. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02054741

Next-generation tumor tissue sequencing techniques may result in the detection of putative germline pathogenic variants (PVs), raising the possibility that germline cancer predisposition could be identified from archival medical tissue samples of deceased relatives. The approach, termed traceback, is designed to inform risk management recommendations for living family members. Provider perspectives regarding traceback testing have not yet been explored, so we conducted a cross-sectional survey of Clinical Cancer Genomics Community of Practice providers regarding their attitudes and beliefs toward traceback testing. Self-reported demographics, provider characteristics, attitudes and perceived barriers were collected. We evaluated responses in the context of whether providers had previous experience with traceback testing. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher's exact testing. Among 207 respondents (of 816 eligible), most were women (89.4%), white (85.5%), and not Hispanic or Latino (89.7%). US-based providers represented the majority of respondents (87.4%). Relatively, few providers 32 of 207 (15.5%) had previous experience with traceback. Among the individuals without experience in traceback, 84.0% thought there would be barriers to implementation; however, only 68.8% of individuals with previous traceback experience agreed (p = .04). Respondents in both groups thought that traceback would be valuable in their practice (82.6%, p = .22) and that they would feel comfortable discussing the concept (83.6%, p = .83), interpreting the results (72.2%, p = .24), and discussing the results with their patients (80.7%, p = .38). Patient interest and cost were seen as less of a barrier by those with experience with traceback testing. Recurrent themes obtained in open-ended responses are also presented. Overall, providers believe that traceback would be a valuable tool in their practice. Individuals with previous experience identified less barriers with implementation of this testing, highlighting an area for future research and education.

Background The number of patients undergoing autologous haematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is growing, but little is known about the factors that predict adverse outcomes. Low muscle mass and obesity are associated with disability and premature mortality in individuals with non‐malignant diseases and may predict outcomes after autologous HCT. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 320 patients who underwent autologous HCT for Hodgkin or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma between 2009 and 2014. Sarcopenia {skeletal muscle index male

Objectives Oncologists can be one of the major barriers to older adult's participation in research. Multiple studies have described academic clinicians' concerns for not enrolling older adults onto trials. Although the majority of older adults receive their cancer care in the community, few studies have examined the unique challenges that community oncologists face and how they differ from oncologist-related barriers in academia. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone or face-to-face with 44 medical oncologists (24 academic-based and 20 community-based) at City of Hope from March to June 2018. Interviews explored oncologists' perceptions of barriers to clinical trial enrollment of older adults with cancer. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Of the 44 participants, 36% were women and 68% were in practice for >10 years. Among the entire sample, stringent eligibility criteria (n = 20) and oncologist concerns for treatment toxicities (n = 15) were the most commonly cited barriers. Compared to academic oncologists, community oncologists more often cited patient attitudes, beliefs, and understanding (n = 9 vs. n = 2) and caregiver burden (n = 6 vs. n = 0). In contrast, compared to community oncologists, academic oncologists more often cited oncologist bias (n = 10 vs. n = 3) and insufficient time/support (n = 4 vs. n = 1). Conclusions Differences in perceptions among academic and community oncologists about trials suggest that barriers are multifaceted, complex, and vary by practice setting. Interventions to increase trial accrual among older adults with cancer may benefit from being tailored to address the unique barriers of different practice settings.

Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between social support (SS) and grade 3–5 chemotherapy-related toxicities among older adults with cancer. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a prospective longitudinal study of patients aged 65+ with solid cancer which led to the development of a predictive model for grade 3–5 chemotherapy-related toxicity (the Cancer and Aging Research Group [CARG] Chemotherapy Toxicity Risk Score). SS was measured by a modified version of Medical-Outcome Study-Social Support Survey and grade 3–5 hematological and non-hematological toxicities were captured and graded using CTCAE version 3.0. Patients were categorized into those with poor (SS score ≤ 75) and good SS (score of 76–100). Multivariate polychotomous logistic regression was used to examine the associations between SS and chemotherapy-related toxicity with adjustment for the CARG Toxicity Risk Score. Results Compared to patients with good SS, those with poor SS were less likely to have grade 3–5 toxicity, especially for non-hematological toxicity (adjusted OR = 0.52, p = .02). Patients who did not have someone to take them to the doctor “most” or “all of the time” were less likely to have grade 3–5 non-hematological toxicity compared to patients who had someone to take them to the doctor most or all of the time (adjusted OR = 0.32, p = .02). Conclusion Our study showed that patients with poor SS, especially those with less availability of someone to take them to doctors were less likely to have a documented grade 3–5 non-hematological toxicity.

Introduction Cognitive impairment (CI) increases chemotherapy toxicity risk with need to understand this association utilizing publicly available short screening tools. We evaluated this utilizing a lower threshold on a short screening tool in older adults with cancer. Materials and methods We analyzed data from the Cancer and Aging Research Group (CARG) Chemotherapy Toxicity Risk tool (CARG score) development and validation cohorts (n = 703), which recruited adults age ≥ 65 with cancer from academic centers. Cognition was evaluated with the Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration test (BOMC). Patients with BOMC score ≥ 11 were excluded. Utilizing cut-points for older adults, we considered moderate BOMC scores (5-10) as potential CI. Logistic regression was used for analysis. Results Patient baseline characteristics included: mean age 73; 85% white; 63% college or higher education; 250 (36%) potential CI; 385 (55%) severe toxicity. Patients with potential CI were more likely non-white (p ≤ 0.01) and to have high school or lower education (p ≤ 0.01) and high CARG score (p = 0.04). Potential CI was associated with increased severe toxicity risk (OR = 1.54, p ≤ 0.01). After adjusting for CARG score, this association became nonsignificant (OR = 1.35; p = 0.08). Among patients with lower education (n = 258; 36.7%), potential CI remained associated with severe toxicity, even after adjusting for CARG score (OR = 1.87, p = 0.03). Conclusions Our findings suggest potential cognitive impairment, defined by BOMC score 5–10, in older adults with cancer and lower education is associated with increased severe toxicity risk. Future studies are needed to validate these findings. Healthcare providers should consider cognitive testing before treatment for these vulnerable patients.

This article describes the qualitative analysis of goal achievement by oncology nurses who attended a gero-oncology course.Four annual programs were completed and included 140 teams of oncology nurses from cancer settings across the United States.Self-determination theory and achievement goal theory provided the conceptual framework for understanding what motivates people to achieve goals and how goals can measure outcomes. SMART goals were used to measure outcomes and barriers.Goal achievement at 18 months showed that 70% of developed goals were in process or completed. The top three goal categories were professional education, structure/team building, and resource development. Top barriers included time constraints and staffing shortages.Encouraging oncology nurses to set specific goals while attending an educational program supports successful integration of new knowledge in their practice setting.

IMPORTANCE: Although geriatric assessment–driven intervention improves patient-centered outcomes, its influence on chemotherapy-related toxic effects remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether specific geriatric assessment–driven intervention (GAIN) can reduce chemotherapy-related toxic effects in older adults with cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized clinical trial enrolled 613 participants from a National Cancer Institute–designated cancer center between 2015 and 2019. Patients were 65 years and older with a solid malignant neoplasm, were starting a new chemotherapy regimen, and completed a geriatric assessment. Patients were followed up until chemotherapy completion or 6 months after initiation, whichever occurred first. Data analysis was done by intention-to-treat principle. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized (2:1) to either the GAIN (intervention) or standard of care (SOC) arm. In the GAIN arm, a geriatrics-trained multidisciplinary team composed of an oncologist, nurse practitioner, social worker, physical/occupation therapist, nutritionist, and pharmacist reviewed geriatric assessment results and implemented interventions based on prespecified thresholds built into the geriatric assessment’s domains. In the SOC arm, geriatric assessment results were sent to treating oncologists for consideration. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was incidence of grade 3 or higher chemotherapy-related toxic effects (graded using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0). Secondary outcomes included advance directive completion, emergency department visits, unplanned hospitalizations, average length of stay, unplanned hospital readmissions, chemotherapy dose modifications, and early discontinuation. Overall survival analysis was performed up to 12 months after chemotherapy initiation. RESULTS: Among the 605 eligible participants for analysis, median (range) age was 71 (65-91) years, 357 (59.0%) were women, and 432 (71.4%) had stage IV disease. Cancer types included gastrointestinal (202 [33.4%]), breast (136 [22.5%]), lung (97 [16.0%]), genitourinary (91 [15.0%]), gynecologic (54 [8.9%]), and other (25 [4.1%]). Incidence of grade 3 or higher chemotherapy-related toxic effects was 50.5% (95% CI, 45.6% to 55.4%) in the GAIN arm and 60.6% (95% CI, 53.9% to 67.3%) in the SOC arm, resulting in a significant 10.1% reduction (95% CI, −1.5 to −18.2%; P = .02). A significant absolute increase in advance directive completion of 28.4% with GAIN vs 13.3% with SOC (P

235 Background: The CARG tox score can predict risk of chemotherapy-related tox in older adults with cancer. GAIN can reduce tox vs standard of care (SOC) among these patients (pts); GAIN’s impact across CARG risk groups is unknown. Methods: A secondary analysis of the GAIN randomized clinical trial (NCT02517034) of pts aged ≥65 (solid tumor diagnosis, starting a new chemotherapy) was performed. Pts were randomized 2:1 to receive GAIN vs SOC and were categorized into low (0-5), medium (6-9), and high (10-20) risk groups according to CARG score. The primary outcome was incidence of grade 3-5 tox. Chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare outcomes (GAIN vs SOC, stratified by risk groups). Log-rank tests were used to compare 1-year survival across risk groups. Results: This analysis included 600 pts: 26.5% low risk, 45.2% medium risk, 28.3% high risk. Table shows pt/treatment characteristics. For pts with low/medium risk scores, GAIN demonstrated a 14.0% (95% CI 4.1%-23.9%) reduction in tox vs SOC (p = 0.006). No significant reduction in tox was observed among pts with high risk scores (p = 0.86). One-year survival (GAIN vs SOC) for each risk group was 73.6% vs 67.4% (low risk), 68.5% vs 64.5% (medium risk), and 57.3% vs 61.7% (high risk), respectively (log-rank p = 0.10). Conclusions: Older adults with low/medium, but not high, CARG risk scores benefit from GAIN. Additional strategies may be needed to improve outcomes for pts with high CARG risk scores. Clinical trial information: NCT02517034. [Table: see text]

Background Older adults (≥65 years) with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers who receive chemotherapy are at increased risk of hospitalization caused by treatment-related toxicity. Geriatric assessment (GA) has been previously shown to predict risk of toxicity in older adults undergoing chemotherapy. However, studies incorporating the GA specifically in older adults with GI cancers have been limited. This study sought to identify GA-based risk factors for chemotherapy toxicity–related hospitalization among older adults with GI cancers. Patients and Methods We performed a secondary post hoc subgroup analysis of two prospective studies used to develop and validate a GA-based chemotherapy toxicity score. The incidence of unplanned hospitalizations during the course of chemotherapy treatment was determined. Results This analysis included 199 patients aged ≥65 years with a diagnosis of GI cancer (85 colorectal, 51 gastric/esophageal, and 63 pancreatic/hepatobiliary). Sixty-five (32.7%) patients had ≥1 hospitalization. Univariate analysis identified sex (female), cardiac comorbidity, stage IV disease, low serum albumin, cancer type (gastric/esophageal), hearing deficits, and polypharmacy as risk factors for hospitalization. Multivariable analyses found that patients who had cardiac comorbidity (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.13-5.42) were significantly more likely to be hospitalized. Conclusion Cardiac comorbidity may be a risk factor for hospitalization in older adults with GI cancers receiving chemotherapy. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to examine the relationship between GA measures and hospitalization in this vulnerable population.

12042 Background: Although breast cancer and breast cancer chemotherapy (chemo) have been linked to accelerated functional decline, it is not well understood whether this decline is driven by cancer itself or the combination of cancer and chemo. Here, we compared the change in functional status over time in older breast cancer survivors treated with and without chemo and age-matched women without cancer. Methods: Women age ≥65 with non-metastatic breast cancer (n = 538; 441 treated with chemo and 97 without chemo) and n = 100 non-cancer controls were prospectively evaluated at two timepoints: ≤14 days pre-chemo (baseline) and ≤30 days post-chemo (or matched times for non-chemo and non-cancer controls). At each timepoint, functional status was measured using instrumental Activities of Daily Living (iADL) scores. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a decline in functional status (Yes/No, yes defined as ≥2-point decrease [minimal meaningful difference] in iADL scores between timepoints). Baseline demographic, functional, and clinical characteristics were compared between survivors treated with and without chemo and non-cancer controls using t and chi-squared tests. Among the 441 women treated with chemo, univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine baseline risk factors associated with chemo-induced functional decline. Results: 10% of older survivors treated with chemo experienced a clinically meaningful decline in function as compared to 3% in the non-chemo and 4% in non-cancer control groups (p = 0.017). Across the 3 groups, there were no differences in median age, race/ethnicity, education, number of comorbidities, or baseline functional status (iADL, ADL, Timed Up and Go [TUG]). Among the 441 older survivors treated with chemo, greater age, higher BMI, more comorbidity, lower ADL score, and longer TUG were significantly associated with functional decline univariately. After multivariable analyses, age ≥78 (26% declined, odds ratio [OR] = 3.67, 95% CI 1.60-8.43) and BMI > 30 (16% declined, OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.02-4.38) remained significantly associated with functional decline. Patients who were both ≥78 years old and obese (BMI > 30) had the highest odds of developing functional decline post-chemo (41% declined, OR = 8.43, 95% CI 2.48-28.63). Conclusions: In this study, older breast cancer survivors treated with chemo had a 3-fold increased incidence of clinically meaningful decline in functional status as compared to age-matched survivors not treated with chemo and those without cancer. Although these findings need to be replicated in larger studies, our results raise the possibility that accelerated functional decline may be driven by cellular damage from cytotoxic chemo. Further research is warranted to understand the impact of cancer and its treatment on older adults' functional status and underlying aging processes. Clinical trial information: NCT01472094.

PURPOSE: Hospitalizations during cancer treatment are costly, can impair quality of life, and negatively affect therapy completion. Our objective was to identify risk factors for unplanned hospitalization among older adults receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a multisite cohort study (N = 750) of patients ≥ 65 years of age evaluated with a geriatric assessment (GA) to predict chemotherapy toxicity. The primary outcome of this analysis was unplanned hospitalizations during treatment; the secondary outcome was length of stay (LOS) of the first hospitalization. Independent variables included pretreatment GA measures, laboratory values, cancer type and stage, and treatment intensity characteristics. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of hospitalization and generalized linear models for LOS in multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The sample median age was 72 years (range, 65-94 years); 59% had stage IV disease. At least one unplanned hospitalization occurred in 193 patients (25.7%) during receipt of chemotherapy. In multivariable analyses controlling for cancer type, the following baseline characteristics were significantly associated with increased odds of hospitalization: needing help bathing or dressing (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.1), polypharmacy (≥ 5 meds) (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4), more comorbid conditions (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.3), availability of someone to take them to the doctor (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 4.1), CrCl < 60 mL/min (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4), and albumin < 3.5 g/dL (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.8). In multivariable analyses, older age, self-reported presence of liver or kidney disease, living alone and depressive symptoms were associated with longer LOS. CONCLUSION: Readily available GA variables and laboratory data, but not age, were associated with unplanned hospitalizations among older adults receiving chemotherapy. If validated, these data can inform prediction models and the design of interventions to decrease unplanned hospitalizations.

The use of social media has been explored as a potential strategy to improve enrollment in cancer clinical trials. However, significant barriers to implementation of this recruitment approach remain, including investigator reluctance to use social media for patient recruitment.1,2 We conducted a survey study to assess the prevalence of and attitudes toward the use of social media in clinical trial recruitment among cancer investigators.

509 Background: Patient values toward treatment goals and competing health outcomes among adults with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are not well understood. The goal of this study was to identify NET patient values towards treatment goals and health outcomes. Methods: Patients with well-differentiated, grade 1/2, advanced NETs starting a new systemic therapy were recruited at a National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center. Patients completed four tools: 1) Health Outcomes Tool: ranks importance of four outcomes (survival, function, freedom from pain, freedom from symptoms); 2) Attitude Scale: identifies the extent to which patients agree with statements related to health outcomes; 3) Now versus Later Tool: ranks relative importance of quality of life (QOL) now, one year from now, and five years from now; and 4) Prognosis and Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire: identifies the amount of information patients prefer to receive about their disease and treatment, patient’s goal of treatment, physician’s goal of treatment (patient’s perception), and self-reported health status. Results: Sixty patients (50.0% ≥65 years) completed the questionnaires. Ninety-seven percent had stage IV disease. Primary tumor locations included gastrointestinal tract (41.7%), pancreas (30.0%), and lung (21.7%). Sixty percent of patients had received at least one prior systemic therapy. Only 30.0% of patients chose survival as their most important treatment outcome on the Health Outcomes Tool. The remaining 70.0% chose maintaining independence (46.7%), freedom from pain (11.7%), and freedom from symptoms (11.7%) as their most important health outcome. Similarly, on the Attitude Scale, 66.7% of patients agreed with: “I would rather live a shorter life than lose my ability to take care of myself”; 85.0% agreed with: “It is more important to me to maintain my thinking ability than to live as long as possible.” Ninety-three percent of patients agreed with: “I am willing to have side effects right now if it means I could have a better quality of life in the future.” Moreover, on the Now versus Later Tool, 48.3% of patients considered QOL one year in the future more important than their current QOL; 40.0% considered QOL five years in the future more important than their current QOL. On the Prognosis and Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire, only 30.0% of patients chose “To extend my life as long as possible” as their primary treatment goal, but 40.0% believed survival was their oncologist’s primary treatment goal. Furthermore, only 51.7% of patients believed they had the same treatment goal as their oncologist. Across all questionnaires, there were no significant differences between the responses of younger and older patients. Conclusions: NET patients value independence more than survival. More communication between NET patients and physicians is needed to ensure patient preferences and values are incorporated into treatment plans.

Objective The tolerability and efficacy of targeted therapy in older adults with cancer has not been adequately studied. Neratinib is a novel HER1, HER2, HER4 tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has recently been granted FDA approval for treatment of breast cancer. The major toxicity of neratinib is diarrhea, which affects up to 90% of patients. This phase II trial evaluates the safety and tolerability of neratinib in adults ≥60. Methods Patients aged 60 or older with histologically proven metastatic breast cancer and HER2 amplification (defined by ASCO/CAP guideline) or HER2/HER3 activating mutation were enrolled to receive neratinib at 240 mg daily in 28-day cycles. The association between tolerability, defined as dose reduction and number of completed courses, and log2 Cancer and Aging Research Group (CARG) toxicity risk score was assessed using a Student's t-test and linear regression, respectively. Response rate, progression free survival, and overall survival were also evaluated. Results 25 patients were enrolled with median age of 66 (range 60–79). Seventy-six percent of patients were white, 16% Asian, and 8% African-American. Seventy-six percent were patients with hormone receptor (HR) positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and 24% were patients with HR negative MBC. Median number of prior lines of metastatic therapy were 3 (range 0–11). 20/25 (80%) had worst grade toxicities ≥2. A total of 9/25 (36%) had grade 3 toxicities including 5/20 (20%) diarrhea, 2/20 (8%) vomiting, and 2/20 (8%) abdominal pain. There were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities. A total of 9/25 (36%) had dose reduction, and 2/25 (8%) discontinued therapy due to toxicity. The association between dose reductions and CARG toxicity score reached borderline statistical significance suggesting a trend with participants with higher CARG toxicity risk scores being more likely to require a dose modification (p = 0.054). 1/25 (4%) had a partial response, 11/25 (44%) had stable disease, 12/25 (48%) had progression of disease, and 1/25 (4%) was not assessed. Median progression free survival (PFS) was 2.6 months (95% CI [2.56–5.26]), and median overall survival (OS) was 17.4 months (95% CI [10.3, NA]). Conclusions Neratinib was safe in this population of older adults with HER2 amplified or HER2/3 mutated metastatic breast cancer (BC). Higher CARG toxicity risk score may be associated with greater need for dose adjustments. Future studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in brain gray matter density (GMD) before and after adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with breast cancer. Methods We recruited 16 women aged ≥ 60 years with stage I–III breast cancers receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). The CT group underwent brain MRI and the NIH Toolbox for Cognition testing prior to adjuvant chemotherapy (time point 1, TP1) and within 1 month after chemotherapy (time point 2, TP2). The HC group underwent the same assessments at matched intervals. GMD was evaluated with the voxel-based morphometry. Results The mean age was 67 years in the CT group and 68.5 years in the HC group. There was significant GMD reduction within the chemotherapy group from TP1 to TP2. Compared to the HC group, the CT group displayed statistically significantly greater GMD reductions from TP1 to TP2 in the brain regions involving the left anterior cingulate gyrus, right insula, and left middle temporal gyrus (pFWE(family-wise error)-corrected pFWE-corrected pFWE-corrected Conclusions Our findings indicate that GMD reductions were associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with breast cancer. Future studies are needed to understand the clinical significance of the neuroimaging findings. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01992432).

BACKGROUND Hearing and visual impairments are common among community-dwelling older adults, and are associated with psychological, functional, and cognitive deficits. However, to the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding their prevalence among older patients with cancer. METHODS The current study was a secondary analysis combining 2 prospective cohorts of adults aged ≥65 years with solid tumors who were receiving chemotherapy. The authors assessed the association between patient-reported hearing and/or visual impairment (defined as fair/poor grading by self-report) and physical function, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), anxiety, depression, and cognition. Descriptive analyses were conducted to summarize patient and treatment characteristics. One-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests were conducted as appropriate to examine differences between patients with and without sensory impairments. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between sensory impairments and outcomes. RESULTS Among 750 patients with a median age of 72 years who had solid tumors (29% with breast/gynecological tumors, 28% with lung tumors, and 27% with gastrointestinal tumors), approximately 18% reported hearing impairment alone, 11% reported visual impairment alone, and 7% reported dual sensory impairment. Hearing impairment was associated with IADL dependence (odds ratio [OR], 1.9), depression (OR, 1.6), and anxiety (OR, 1.6). Visual impairment was associated with IADL dependence (OR, 1.9), poor physical function (OR, 1.9), and depression (OR, 2.5). Dual impairment was associated with IADL dependence (OR, 2.8), anxiety (OR, 2.3), depression (OR, 2.5), and cognitive impairment (OR, 3.2). CONCLUSIONS Sensory impairment is common among older adults with cancer. Patients with sensory impairment are more likely to have functional, psychological, and cognitive deficits. Interventions aimed at improving the vision and hearing of older adults with cancer should be studied. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

Purpose Survivors of childhood cancer treated with cranial radiation therapy are at risk for subsequent CNS tumors. However, significant interindividual variability in risk suggests a role for genetic susceptibility and provides an opportunity to identify survivors of childhood cancer at increased risk for these tumors. Methods We curated candidate genetic variants from previously published studies in adult-onset primary CNS tumors and replicated these in survivors of childhood cancer with and without subsequent CNS tumors (82 participants and 228 matched controls). We developed prediction models to identify survivors at high or low risk for subsequent CNS tumors and validated these models in an independent matched case-control sample (25 participants and 54 controls). Results We demonstrated an association between six previously published single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs15869 [ BRCA2], rs1805389 [ LIG4], rs8079544 [ TP53], rs25489 [ XRCC1], rs1673041 [ POLD1], and rs11615 [ ERCC1]) and subsequent CNS tumors in survivors of childhood cancer. Including genetic variants in a Final Model containing age at primary cancer, sex, and cranial radiation therapy dose yielded an area under the curve of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.76 to 0.86), which was superior ( P = .002) to the Clinical Model (area under the curve, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.80). The prediction model was successfully validated. The sensitivity and specificity of predicting survivors of childhood cancer at highest or lowest risk of subsequent CNS tumors was 87.5% and 83.5%, respectively. Conclusion It is possible to identify survivors of childhood cancer at high or low risk for subsequent CNS tumors on the basis of genetic and clinical information. This information can be used to inform surveillance for early detection of subsequent CNS tumors.

We evaluated the feasibility, reliability, and validity of a Spanish-language self-administered geriatric assessment (GA) in older (age ≥ 65) Spanish-speaking women with breast cancer in the United States. Eligible participants (n = 181) were recruited and randomized. Feasibility was defined as the participant’s unassisted GA completion rate, completion time, and perception on ease of completion. Reliability and validity were assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Two-sided p &lt, 0.05 was considered significant. Ninety-eight percent of participants (n = 177) completed the GA at least once. Median age was 70 years (range: 65–95) and 55% had ≤8th grade education. Forty-one percent (n = 73) were unable to complete the GA unassisted, median completion time was 28 min (range 8–90), and 77% (n = 136) rated the GA as “easy”/“very easy”. Patients with ≤8th grade education took longer to complete the GA (30 vs. 25 min, p = 0.0036) and needed more assistance (59% vs. 19%, p &lt, 0.001) than those with ≥9th grade education. Test–retest reliability was high (≥0.82) for all domains except social activity (0.73). Validity among similar scales was found. The self-administered GA is a feasible, reliable, and valid tool for Spanish-speaking older women with breast cancer. Tailoring GA tools to the patients’ educational level is important when implementing tools in multicultural environments.

Cancer‐related therapy is increasingly administered in the outpatient setting, resulting in increased dependence on caregivers suggest to provide physical and emotional support to patients. This article describes differences in patient versus caregiver assessments of patient health, considering caregiver perceptions of the patient's health and abilities compared to that reported by the patient., Background. As patients age, caregivers increasingly provide essential support and patient information. We sought to determine if patient‐caregiver assessments of patient health differ and if differences contribute to burden in caregivers of older adults with cancer. Materials and Methods. One hundred patients, aged ≥65, and their caregivers independently assessed patient function, comorbidity, nutrition, social activity, social support, and mental health. Caregivers completed the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI). Patient‐caregiver assessments were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and paired t test. Association between caregiver burden and differences between patient‐caregiver assessments was examined using generalized linear regression. Results. Median patient age was 70 (range 65–91) and 70% had advanced disease. Sixty percent of patients reported requiring help with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs); most had good social support (median Medical Outcomes Study [MOS]‐Social Support Survey score 92) and mental health (median Mental Health Inventory score 85). Caregivers were a median age of 66 (range 28–85), 73% female, 68% spousal caregivers, and 79% lived with the patient. Caregivers rated patients as having poorer physical function (more IADLs dependency [p = .008], lower Karnofsky Performance Status [p = .02], lower MOS‐Physical Function [p

Breast cancer is a disease associated with aging. Before initiation of chemotherapy, an assessment of functional reserve is needed; however, simple performance assessment scores may not reflect the diverse nature of physical function and risk of toxicity among older adults. The focus of this article is on understanding the association between pre‐chemotherapy biomarkers (IL‐6, CRP, and D‐dimer) and measures of physical function., Background. Pro‐inflammatory and coagulation factors serve as biomarkers of aging and functional reserve. The purpose of this study was to determine if pro‐inflammatory (interleukin‐6 [IL‐6], C‐reactive protein [CRP]), and coagulation (D‐dimer) factors were associated with pre‐chemotherapy functional status in women with stage I–III breast cancer. Patients and Methods. Prior to chemotherapy initiation in patients with stage I–III breast cancer, the following was captured: IL‐6, CRP, D‐dimer blood levels, and physical function measures including activities of daily living (ADL, subscale of Medical Outcomes Study Physical Health); instrumental activities of daily living (IADL, subscale of the Older Americans Resources and Services Program); Timed Up and Go (TUG); physician‐rated Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS); and self‐rated KPS. The association of these biomarkers with physical function measures was evaluated. Results. One hundred sixty patients (mean age 58.3 years, range 30–81 years) with stage I–III breast cancer (stages I [n = 34; 21.5%], II [n = 88; 55.7%], III [n = 36; 22.8%]) were enrolled. The group with poorest physical function (defined by ADL

Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYA; 15–39 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) experience inferior survival when compared with children. Impact of care at NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers (CCC) or Children's Oncology Group sites (COG) on survival disparities remains unstudied. Methods: Using the Los Angeles cancer registry, we identified 1,870 ALL or AML patients between 1 and 39 years at diagnosis. Cox regression analyses assessed risk of mortality; younger age + CCC/COG served as the referent group. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of care at CCC/COG, adjusting for variables above. Results: ALL outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior survival (15–21 years: HR = 1.9, P = 0.005; 22–29 years: HR = 2.6, P < 0.001; 30–39 years: HR = 3.0, P < 0.001). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and young AYAs (15–21 years: HR = 1.3, P = 0.3; 22–29 years: HR = 1.2, P = 0.2) but was inferior for 30- to 39-year-olds (HR = 3.4, P < 0.001). AML outcome: AYAs at non-CCC/COG experienced inferior outcome (15–21 years: HR = 1.8, P = 0.02; 22–39 years: HR = 1.4, P = 0.06). Outcome at CCC/COG was comparable between children and 15- to 21-year-olds (HR = 1.3, P = 0.4) but was inferior for 22- to 39-year-olds (HR = 1.7, P = 0.05). Access: 15- to 21-year-olds were less likely to use CCC/COG than children (P < 0.001). In 22- to 39-year-olds, public/uninsured (ALL: P = 0.004; AML Conclusions: Poor survival in AYAs with ALL and AML is mitigated by care at CCC/COG. Barriers to CCC/COG care include public/uninsured, and African American/Hispanic race/ethnicity. Impact: Care at CCC/COG explains, in part, inferior outcomes in AYAs with ALL and AML. Key sociodemographic factors serve as barriers to care at specialized centers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 312–20. ©2017 AACR.